ν

ν ν ν Π
Π ν
 2
Fx = ( − ) p + ρ U + υx dy dz .
x = x2 x = x1

ρ
ρ

p = p0 − ρUυx − 12ρ υx2 + υy2 + υz2 .

Fx = ( − ) p0 + ρU2 + ρUυx + 12ρ υx2 − υy2 − υz2 dy dz .

x = x2 x = x1
dv = ρw Γ

ρ
s∕2 ρ ν
Dv = ρw Γ dz
ρυx−dsy∕ dz
2

π
V nAnsinnθ
Dv = ρ sinθ sV Ansinnθ ssin︸θ dθ
︸ ︸ dz
0 w Γ
π
ν ρν ν
= ρV2s2 nAnsinnθ Ansinnθ dθ
ν
0
ν ν ν

ν ν ν
π
I= A21sin2θ + 3A22sin23θ + 5A25sin25θ + ⋯ dθ
0
2
F= π 1 A2 + 3υy
A232 + y dz,= π
A225 +d⋯
+ 5υz nA
x =2 2ρ 1 2 n

π
I= (A1sinθ + 3A3sin3θ + 5A5sin5θ)(A1sinθ + A3sin3θ + A5sinθ)dθ
0
π
Γ
= A21sin2θ + 3A23sin2θ + 5A25sin2θ + [A1A3sinθsin3θ and
0
other like terms that are products of different multiples of θ] dθ
ν ν

π
νz = ∂ ψ / ∂ y, νy = − ∂ ψ / ∂ z .
I= A21sin2θ + 3A22sin23θ + 5A25sin25θ + ⋯ dθ
∂ψ 2 ∂ψ 2
Fx =π012ρ 2 + dy dz, 2
= 2 A1 + 3A∂ 2+
3 y 5A 2+⋯ ∂z = π nAn
5 2

DV = ρV2s2π
2 nAn2 = CD 12ρV2S
V

∂ 2ψ / ∂ y2 + ∂ 2ψ / ∂ z2 = 0.
s∕2 s∕2
Γ 2z 2
D = ρw Γ dz =2 ρ 2so Γ o 1− s dz
CDv = π(AR) nAn
V −s ∕ 2 −s ∕ 2
Fx = − 12ρ ψ ∂ ψ / ∂ n dl,

2
A21 =
D π C2L
V = π82ρ ΓAR
0 2

ψ
DV = CD 12ρV2S
V

CLVS
Γ0= πs

CLVS 2
CD 12ρV2S = π
8ρ πs
V

CL2
CDv =
π AR

2
s2 = span = aspect ratio(AR)
S area

V∞

V = V∞ ε

Veff
V∞

C=C 2eπAR.
α−ε α∞
L
 δ

w = w0
w = f(z)
w0
w1 = f1(z)

s /2
˙
L∝ mw0dx
− s /2

s /2

L∝ m˙ w0 + f1( z) dz
− s /2

˙
m

s /2
˙ ε
mf1( z) dz = 0
− s /2 ε
 α ε

CL
ε = δα =
πAR

C = kC2 , CL2
CD
Dii = δα L. CL = πAR

CD

C2
CD = CD0 + ki L
AR
e= 1 1.
kπAR ki = π
1
π
e