AGRI-2024

MOB.NO.8888940210 DATE:31/05/2024

QUICK POINT FOR MCAER

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS :

1.CARYOPSIS : Crop grown their edible starchy grains one
seeded fruit called caryopsis or monocot.
2. Chasmophytes : plants found in rock Crevices .
3. Oxylophytes : plants found in acid soil .
4.Cardinal point or Cardinal temperature : plant community has
its own maximum and optimum temperature known as .
5. Heliophytes : sun loving plants
6. Halophytes : Salt loving plants .
7.Sciophytes : shade loving plants.

Crops family with alternate names:

1.Graminae : Poaceae.
2.Leguminaceae : Papilionaceae
3.Cucurbitaceae : Guard family
4.Liliaceae : Amreliaceae
5.Solanaceae : Brinjal family
6.Malvaceae : cotton family
7.Composite : Asteraceae
 Pomegranate Fruit Classification according to grades:

1.Super size : >750gm

2.King size : 500-750gm
3.Queen size : 400-500gm
4.Prince size : 300-400gm
5.12-A : 250-300gm
6.12-B : <250gm.

Definitions & Terms used in Irrigation:

1. Hydroscopic Water: That water is adsorbed from an atmosphere
of water vapour because of attractive forces in the surface of particles.
2.Hysteresis: It is the log of in one of the two associated process or
phenomena during reversion.
3.Indicator Plant: It is the plant, which reflects specific growing
condition by its presence or character of growth.
4.Infiltration Rate: It is the maximum rate at which a soil under given
condition and at given time can absorb water when there is no
divergent flow at borders.
5.Intake Rate or Infiltration Velocity: It is the rate of water entry into
the soil expressed as a depth of water per unit area applicable or
divergence of flow in the soil.
6.Irrigation Requirement: It refers to the quantity of water, exclusive
of precipitation, required for crop production. This amounts to net
irrigation requirement plus other economically avoidable losses. It is
usually expressed in depth for given time.
7.Leaching: It is removal of soluble material by the passage of water
through the soil.
8.Leaching Requirement: It is the fraction of water entering the soil
that must pass through the root zone in order to prevent soil salinity
from exceeding a specific value.
9.Oasis effect: It is the exchange of heat whereby air over crop is
cooled to supply heat for evaporation.
10.Percolation: It is the down word movement of water through the
soil.
11.Permanent Wilting Point (PWP): Permanent wilting point is the
moisture content in percentage of soil at which nearly all plants wilt
and do not recover in a humid dark chamber unless water is added
from an outside source. This is lower limit of available moisture range
for plant growth ceases completely. The force with which moisture is
held by dry soil this point corresponds to 15 atmospheres.
12.Permeability: Permeability is the property of a porous medium to
transmit fluids It is a broad term and can be further specified as
hydraulic conductivity and intrinsic permeability.
13.PF: It is the logarithm of height in cm of column of water which
represents the total stress with which water is held by soil.
14.PH: It is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
15.Potential Evaporation: It represents evaporation from a large
body of free water surface. It is assumed that, there is no effect of
addictive energy .It is primarily a function of evaporative demand of
climate.
16.Potential Evapo-transpiration: It is the amount of water
evaporated in a unit time from short uniform green crop growing
actively and covering an extended surface and never short of water.
Penman prefers the term potential transpiration.
17.Seepage: It is the water escaped through the soil under
gravitational forces.
18.Agricultural Drainage: It is removal of excess water known as
free or gravitational water from the surface or below the surface of
farm land to create favorable condition for proper growth and
development of the plot.

19.Surface Drainage: when the excess water saturates the pores

spaces removal of water of water by downward flow through the soil is
called subsurface drainage.
Pathology:
1.powdery mildew.
Family. : Erysiphaceae.
Class : pyrenomycetes.
Sub division : ascomycotina
Spore : odia
Spore fruit cleistothecium.

2.Downy mildew
Family : perenosporaceae.
Class : oomycetes.
Spore : oospor.
Classification of Land Holding Groups/Farmers

On the Basis of Ownership

1. Small: <4 ha. land
2. Medium: 4 to 10 ha.
3. Large: 10 ha.
On the Basis of Operational Holding
1. Marginal: < 1 ha. land
2. Small: 1-2 ha.
3. Semi-medium: 2 to 4 ha
4. Medium: 4 to 10 ha.
5. Large: > 10 ha.
Dwarf coconut are self pollinated while tall coconuts are cross
pollinated in nature.
Young one of Mealybug called as crawler.
Gully erosion is also known as 'Cancer of land'.
NITI Aayog Formed: 1 January 2015.
NITI Aayog Headquarters: New Delhi.
Ministry of environment set up on ..1980.
Chemical used for soil sterilization : Formalin.
Gregg 399is GMS gene is used in :cotton
Rank of India in fisheries :3rd.
Rank of India in aquatic culture: 2nd.
Classification of Virus.
Non_persistant_virus: Also called as stylet born viruses. Viruses are
not retained in insect body more than one hour e g. Papaya mosaic,
cowpea mosaic.
Persistant_virus: Virus are retained for longer period or whole life of
vector e g. Ground nut rosette.
Semipersistant_viruses: They are non persistant and persistant
viruses. Viruses retained in shorter period or slightly longer peirod e g.
Tristeza of citrus. Cauliflower mosaic.
Grouping_of_Viruses
Non_circulative_virus: This includes both non persistant (Stylet
borne) and semipersistant viruses In this group viruses do riot
circulate in the body of insect. Not required incubation period
Circulative_viruses: These includes persistant viruses viruses are
circulated from the body of insect they are required incubation period.

ORGANIC AND NATURAL FARMING ::::::::::;;

⭕In organic farming, organic fertilizers and manures like compost,

vermicompost, cow dung manure, etc. are used and added to
farmlands from external sources.
⭕In natural farming, neither chemical nor organic fertilizers are
added to the soil. In fact, no external fertilizers are added to soil or
give to plants whatsoever.
⭕In natural farming, decomposition of organic matter by microbes
and earthworms is encouraged right on the soil surface itself, which
gradually adds nutrition in the soil, over the period.
⭕Organic farming still requires basic agro practices like plowing,
tilting, mixing of manures, weeding, etc. to be performed.
⭕In natural farming there no plowing, no tilting of soil and no
fertilizers, and no weeding is done just the way it would be in natural
ecosystems.
⭕Organic farming is still expensive due to the requirement of bulk
manures, and it has an ecological impact on surrounding
environments; whereas, natural agriculture is an extremely low-cost
farming method, completely molding with local biodiversity.
There are many working models of natural farming all over the world,
the zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) is the most popular model in
India. This comprehensive, natural, and spiritual system is developed
by Padma S.
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Mr. Shubham Kale Patil

(Agriculture Field Officer
Canara Bank)