SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication

Communication Model used as an analysis tool for evaluating the

Various Models at a Glance communication process & components.  Components
LINEAR are the questions to be asked to get the answers & keep
- Lasswell’s Model communication going.
- Aristotle’s Model COMPONENT MEANING ANALYSIS
- Shannon Weaver Model S
- Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model Who The Control
TRANSACTIONAL communicator Analysis
- Barnlund’s Transactional Model or sender or
- Helical Model source of
- Becker’s Mosaic Model message
INTERACTIONAL Says What The content of Content
- Schramm’s Interactive Model message Analysis
OTHER - Dance’s Helical Spiral Model In which The medium or Media
- Westley and MacLean’s Conceptual Channel media Analysis
Model To whom The receiver or Audience
an audience Analysis
LINEAR MODEL With what The feedback of Effect analysis
LINEAR model of communication is a simple one way effect the receiver to
communication model. The message flows in a straight the sender
line from sender to the receiver. There is no concept of •Effective Communication Process.
feedback. The only task that a receiver does here is to •Mass media. Only rich can communicate
receive the message. Different models that follow •Does not include feedback and ignores noise
linear model of communication are: •Does not consider barriers of communication
 Lasswell’s Model
 Aristotle’s Model
 Shannon Weaver Model
 Berlo’s S-M-C-R Mode
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
In TRANSACTIONAL model, senders and receivers
both are known as communicators and both play
equally important role in communication.
Transactional model relates communication with social
reality, cultural up-bringing and relational context
(relationships). Nonverbal feedback like gestures, body
language, is also considered as feedback in this model.
Different models that follow transactional model of
communication are:
 Barnlund’s Transactional Model
 Helical Model
 Becker’s Mosaic Model
INTERACTIVE MODEL
INTERACTIVE model or convergence model is
similar to transactional model as they are both two way
communication model. But, interactive model is
mostly used for new media like internet. Here, people
can respond to any mass communications like videos,
news, etc. People can exchange their views and ideas.
Different models that follow interactive model of
communication are:
 Schramm’s Interactive Model
HAROLD LASSWELL’S MODEL
Aka action model or linear or one way model of
communication. It is one the most influential
communication models.  Has 5 components which is
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication

THE CONTEMPORARY/MODERN
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The modern-day style of communication features
developed primarily from the early on work associated
with Shannon along with Weaver along with
Schramm. These experts have been related to
expounding on the process of communication in a way
that may be useful in most situations. Off their
work, the ultra-modern, as well as a modern-day style
of communication, developed. The normal regions
of a modern-day style of communication incorporate
communicator, encoding, information, moderate,
recipient, decoding, and suggestions along with
sounds.
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
EXAMPLES OF THE MODEL: ● Social Media.
● Social Media – Direct Message (DM)
● Instant Message (IM)
● SMS Text Messaging.
● Email Marketing.
● Direct Email.
● Blogging.
● Voice Calling.
ADVANTAGES OF
CONTEMPORARY MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION
TRANSMISSION SPEED
- Messages can be sent or received within a few
seconds.
UNCOMPLICATED ENTRY
- There are search filters available via digital
media, which need just a computer and a mobile
device and the usage of a keyword or word to locate
an infinite amount of information. As a result,
traditional media loses audience attention since
they have a set schedule at a certain day and time
that may not interest the individual whose
attention is being targeted.
BIDIRECTIONALITY
- Thanks to the impact of modern communication,
there is a message transmitted and a user as a
receiver capable of developing an opinion about it.
CHANGING THE FORMAT OF MATERIAL
FROM LINEAR TO HYPERTEXTUAL
- Whenever a user accesses information, that
information is shared with another user, who is
often unaware of this connection until it happens.
Hyperlinks in digital media have developed a
network of linkages that enable you to learn more
about a topic in greater detail.
EXPANSION OF COVERAGE AREAS
- The process of communication covered all
parts of the world so that the world has become
a small village.
EXPANSION OF COVERAGE AREAS
- The process of communication covered all
parts of the world so that the world has become
a small village.
LOW COST
The use of modern methods
significantly reduces the effort, cost and time.
DISTANCE IS NOT AN OBSTACLE
- Distance doesn’t matter because you’ll be able
to contact a person on phone.
INFORMATION
CAN BE FOUND EASILY
- Information can be found in a matter of seconds
in the internet.
IDEAS CAN EASILY SHARED
- Ideas and notes can easily be shared and an
immediate reaction obtained on a specific topic.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONTEMPORARY
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
DEFICIENCY IN POWER
- It lacks power in certain instances
because of the formation of users and the ability for
them to express themselves via digital
media.
Consequently, a wide range of information has not
been subjected to an authoritative censor.
INFORMATION
MANIPULATION
- The diffusion of knowledge may
occur when someone who has not finished a
fundamental level of education falls into
information that has no base or foundation.
INSUFFICIENT BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
- Communication delivered through
text message, email, or social media might be
misinterpreted by other users if the message is not
properly formatted.
LIMITS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
RELATIONSHIPS
It limits the development of
relationship by limiting face-to-face interactions
and dependence on telephone communication.
Modern means of communication make written
communication easier but face-to-face interaction
strengthens relationships.
MODERN COMMUNICATION ARE INSECURE
- Modern means of communication are
insecure just as information is stored centralized in
one database. Pirates or viruses may also attempt to
compromise it.
THIS METHOD IS UNHEALTHY FOR THE
BODY
- Modern Communication methods are
unhealthy for the body, especially because they
use low-frequency signaling technology, which may
result in weariness and sleep issues.
CAN LEAD TO MISINFORMATION
- The rapid sharing of information on
social media sometimes causes misinformation.
Misinformation on social media spreads quickly in
comparison to traditional media because of the lack
of regulation and examination required before
posting.
IMPORTANCE OF THE MODEL
Communication models help identify and
understand the components and relationship of
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
the communication process being studied. Models
represent new ideas and thought on various aspects
of communication which helps us to plan for
effective communication system. Communication
and society are inextricably linked. We are
surrounded by a "web of different meanings,"
which we communicate verbally, non-verbally, with
the help of the rapid development of information
and communication technologies. While there are
communities and societies, communication will
also exist. Modern communications are
important and indispensable where became an
essential part of all life fields. Modern
communications have made communication and
information transmission easier, faster, less
expensive and more efficient. Let us also remember
electronic crimes and the health risks associated
with the use of such means. With modern
communication, you can communicate with family
and friends without all the complexities that come
with date rates, by either audio/video calls, or
sending text messages, images, video, user location
and audio media messages from one smart phone to
another instantly regardless of what data plan the
two people have. You can also broadcast single
messages to multiple persons at a time. This shows
why modern communication is important in our
present life style and why the popularity of modern
communication increases over days and years.
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
COMMUNICATION AND
GLOBALIZATION
What is Globalization? – a process of interaction and
integration among people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by
information technology. This process has effects on the
environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world.
Globalization is a two-way process. If there
was no mass media, globalization would not have been
possible. The information disseminates from one part
of the world to other part in seconds, this miracle is
just due to the mass media. Hence, we can say that
globalization and mass media are interdependent.
Globalization is only possible because of mass media
and on the other hand mass media gets advanced due
to globalization.
B. IMPACTS OF
GLOBALIZATION ON
COMMUNICATION
1. Virtual Interaction
 Globalization has introduced virtual
communication and collaboration as a major
part of workplace dynamics.
 One must understand the strengths and
limitations of different communications media,
and how to use each medium to maximum
effect.
 Communicating via email requires a certain
etiquette and nuance not necessarily required
in face-to-face interactions.
 Holding virtual meetings requires a similar
change in approach, and people who are
unaccustomed to communicating in groups in
virtual settings can find themselves lost,
confused or unable to share their input.
2. Cultural Awareness in Speech
 The need for cultural awareness is a major
impact of globalization on the required skillset
of effective communicators.
 Communicators need the ability to catch subtle
nuances of people's manner of speech when
communicating across cultures.
 Cultural differences can affect vocabulary,
colloquial expressions, voice tone and taboo
topics.
 In Japanese business culture, for example, it
can be considered rude to ask personal
questions in an initial business meeting.
 In the U.S., on the other hand, asking personal
questions and sharing personal information
can display warmth and openness. American
and Japanese business people who understand
this about each other can communicate in
ways that resonate more effectively with each
other.
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language
 Awareness of cultural differences in body
language can be just as important as the
nuances of speech.
 It is important to understand acceptable
speaking distances, conflict styles, eye contact
and posture in different cultures, accepting that
the physical expressions of their own culture
are not universally accepted.
4. Time Differences
 The advent of global collaboration introduces
another new dynamic to communication skills
-- the need to communicate and share
information with people across several time
zones. When people collaborate with others on
the other side of the globe, their counterparts
are usually at home asleep while they
themselves are at work.
C. IMPACTS OF
GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION - It describes the way
countries and people of the world interact and
integrate. Many things have become globalized as
people come into contact. Economic globalization is
how countries are coming together as one big global
economy, making international trade easier. As its
root, global communication can be defined just as any
communication can: a message is sent fromone person
or group to another anywhere in the world, which can
be described as a five-step process:
1.A person or organization in one country sends a
message
2. The message is encoded.
3. The message travels through a channel or medium.
4. The receiver in another country decodes the
message.
5. The recipient receives the message
 In a globalized world, effective
communication is a necessity. When friends,
relatives, and colleagues need to reach all
corners of the world, it is easy to see the
importance of global communications in the
world today.
 Global communications are not only the
interaction between two employees within
your organization
 The study of global communication examines
how information is exchanged across
geographical and social divides, as well as
how communication both impacts and is
influenced by culture, politics, media,
economies, health, and relationships in the age
of globalization.
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS
OF GLOBALIZATION IN LANGUAGE
USE AND COMMUNICATION?
 With globalization allowing languages and
their cultures to spread and dominate on a
global scale, it leads to the extinction of other
languages and cultures.
 Language contributes to the formation of
culture, such as through vocabulary, greetings
or humor.
 Language is in a sense the substance of
culture.
 The globalization of communication implies
the freedom of movement of ideas,
information, images, and reporters.
 The globalization of communication follows
economical and military globalization: the
ideas, information and people are following
the economical and military fluxes
transforming societies and markets, and at the
same time, affecting their knowledge and
behavior, as well as their attitudes towards
culture, society and politics.
 Although globalization claims to incorporate
the whole world, it is actually generating
exclusion.
 Globalization is based on communication, but
it is not equally accessible to everyone. A
country, in order to participate in the
globalization process, must gather a minimum
level of required means and infrastructure to
be able to be connected to the rest of the
world.
 The context of globalization requires effective
communication skills from students and
workers to cope with the demands and
challenges brought about by this phenomenon.
This includes communicating effectively with
people of different background, age, culture,
gender, beliefs, orientations, preferences, and
status
CULTURE
 Culture has been defined as “the learned and
shared behavior of a community of interacting
human beings” (Useem & Useem, 1963, p.
169) or as “a system of beliefs, assumptions,
and values shared by a group of people”
(Fileding, 1996, as cited in Singh &
Rampersad, 2010)
 It is a “learned set of shared interpretations
about beliefs, values, and norms that affect the
behaviors of a relatively large group of
people” (Lustig & Koester, 2003).
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURES
1. Cultures are learned, not innate
We think and act as Filipinos because our parents
brought us up this way. We acquired complete
knowledge and understanding of our cultural norms
from our parents, teachers, relatives, and friends. Our
cultural norms satisfy us, we accept them as “true,”
and we follow them
2. Cultures are shared
We act as members of our own cultural group, not as
individuals, because belonging to a culture means
following the norms of the group. Fitting into the
group means acceptance and fellowship, and it
provides us members with feelings of security and
love.
3. Cultures are multifaceted
We are surrounded by cultural norms that affect
language, religion, basic world view, education,
technology, social organization, politics, and law, all
interacting with one another. Behaviors and things
common to people who live together in social groups
are considered cultural universals, but the performance
of these activities and things differs dramatically from
culture to culture.
4. Cultures are dynamic
Cultures constantly change as cultural contact
increases, new technologies emerge, and economic
conditions vary. Globalization has greatly changed
relationships of nations and governments. Cell phones
have drastically changed interpersonal communication,
and the availability of the Internet has affected how
people of varied cultures recognize and respect their
differences. Instead of having set ideas about cultural
norms, we should be sensitive, observe changes, and
deal with these changes accordingly.
5. Cultural identities are overlapping
We belong to multiple, overlapping cultures as we
interact with one another. Some of these cultures work
together while others clash. We all belong to national,
regional, social class, ethnic, professional, religious,
age, and gender cultures. Sometimes one or more of
these identities become significant while others take a
back seat, but when the overlapping cultures create
differences that cannot be ignored, conflicts and
problems arise. It is seldom that any two people
become members of exactly the same cultures, and
none of us follow all the rules of the cultures where we
are member.
Barriers to Effective International
Communication
1. Ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that a person’s
culture (his “in-group”culture) is much better than any
other group’s culture (an “out-group” culture), and the
tendency is for that person to judge any “out-group”
culture by using the norms of his “in-group” culture.
All of us are, to some extent, ethnocentric, whose
ethnocentricity falls somewhere on a scale between
“low” and “high”. Our level of ethnocentricity affects
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
our ability to successfully communicate cross 1. Technology provides us with unlimited
culturally. information.
2. Stereotypes and prejudices. 2. It creates opportunities for meeting new
Stereotyping and being prejudiced against cultural people.
groups are the main barriers to intercultural 3. It helps us keep in touch with family and
communication. The negative characteristics attributed friends anywhere in the world.
to one group can cause beliefs and feelings that lead to 4. It brings new diversity to our culture and our
biases and discrimination against that group. The lives.
discriminated group often suffers from being rejected 5. It fosters better cooperation among different
and avoided in cross-cultural interactions. cultural groups.
3. Stereotypes. 6. It isolates us.
 Are generalized negative traits assigned to a 7. It can make us create second lives. (Gamble &
group of people (e.g.,ace, nationality, religion, Gamble, 2013)
social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) Barriers in Communication
even if these traits may only reflect a selected
The term ‘Barriers’, ‘Obstacles’, ‘Hindrances’ and
few of the group.
‘Noise’ are all used to describe the distracting stimuli
 A stereotype is a generalization of a group of
associated with the communication process.
people based on a small sample of these
CULTURAL BARRIERS
people.
 Language
4. Prejudice.
Signs and Symbols (Semantics)
 An offshoot of stereotypes, is an unfair
Stereotypes and Prejudices
thought, belief, or feeling of dislike for a
 Behavior and Beliefs
person or group because of race, nationality,
 Religion
gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, and
 Ethnocentrism
so on.
 It is a negative preconceived opinion held by Developing Cross-Cultural
one group toward members of another group Communication Skills
that biases perception and provides a reason 1. Slow down
for discrimination. When someone is 2. Separate questions
prejudiced, it is usually referring to his 3. Avoid negative questions
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about a certain 4. Take turns
group of people, which he learns only from his 5. Write it down
“in-group,” not from any first-hand, direct 6. Be supportive
contact with “out-group” members. 7. Check meanings
5. Assumed similarities. 8. Avoid slang
 An assumption of similarity is a baseless, 9. Watch the humor
unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences 10. Maintain etiquette
where they exist. This happens when members Why cross-culture is important?
of one group assume that all groups behave the •Globalization
same way they do, that what is true to their •Business opportunities
results in insensitivity to cultural difference •Job opportunities
6. Anxiety. •Sharing of views and ideas
 Intercultural communication anxiety is the fear •Talent improvisation
or apprehension associated with either real or •An understanding of diverse market
anticipated communication with people from (1) creating awareness
another cultural group. (2) imparting knowledge
 The fear is often caused by differences in (3) projecting an image
language ability, verbal and nonverbal (4) shaping attitude
communication styles, and expression of (5) stimulating a want or desire
emotions. Both “in-group” and “out-group” (6) effecting a sale
cultures may experience feelings of
impatience, frustration, and suspicion while
communicating or even in anticipation of the
interaction, which can then increase anxiety in
both parties
Impact of Technology on
Communication
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication
SUBJECT: GE5 – Purposive Communication