NEET Revision Notes

Physics
Mathematical Tools

Basic Mathematics for Physics

Physical constants:
● Mass of an electron  M e   9.1  1031 kg .

 
● Mass of a proton M p  1.6725  1027 kg .

● Mass of a neutron  M n   1.6746  1027 kg .

● Charge of an electron (e)  1.6  1019 C .
● Speed of light in vacuum (c)  3  108 m / sec .
● Planck Constant (h)  6.6256  1034 J  sec .
● Universal Gravitation constant (G)  6.67  1011 Nm 2 / kg 2 .
● Avogadro Number (NA)  6.023  1023 mol1 .
● Boltzmann constant (K)  1.38  1023 J / K
● Stefan Constant ( )  5.67  10  8 W m  2 K  4 .
● Wien Displacement Constant (b)  2.898 103 m K .
● Solar Constant ( S )  1.388  103 W m 2 .
● Mass of the sun (MS)  2  1030 kg .
● Mass of the earth (ME)  5.98  1024 kg .
● Radius of the earth (Re)  6400Km .  6.4  106 m .
● Density of earth 5.522  103 kg / m3 .
● Average angular velocity of the earth  7.29 105 rad. / sec .
● Average distance between the sun and earth  1.5  1011 m .
● Average distance between moon and the earth  3.84 108 m .
● Magnetic Moment of the earth  6.4  1021 Amp.Xm 2 .
● 1 Light year  9.46 1015 m .
● 1A.U.  1.496  1011 m .
● 1A  1010 m .
● 1 Pound  0.4536 kg  453.6gm

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 ● 1 Fermi  1015 m .
● 1 C.S.L.  1.4  Mass of the sun.
● 1 Shake  108 sec .
● 1ev  1.6 1019 Joule.
● 1 Horse Power  746 Watt.

Indices

While a number is written in the form 2 4 , here 2 is known as base and 4 is known
as power, index or exponent.
Rules of exponent
Consider we want to multiply 4 and 8 which is equal to 32
4  8  32
Now 4  22 and 8  23 .
As 4  8  32
22  23  32
(2  2)  (2  2  2)  32
25  32
From above we can conclude that if two number in exponential form, if their base
is same then power or index or exponent gets added or
a m  a n  a( m n)
Similarly it can be proved that
a m  a n  a( mn)

Logarithm

● Consider the expression 16  24 . Remember that 2 is the base, and 4 is the

power. An alternative, yet equivalent, way of writing this expression is
log 2 16  4
● This is stated as 'log of 16 to base 2 equals 4 .
● We see that the logarithm is the same as the power or index in the original
expression. In general we can write,
x  a m then log a x  m From above 10  101 thus log10 10  1 Or 2  21
thus log 2 2  1 In general log a a  1

Laws of logarithms

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1) The first law of logarithms
Suppose x  a n and y  a m
Then the equivalent logarithmic forms are
log a x  n and log a y  m ……(i)
Using the first rule of indices xy  a ( n  m) log a xy  n  m and from (1) and so
putting these results together we have loga xy  loga x  loga y 2) The second law
of logarithms Suppose x  a n , or equivalently log a x  n. suppose we raise both
sides of x  a n to the power m:

 
m
xm  a n
Using the rules of indices we can write this as
xm  anm
Thinking of the quantity x m as a single term, the logarithmic form is
log a x m  nm  mlog a x
This is the second law. It states that when finding the logarithm of a power of a
number, this can be evaluated by multiplying the logarithm of the number by that
power.
3) The third law of logarithms
As before, suppose
x  a n and y  a m
with equivalent logarithmic forms
log a x  n and log a y  m
Consider x  y
x an
 m  a ( n  m)
y a
Using the rules of indices.
In logarithmic form
x
log a    log a a ( n  m)
 y
x
log a    n  m
 y
which from (2) can be written

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 x
log a    log a x  log a x
 y
This is the third law.
The logarithm of 1
Recall that any number raised to the power zero is 1: a0  1 . The logarithmic form
of this is log a 1  0
In general
1
log a b 
logb a
log e b log c b
  log a b
log e a log c a
Common bases:
log means log10
In means loge where e is the exponential constant. We can convert In to log as
follows
ln a  2.303log a

Using log table

Four figure logarithms can be used to calculate lengthy multiplication and
division numerical. We can use log tables, for four figure logarithms. Logarithm
of number consists of two parts Characteristic: Integral part of log Mantissa:
Fractional or decimal part of the log Characteristic If number is >1, then count
number of digits before decimal, then reduce one from the number of digits.

Trigonometry:
1
Cosec 
Sin 
1
Sec 
Cos
Cos 1
Cot   
Sin  Tan 
Sin 
Tan  
Cos
Sin 2   Cos2   1
1  tan 2   Sec2 

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1  Cot 2   cosec2 
Cos 1
Cot   
Sin  Tan 
Sin 
Tan  
Cos
Sin 2   Cos2   1
1  tan 2   Sec2 
1  Cot 2   Cosec2 

Definition of a radian
Consider a circle of radius r as shown, In Figure we have highlighted part of the
circumference of the circle chosen to have the same length as the radius. The
angle at the centre, so formed, is 1 radian. Length of arc s  r . Here  is in
radians.

Image: Radian
Equivalent angles in degrees and in radians
We know that the arc length for a full circle is the same as its circumference, 2 r
.
We also know that the arc length  r .
So for a full circle
2 r  r
  2
In other words, when we are working in radians, the angle in a full circle is 2
radians, in other words
360  2 radians
This enables us to have a set of equivalences between degrees and radians.

Trigonometric ratios for angles in a right-angled triangle

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Image: Right-angled triangle
The side opposite the right-angle is called the hypotenuse

Recall the following important definitions:

OQ OQ
sin A  but cos B 
QP QP
sin A  cosB
We know that A  B  90 B  90  A
 sin A  cos(90  A)
OP OP
cos A  but sin B 
QP QP
cosA  sin B
OR cos A  sin(90  A)
OQ OQ
tan A  but cot B 
OP OP
 tan A  cot B OR tan A  cot(90  A)

Image: Angle measurement

If angle is measured in anticlockwise direction from positive x-axis as shown in
figure a. is positive and if angle is measured in clockwise direction from positive
x axis as shown in figure b is negative.

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The sign of an angle in any quadrant
Sin of an angle in the first quadrant
Consider Figure which shows a circle of radius 1 unit. The side opposite θ has
the same length as the projection of OP onto the y axis OY. The arm OP is in the
first quadrant and we have dropped a perpendicular line drawn from P to the x
axis in order to form the right-angled triangle shown. Consider angle 𝜃. The side
opposite this angle has the same length as the projection of OP onto the y axis.
So we define.

Image: First quadrant

Projection of OP on y  axis
sin  
OP
Sin   Projection of OP on y axis
Sin of an angle in second quadrant

Image: Second quadrant

Consider adjacent figure here OP makes angle is 90   with positive x -axis
Now as stated earlier sin(90   )  cos
Projection of OP on y -axis = ON

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 PM
From the geometry of figure we can find that cos 
OP
Thus sin(90   )  cos
By using above we can obtain various relations, which can be quickly
remembered by following way:

Image: Trigonometric quadrant

Quadrant I: All ratios sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec, cot have POSITIVE value
Quadrant II: Only sine or cosec have POSITIVE value Remaining have negative
value
Quadrant III: Only tan and cot have POSITIVE value.
Remaining have negative value.
Quadrant IV: Only cos and sec have POSITIVE value
Remaining have negative values
Angles π + θ function do not change
For example sin(   )   sin 
Here    is in Third quadrant where sin is NEGATIVE thus negative sign
appears.
Trigonometric identities
sin 2   cos2   1
1  tan 2   sec2 
1  cot 2   cosec2 

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sec2   tan 2   1
cosec2   cot 2   1
2 tan 
sin 2  2sin  cos 
1  tan 2 
1  tan 2 
cos 2  cos   sin   2cos   1  1  2sin  
2 2 2 2
1  tan 2 
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
cos(   )  cos  cos  sin  sin  ( note sign changed)
       
sin   sin   2sin   cos  
 2   2 
       
sin   sin   2cos   sin  
 2   2 
       
cos   cos   2cos   cos  
 2   2 
       
cos   cos   2sin   sin  
 2   2 
2sin  cos   sin(   )  sin(   )
2cos  sin   sin(   )  sin(   )
2cos  cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2sin  sin   cos(   )  cos(   )
sin3  3sin   4sin 3 
cos3  4cos3   3cos
tan   tan 
tan(   ) 
1 tan  tan 
2 tan 
tan 2 
1  tan 2 

Vector Algebra
A vector has direction and magnitude both but scalar has only magnitude.
Magnitude of a vector a is denoted by | a | or a . It is non-negative scalar.
Equality of Vectors
Two vectors a and b are said to be equally written as a  b , if they have (i) same
length (ii) the same or parallel support and (iii) the same sense.
Types of Vectors

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(i) Zero or Null Vector: A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident
is called zero or null vector. It is denoted by 0.
(ii) Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity is called a unit vector which
is denoted by n
(iii) Free Vectors: If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is said to
be a free vector.
(iv) Negative of a Vector: A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given
vector a and the direction opposite to that of a is called the negative of a and it
is denoted by a .
(v) Like and Unlike Vectors: Vectors are said to be like when they have the
same direction and unlike when they have opposite direction.
(vi) Collinear or Parallel Vectors: Vectors having the same or parallel supports
are called collinear vectors.
(vii) Coinitial Vectors: Vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial
vectors.
(viii) Coterminous Vectors: Vectors having the same terminal point are called
coterminous vectors.
(ix) Localized Vectors: A vector which is drawn parallel to a given vector
through a specified point in space is called a localized vector.
(x) Coplanar Vectors: A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if their supports
are parallel to the same plane. Otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors.
(xi) Reciprocal of a Vector: A vector having the same direction as that of a given
vector but magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the given vector is known as the
reciprocal of a.
i.e., if | a | a , then a 1  1 / a .

Addition of Vectors
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the terminal point of a , the vector b is
drawn. Then, the vector from the initial point O of a to the terminal point B of
b is called the sum of vectors a and b and is denoted by a + b . This is called the
triangle law of addition of vectors.

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Image: Addition of Vectors

Parallelogram Law
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the initial point of a, vector b is drawn and
parallelogram OACB is completed with OA and OB as adjacent sides. The vector
OC is defined as the sum of a and b. This is called the parallelogram law of
addition of vectors. The sum of two vectors is also called their resultant and the
process of addition as composition.

Image: Parallelogram Law

Properties of Vector Addition
(i) a  b  b  a (commutativity)
(ii) a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c (associativity)
(iii) a  O  a (additive identity)
(iv) a  (a)  0 (additive inverse)
(v)  k1  k 2  a  k1a  k 2a (multiplication by scalars)
(vi) k(a  b)  ka  kb (multiplication by scalars)
(vii) | a  b || a |  | b | and | a  b || a |  | b |

Difference (Subtraction) of Vectors

If a and b be any two vectors, then their difference a  b is defined as a  (b) .

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Image: Difference (Subtraction) of Vectors

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Let a be a given vector and  be a scalar. Then, the product of the vector a by the
scalar  is  and is called the multiplication of a vector by the scalar.
Important Properties
(i) |  a ||  || a |
(ii) O  O
(iii) m(a)   ma  (ma)
(iv) ( m)(a)  ma
(v) m(na )  mna  n(ma )
(vi) (m  n)a  ma  na
(vii) m(a  b)  ma  mb

Vector Equation of Joining by Two Points

Let P1  x1, y1,z1  and P2  x 2 , y2 ,z 2  are any two points, then the vector joining
P1 and P2 is the vector P1P2 .

Image: Vector Equation of Joining by Two Points

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The component vectors of P and Q are
OP  x1i  y1 j  z1k
and OQ  x2i  y2 j  z2k
i.e., P1P2   x2i  y2 j  z2k    x1i  y1 j  z1k 
  x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j   z2  z1  k
Its magnitude is
P1P2   x 2  x1 2   y2  y1 2   z 2  z1 2

Scalar Product of Two Vectors

If a and b are two non-zero vectors, then the scalar or dot product of a and b is
denoted by a * b and is defined as a * b | a || b | cos , where  is the angle
between the two vectors and 0    
(i) The angle between two vectors a and b is defined as the smaller angle 
between them, when they are drawn with the same initial point.
Usually, we take 0     .Angle between two like vectors is O and angle
between two unlike vectors is  .
(ii) If either a or b is the null vector, then the scalar product of the vector is zero.
(iii) If a and b are two unit vectors, then a * b  cos .
(iv) The scalar product is commutative
i.e., a * b  b * a
(v) If i, j and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors i, j and k , then
i *i  j* j  k * k  1
and i * j  j* k  k * i  0
(vi) The scalar product of vectors is distributive over vector addition.
(a) a * (b  c)  a * b  a * c (left distributive)
(b) (b  c) * a  b * a  c * a (right distributive)
Note Length of a vector as a scalar product
If a be any vector, then the scalar product
a * a | a || a | cos | a |2  a 2  a | a |
Condition of perpendicularity a * b  0  a  b , a and b being non-zero
vectors.

Important Points to be Remembered

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(i) (a  b) * (a  b) | a |2 2 | b |2
(ii) | a  b |2 | a |2 2 | b |2 2(a * b)
(iii) | a  b |2 | a |2 2 | b |2 2(a * b)
(iv) 
| a  b |2  | a  b |2  | a |2 2 | b |2  and | a  b |2  | a  b |2  4(a * b) or

a * b  1 / 4 | a  b |2  | a  b |2 
(v) If | a  b || a |  | b | , then a is parallel to b .
(vi) If | a  b || a |  | b | , then a is parallel to b .
(vii) (a * b) 2 | a |2 2 | b |2
(viii) If a  a1i  a 2 j  a 3k , then | a |2  a * a  a12  a 2 2  a 32
Projection and Component of a Vector
Projection of a on b  a * b / | a |
Projection of b on a  a * b/ | a |
Vector component of a vector a on b
a  b ˆ a  b b (a  b)
 b    2 b
|b| |b| |b| b


Similarly, the vector component of b on a  (a * b) / a 2 * a 
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors
The vector product of the vectors a and b is denoted by a * b and it is defined as
 
a * b  (| a || b | sin  ) n  absin  n (i)
where, a | a |,b | b |, is the angle between the vectors a and b and n is a unit
vector which is perpendicular to both a and b , such that $a, b$ and n form a
right-handed triad of vectors.

Quadratic Equation
An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation. It is of the form
ax2  bx  c  0
The roots of a quadratic equation are

 
1/2
x  b  b 2  4ac / 2a
Binomial Theorem

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If n is any integer, positive or negative or a fraction and x is any real number,
then
(1  x)n  1  nx  n(n  1) x 2   / !2
If | x | 1, then (1  x) n  1  nx .

Mensuration:
1. Area of a circle   r 2   D2 / 4
2. Surface area of a sphere  4 r 2   D2
3. Volume of a sphere  4 / 3 r 3
4. Surface area of a cylinder  2 r (r  l )
5. Volume of a cylinder   r 2 ।
6. Curved surface area of a cone   rl
7. Volume of a cone  1/ 3 r 2h
8. Surface area of a cube  6 x( side )2
9. Volume of a cube  ( side )3
Differentiation
Another name for differentiation is derivative. Suppose y is a function of x or
y  f ( x ) Differentiation of y with respect to x is denoted by symbol f  ( x)
dy
where f  ( x) 
dx
dx is very small change in x and dy is corresponding very small change in y .
The Derivative of a Fuction
y f ( x  x)  f ( x)
We know that, average rate of change of y w.r.t. x is  .
x x
If the limit of this ratio exists as x  0 , then it is called the derivative of given
function f ( x) and is denoter as
dy f ( x  x)  f ( x)
f  ( x)   lim
dx x 0 x
If u and v are differentiable at x , then so is their product uv, and
d dv du
(uv)  u  v .
dx dx dx
The derivative of the product uv is u times the derivative of v plus v times the
derivative of u . In prime notation (uv)  uv  vu .

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If u and v are differentiable at x , and v( x)  0 , then the quotient u / v is
differentiable at x ,
du dv
v u
d u dx dx
and  
dx  v  v 2

Double Differentiation

If f is differentiable function, then its derivative f  is also a function, so f  may

 

have a derivative of its own, denoted by f   f  . This new function f  is
called the second derivative of f because it is the derivative of the derivative of
f . Using Leibniz notation, we write the second derivative of y  f ( x ) as
d  dy  d 2 y
 
dx  dx  dx 2
Another notation is f  ( x)  D2 f ( x)  D 2 f ( x)
1. Differentiation of a constant c is zero
dc
0
dx
d(cy) dy
2. c
dx dx

3.
   nx
d xn n 1
dx
d [ f ( x)  g ( x)] df ( x) dg ( x)
4.  
dx dx dx
d{ f ( x) g ( x)} f ( x)dg ( x) g ( x)df ( x)
5.  
dx dx dx
df ( x) dg ( x)
g ( x )  f ( x )
d  f ( x)  dx dx
6.   2
dx  g ( x)  {g ( x)}
dy dy du
7. 
dx du dx
de x
8.  ex
dx

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 16

 du n du
9.  nu n 1
dx dx
d log e 1

x
10.
dx x

11.
 a
d ax x
log e
a

dx
d log a x 1
12.  log e a
dx x
d (sin x)
13.  cos x
dx
d (cos x)
14.   sin x
dx
d (tan x)
15.  sec2 x
dx
d (cot x)
16.   cosec2 x
dx
d (cosec x)
17.   cosec x cot x
dx
d (sec x)
18.  sec x tan x
dx

Integration:
In mathematics, for each mathematical operation, there has been defined an
inverse operation. For example- Inverse operation of addition is subtruction,
inverse operation of multiplication is division and inverse operation of square is
square root. Similarly there is a inverse operation for differentiation which is
known as integration.
A function is an antiderivative of a constant multiple kf of a function f if and
only if it is k times an antiderivative of f .
x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C , n  1 . Particularly,  dx  x  c
n

1.  dx  x  c Where c  constant

n 1 x n 1
2.  x dx  C
n 1

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 17

3.  dx / x  log e x  c
4.  Sin xdx   Cos x  c

ax
5.  Sinaxdx   Cos
a
6.  cosxdx  Sin x  c
7.  Sec2 xdx  tan x  c
8.  cosec2 xdx   Cot x  c
9.  Secx tan xdx  Sec x  c
10.  cosecx cot xdx   cosec x  c
11.  e x dx  e x  c
x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C , n  1, n rational  dx  1dx  x  C( special case)
n
12.

 cos( Ax  B)
13.  sin( Ax  B)dx  A
C

sin kx
14.  coskxdx  k  C
15.  cosxdx  sin x  C
16.  sin xdx   cos x  C
17.  sec2 xdx  tan x  c
18.  cosec2 xdx   cot x  c
19.  secx tan xdx  sec x  c
20.  cosecx cot xdx   cosec x  c
dx
21.   sin 1 x  c
1  x2
dx
22.    cos 1 x  c
1  x2
dx
23.   tan1 x  c
1 x 2

Formula Logarithmic

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 18

 Products: log a a  1
logb mn  logb m  logb n alog m  m
a

log a 1  0
Ratios: 1
logb a 
m log a b
logb  logb m  logb n
n
Powers: log c b
log a b 
logb n p  p logb n log c a
Roots: 1
log a N  log a N
k

q 1 k
logb n  logb n
q
Change of bases: logb n  log a n logb a 1
log a n x  log a x .
n

Formula Differentiation
d
1. (sin x)  cos x
dx
d
2. (cos x)   sin x
dx
d
3. (tan x)  sec2 x
dx
4.
d
dx

cot x)   csc2 x

d
5. (sec x)  sec x tan x
dx
d
6. (csc x)   csc x cot x
dx
d
7. (sinh x)  cosh x
dx
d
8. (cosh x)  sinh x
dx
d
9. (tanh x)  sech 2 x
dx
d
10. (coth x)   csch 2 x
dx

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 19

 d
11. (sech x)   sech x tanh x
dx
d
12. (csch x)   csch x  coth x
dx

Some other formulas are:

1.
d
dx

sin 1 x 
1
1  x2

2.
d
dx

cos 1 x  
1
1  x2

3.
d
dx

tan 1 x 
1
1  x2

4.
d
dx

cot 1 x  
1
1  x2

5.
d
dx

sec1 x 
1

| x | x2  1

6.
d
dx

csc1 x   1
| x | x2  1

7.
d x
dx
 
a  a x ln a

8.
d x
dx
 
e  ex

d 1
9.  log a x  
dx (ln a) x
d
10. (ln x)  1 / x
dx
dy dy du dy dv du
11. Chain Rule:     
dx du dx dv du dx

Formula integration
● 1dx  x  C
●  adx  ax  C
● x
n
dx   x  / (n  1)  C; n  1
n 1

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 20

 ●  sinxdx   cos x  C
●  cosxdx  sin x  C
 sec xdx  tan x  C
2
●

 csc xdx   cot x  C

2
●
●  sec x (tan x)dx  sec x  C
●  cscx(cot x)dx   csc x  C
●  (1 / x)dx  ln | x | C
 e dx  e  C
x x
●

● a
x
 
dx  a x / ln a  C ; a  0, a  1

x n 1
●  x dx 
n
 C, n  1
n 1
●  dx  x  C
●  cosxdx  sin x  C
●  sinxdx   cos x  C
 sec xdx  tan x  C
2
●

 cosec xdx   cot x  C

2
●
●  secx tan xdx  sec x  C
●  cosecx cot xdx   cosec x  C
dx
●   sin 1 x  C
1  x2
dx
●    cos 1 x  C
1  x2
dx
●   tan 1 x  C
1 x 2

dx
●    cot 1 x  C
1 x 2

Example 1: If n is the number of solutions of the equation

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 21

  π  π  
2cosx  4sin  + x  sin  - x  - 1  = 1,x [0, π] and S is the sum of all these
 4  4  
solutions, then the ordered pair (n,S) is :
(A) (3,13π / 9)
(B) (2, 2π / 3)
(C) (2,8π / 9)
(D) (3,5π / 3)
Ans: A
     
2cos x  4sin   x  sin   x   1  1
 4  4  
    
2cos x  4  sin 2  sin 2 x   1  1
  4  
 1  
2cos x  4   sin 2 x   1  1
 2  
 
2cos x 2  4sin 2 x  1  1

2cos x 1  4sin x   1
2

2cos x  4cos x  3  1
2

1
4cos3 x  3cos x 
2
1
cos3x 
2
x [0,  ]3 x [0,3 ]

Image: Example 1
The way that investors and money managers invest has altered as a result of
derivatives, which also allow them a way to protect their capital. The advantages
of derivative products should also be taken into account notwithstanding their

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 22

complexity and the challenges associated in understanding them for the casual
investor.

 1 + x2 - 1 
Example 2: The derivative of tan-1   with respect to
 x 
 
 2x 1 - x 2  1
tan  -1
 at x = is:
 1 - 2x 2  2
 
2 3
(A)
3
2 3
(B)
5
3
(C)
10
3
(D)
12
Ans: C
 1  x2  1 
1
Let f  tan  
 x 
 
Put x  tan     tan 1 x
 sec  1 
f  tan 1  
 tan  
 1  cos  
 f  tan 1  
 sin   2
tan 1 x
f 
2
df 1
  (1)
dx 2 1  x 2 
 2 x 1  x2 
Let g  tan 1  
 1  2 x2 
 
Put x  sin     sin 1 x

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 23

  2sin  cos 
 g  tan 1  
 1  2sin 2  
 g  tan 1 (tan 2 )  2
 g  2sin 1 x
dg 2
  (2)
dx 1 x 2

Using (i) and (ii),

df 1 1  x2
 

dg 2 1  x 2  2

1  df  3
At x  ,   
2  dg  x  1 10
2

 1  x2  1   2 x 1  x2 
Hence,the derivative of tan 1   with respect to tan 1   at
 x   1  2 x2 
   
1 3
x is
2 10

1
Example 3: The integral 4 3 5
dx is equal to: (where C is a
(x - 1) (x + 2)
constant of integration)
1
3  x + 2 4
(A)   +C
4 x -1 
5
3  x + 2 4
(B)   +C
4 x -1 
1
4 x -1 4
(C)   +C
3 x + 2
5
4  x - 1 4
(D)   +C
3 x + 2
Ans: C

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 24

 dx
 ( x  1)3/ 4 ( x  2)5/ 4
dx
 5/ 4
 x2
  ( x  1)
2

 x 1 
x2
put t
x 1
1 dt
   5/4
3 t
4 1
  1/4  C
3 t

1
1 4x 1 4
The integral 4 dx is equal to   C
3 x  2
( x  1)3 ( x  2)5

Common errors or mistakes that should be avoided by the students keeping

the exam point of view:

1. Inadequate Steps While Solving

2. Getting confused With the Units

3. Using Vector Addition Technique When Adding Vectors

4. Don't forget to learn definitions

5. Students forget to put in the correct data they used in the working formula,
which is used by teachers to check how effective the students' learning is.

6. For questions which require the reason for a certain condition, firstly students
are required to state the cause of the condition and then the consequence of the
condition.

7. Don't forget to show full working of your solution

8. Give right amount of time to each topic

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 25