Dr.

Islam Abd El Khaleq

First law of thermodynamics. Quantity of heat
released or
∆Esys = - ∆Esurr absorbed under
constant pressure.
Isolated systems

• Calorie meter Usage:

Used to determine the change in
temperatureof the chemical reaction
∆T by knowing each of :-
Initial temp T1
Final Temp T2 Mass (g) Specific
• Bomb Calorimeter Usage: heat J/g.C
Used to measure heat of
combustion of some
substances. ∆H = Hproducts - Hreactants
Change in Sum of heat Sum of heat
Quantity of heat content. content of content of
heat “released
or absorbed.
-qpp
-q products reactants

If ∆H estimated in (kJ/g), use the mass

\
∆Hº n “g” instead of number of moles(n)

Change in standard Number of moles of

heat content of the substance
system.

∆H= ‫ دا إن‬Law ‫ هنحل ب‬Average bond energy ‫أى سؤال عن‬

∆H = \Absorbed energy during breaking + released energy during formation

Bonds of reactants (+) Bonds of products (-)

Quantity of
Quantity of heat heat “released
released or
absorbed under
or absorbed
during -qp
constant pressure. dissolving

∆HSol n
Molar heat of solution Number of moles of
Mass (g) of solution Specific heat of Solute

solvent J/g.C
Dr.Islam Abd El Khaleq
 Dr.Islam Abd El Khaleq

∆Hsol = ∆H1 + ∆H2 + ∆H3

Heat of solution

∆Hsol
Combination of
Separation of Separation of Solution particles
solvent particles Solute particles (-)
(+) (+)

Quantity of
heat “released Total time of
or absorbed
-qp decays

t
∆HC n t1/2 D
Standard Heat of Number of moles of Half life time Numbers of decays
Combustion Substance “periods”

‫ بنكتب قانون‬standard heat of formation ‫اى سؤال عن‬

∆H = [ The sum of heat formation of products] – [ The sum of heat formation of the reactants]
Note: ∆𝐇º F for any element = zero.
Mass No. = no of nucleons A= Z+N

A ➢
➢
➢
1 MeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J.
1 U = 1.66 x 10-24 g.
1U = 1.66 x 10-27 g.
➢ 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
➢ 1 MeV = 106 eV
No. of neutrons= A - Z

Z N E (J) = m (Kg) x C2
C= Speed
of light
Atomic No. = No. of 3x108 m/sec
protons = No. of
electrons
E (MeV) = m (u) x 931
Energy Mass

Dr.Islam Abd El Khaleq

 Dr.Islam Abd El Khaleq

Binding Energy (B.E) = Mass Defect(u) x 931

Mass Defect(u)= Theoretical Mass – Actual mass

Theoretical Mass= [ mp x Np] + [ mn x Nn]

Actual mass= Theoretical Mass – Mass Defect(u)

Binding energy

B.E
𝑩. 𝑬
A
𝑨
Binding energy per Number of nucleons =
nucleon mass number

Law of conservation of Charge

Sum of reactant (Z) = Sum of products (Z)

Law of conservation of Mass

Sum of reactant (A) = Sum of products (A)

‫مع خالص تمنياتى لكم بدوام التفوق‬

‫ وان يرزقكم هللا‬.. ‫والنجاااااح‬
.. ‫التوفيق والفالح‬
.. ‫اســـالم عبدالخالق‬.‫د‬

Dr.Islam Abd El Khaleq