UWA ResEng - D&B 5 - 2018

Control of Flyrock Risk
• Distance
• Control path of least resistance
UWA Resource Engineering – Geology
– Blast Design
– Blast Implementation
Control of Flyrock, Wall Damage • Restrain Flyrock
and Ore Dilution – At source – Blasting mats
– At destination – Blast curtains, conveyor
belting, bunkers (beware!)
UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

GBC 2018
George Boucher Consulting UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright
GBC 2018
George Boucher Consulting
Flyrock Control - Geology

Control of Flyrock Risk to
Personnel • Identify weakness/potential pathways
– Open joints – preconditioning?
There is no more effective way to – Weak seams
controll risk
i k posedd by
b flyrock
fl k to • Identify
Id tif energy concentrators
t t
personnel than having people far – Cavities
enough away! • Identify risk multipliers
– Water saturation
– Poor relief
GBC 2018
GBC 2018

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 1
Flyrock Control – Blast Design Flyrock Distance Prediction
• Hole Diameter – relation to bench height
• Stemming Length – Stem = 25-40 x Hole/Charge • Any approach must be probabilistic
Diameter • Two types of Models exist – Empirical and
• Stemming Type – Crushed rock aggregate – Kinematic
Particle size = 8-12% of Hole Diameter • Empirical Models – rely upon a large volume of
• Stem : Burden balance – Stem equals or exceeds actual incident data – development of model to
burden? match – eg Lundborg
• Face burden • Kinematic Models – rely upon simplistic approach
to flyrock genesis and travel – so far ineffective
• Optimal powder factor
• Risk accepted for personnel and
• Row limit
equipment/infrastructure may well be different
• Optimal timing
GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Lundborg Flyrock Model Typical Blast Evacuation

Distances – Normal Blasts
• Gold Mines – 102mm Holes – 5m Benches
– 500 metre minimum
• Iron Ore Mines – 200-311mm Holes – 10-
15m benches – 1000 metre minimum
• Coal Mines – 140-311mm Holes – 6-70m
benches – 500-2000 metre minimum
• High risk blasts may require increased
distance
GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Overloaded Blast Holes
Specific Flyrock Causes
O ver loaded blast holes

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 2
Inadequate Face Burden Excessive Face Burden
Inadequate face bur den
Excessive face bur den

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Inadequate Time Between Rows Excessive Powder Factor
Inadequat e t ime bet ween r ows

Excessive Powder Fact or

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Excessive Burden – Insufficient PF Too Many Rows
Too W ide O f Bur den Too M any Rows

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 3
Inadequate Face Cleanup Secondary Blasting
Inadequat e face bur den Secondary blasting

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Blasting Misfires
Blast-Induced Wall Damage

Mechanisms
Blasting misfires

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Blast-Induced Damage Mechanisms

Gas Dilation
• Extends/dilates blast-induced and natural cracks
beyond blast boundary
• Caused by:
– Poor burden relief
– Excessive stemming length
– Unfavourable geology/structure
• Suppressed by:
– Good burden relief
– Presplit
– Standoff
GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 4
Release of Load Fracture

• Produces tension cracks parallel to blast back and side
boundaries
• Caused by:
– Poor burden relief
– Inappropriate timing
– Excessive stemming length
• Suppressed by:
– Presplit (hard rock) or Line drill (soft and massive rock)
– Standoff
GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Block Heave
• Pushes wedges or blocks of rock across blast
boundaries
• Caused by:
– Poor
P bburden
d relief
li f
– Inappropriate timing
– Unfavourable geology/structure
• Suppressed by:
– Standoff
GBC 2018
GBC 2018

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 5
GBC 2018
GBC 2018

Near/Far Field Vibration
• Disturbs intact rock and Accelerates Failure
displacement
• Caused by:
– E
Explosive
l i overconfinement
fi t
– Inappropriate/inaccurate timing
– Ignorance of unfavourable/resonant wave frequency
• Suppressed by:
– Appropriate/accurate hole timing
GBC 2018
George Boucher Consulting George Boucher Consulting
Trim Blast Refinement

GBC 2018
Page 6
poor trim blast design Blast Performance Analysis
Improper Cushion Blast Design
no r educt ion of
Face profile analysis
toe row burden t oo many rows Initial Design designed trim and
t oo much
char ge in Case 1 buffer row locations
crest r ow Desired bench face

no airdeck
in t oe r ow cleaned
up face
improper face Post Excavation designed trim

excessive subdrill clean up row location
int o bench below Desired bench face
bench face

GBC 2018
Blast Performance Analysis Blast Performance Analysis
Face profile analysis Face profile analysis

Initial Design designed trim and Initial Design designed trim and
Case 2 buffer row locations
Desired bench face Desired bench face
cleaned cleaned
up face up face
trim inner outer trim inner outer

Post Excavation row buffer buffer Post Excavation row buffer buffer
row row row row
bench face bench face
Blast Performance Analysis Blast Performance Analysis
Face profile analysis Face profile analysis

Initial Design designed trim and Initial Design designed trim and
cleaned cleaned
p face
up up face
trim inner outer trim inner outer

Post Excavation row buffer buffer Post Excavation row buffer buffer
row row row row
bench face bench face
Page 7
Ore Dilution/Loss

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright
GBC 2018 GBC 2018
Control of Ore Dilution/Loss

Best Displacement Direction? Ore Dilution/Loss
• Blast swell and displacement is not proportional to ore dilution

and/or loss
• Dilution and loss occurs where:
• Holes blow out – ore is thrown over waste blocks or vice-
versa
• Blast movement/swell are inconsistent – in direction and/or
distance
• Blast movement/swell are unknown and/or ore markout is
not offset from preblast grade boundary locations
Show the desired direction of displacement required
to minimize ore dilution • Accurate digging to grade boundaries is arduous

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Powder Factor vs Hor. Movement Horizontal Movement By Depth

9
0
A1-4235-02
8 -1
F2-4505-07
-2 F1-4355-07-08
7 Steam Altered
-3 F1-4355-03-04
Max. Av. Horizontal Movement (m)
-4
6
-5 Free face, front
(white rock)
Initial Depth ((m)
5 -6
-7
4
-8
-9
3
-10
2 -11
-12
1
-13
-14
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 -15
Powder Factor (kg/m3) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Horizontal Movement (m)
GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 8
CONTROLLED BLASTING CONTROLLED BLASTING
Control of Ore Dilution/Loss
• Define optimal blast shapes, sizes, boundary locations and

orientation in blast master plans
• Measure blast displacement/swell – at muckpile surface and
for subsequent flitches – using notched poly pipe or BMMs
• Correct/offset grade markouts for measured
displacement/swell
• Eliminate blast hole blowouts:
• Improve QA of hole loading – remedy overloaded holes
• Improve stemming
• Backfill RC grade holes effectively
• Offset patterns/individual hole locations from bench
above
GBC 2018
GBC 2018
CONTROLLED BLASTING CONTROLLED BLASTING

GBC 2018
GBC 2018
Page 9

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Control of Flyrock Risk

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Flyrock Control - Geology

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Lundborg Flyrock Model Typical Blast Evacuation

Overloaded Blast Holes

Specific Flyrock Causes

O ver loaded blast holes

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Inadequate face bur den

Excessive face bur den

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Inadequate Time Between Rows Excessive Powder Factor

Inadequat e t ime bet ween r ows

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Excessive Burden – Insufficient PF Too Many Rows

Too W ide O f Bur den Too M any Rows

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Inadequat e face bur den Secondary blasting

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Blast-Induced Wall Damage

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Blast-Induced Damage Mechanisms

Release of Load Fracture

Blast-Induced Damage Mechanisms

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Blast-Induced Damage Mechanisms

Trim Blast Refinement

George Boucher Consulting UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

crest r ow Desired bench face

improper face Post Excavation designed trim

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Blast Performance Analysis Blast Performance Analysis

Face profile analysis Face profile analysis

Desired bench face Desired bench face

trim inner outer trim inner outer

bench face bench face

George Boucher Consulting George Boucher Consulting

Blast Performance Analysis Blast Performance Analysis

Face profile analysis Face profile analysis

Desired bench face Desired bench face

trim inner outer trim inner outer

bench face bench face

George Boucher Consulting George Boucher Consulting

George Boucher Consulting George Boucher Consulting

Control of Ore Dilution/Loss

• Blast swell and displacement is not proportional to ore dilution

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

Powder Factor vs Hor. Movement Horizontal Movement By Depth

• Define optimal blast shapes, sizes, boundary locations and

CONTROLLED BLASTING CONTROLLED BLASTING

UWA Res Eng – D&B5 Copyright

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