the Bourbon

restoration and
the disaster of ‘98
 The Bourbon Restoration

Pronunciamiento in 1874: uprising by Arsenio

Martínez Campos, ended the First Spanish
Republic, monarchy was restored.
Alfonso XII was proclaimed king.
In 1876 Carlism was defeated.
Period of peace only for the rich.
ANTONIO CÁNOVAS DEL CASTILLO

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Designed a political sysem of

was a politician, considered alternating 2 political parties,
architect of Bourbon his and Práxedes Mateo
Restoration. Sagasta´s one.

Crafted the 1876 Constitution:

declared Spain parliamentary
monarchy. Didnt talk about
individual rights or suffrage.
THE CONSERVATIVE AND LIBERAL
PARTIES
By Antonio Cánovas del By Práxedes Mateo
Both: Constitution, Sagasta.
Castillo. Conservative
monarchy and Defended a Constitutional
Party defended
centralised state. monarchy, monarch´s role
monarchism, catholicism,
no radical changes, no more ceremonial. Reduce
modernism, preservation church´s influence, pro
of spanish cultural and civil marriage and secular
historical heritage. education. Supported
economic liberalism,
reduction of tariffs...
 THE TURNO PACIFICO SYSTEM
The turno pacifico system was based on
manipulating elections.
Caciques: political bosses that influenced political
behaviour of others by intimidating, threatening...
In exchange for political loyalty and votes: favors,
jobs, land...
They made it impossible for actual democracy to
happen.
AFTER ALFONSO XII

After Alfonso XII´s death in 1885. Pact of El

Pardo between Conservative and Liberal
parties. Regency of pregnant Queen Maria
Cristina.
Cánovas and Práxedes wanted to protect a
transition of power.
The political
parties outside of
the turno Pacífico

The political landscape of Spain outside

the "turno pacífico" system during the
early 20th century, focusing on the rise
of various political parties and
movements in response to centralism
and socio-economic changes.
 Context and background

01 Alfonso XIII became king in 1902, at the age of 16.

His reign began amid the aftermath of the "Disaster of '98"

02 (Spanish-American War), which led to the loss of Spain's last
colonies.

This period saw increased industrialization and population

03 growth, causing widespread dissatisfaction and opposition to the
existing Bourbon Restoration system.
Centralism and it's consequences

01. 02.
This centralism ignored
The "turno pacífico"
the distinct regional
system was
identities and needs
characterized by a
within Spain,
centralist approach,
particularly in areas
where power alternated
experiencing industrial
peacefully between the
growth, leading to the
Conservative and
emergence of strong
Liberal parties.
regionalist movements.
 Basque Nationalist Party (PNV): Founded

01 in 1895 by Sabino Arana, it advocated for

Basque autonomy and cultural identity.

Emergence of 02
Lliga Regionalista: Founded in Catalonia in
1901 by Francesc Cambó, it promoted
Catalan regionalism and autonomy.

regionalism
Galicia's Rexurdimento: This cultural
movement sought to revive Galician

03 language and culture, reflecting broader

European romantic nationalist trends. It
was more cultural than political.
Rise of the labour
movement
Industrialization brought about
the growth of the labour
movement, which sought to
address workers' rights and social
injustices.
CNT (Confederación Nacional del
01 Trabajo): An anarchist trade union
advocating for workers' rights through
direct action.
UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores): A
02 socialist trade union associated with the
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE),
focusing on labor reforms.
PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español):
Founded by Pablo Iglesias, the party
03 aimed to represent the working class and
promote socialism through political
reforms.
Emergence of
radical parties
-Spanish Communist Party (PCE):
Established in 1921 by radical members
of the Socialist Party, inspired by the
Russian Revolution, advocating for a
Marxist-Leninist approach.

-Radical Republican Party: Formed in

1908 by Alejandro Lerroux, this party
pushed for radical republicanism,
secularism, and social reforms.
 Conclusion
-The political landscape outside the "turno pacífico" was
characterized by a rich diversity of ideologies and movements.

-These movements arose in response to the centralist policies and

socio-economic challenges of the time, significantly shaping
Spain's political and social fabric.

-Understanding these dynamics provides valuable insights into the

complexities and conflicts that influenced Spain’s history during
this transformative period.
 1. Maine Incident: The sinking of the USS

01 Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15,

1898, escalated tensions between the

Disaster of the United States and Spain.

‘98 2. Declaration of War: The United States

The Disaster of '98, ignited by Cuba's revolt against Spanish rule
and amplified by the sinking of the USS Maine, led to the United
States' swift defeat of Spain, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 02 declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898,
following a series of failed negotiations.
1898, which granted Cuba independence and ceded Puerto Rico,
the Philippines, and Guam to the United States. This marked a
shift in global power dynamics and triggered profound
introspection in Spain, sparking cultural and intellectual
movements like Regenerationism and the Generation of '98. 3. Treaty of Paris: Signed on December
These movements called for comprehensive reforms to
10, 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-

03
modernize Spain's economy and governance, while the loss of
colonies fueled social tensions and demands for economic American War, ceding control of Cuba,
revitalization. Internationally, the disaster signaled the rise of the Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to
United States as an imperial power and foreshadowed the decline the United States.
of traditional empires, shaping geopolitical dynamics for years to
come.
THE WAR IN
MOROCCO
Is a significant chapter in early 20th-century
Spanish history, after the Disaster of ´98. Spain
turned to colonial expansion, particularly in
Morocco.
This endeavor was formalized during the Algeciras
Conference in 1906.
In the Algeciras Conference in 1906, Spain
and France agreed to divide Morocco into
two spheres of influence.

the northern and southern zones for Spain,

and a much larger central zone for France.
The conference aimed to resolve the
"Moroccan Question" and to prevent a
European conflict over Morocco, which was
strategically important due to its location
and resources.
1909 1921 1921-23 1923 1930

Coup Dictatorship of
Tragic Disaster Consequences d'état Primo de
Week of Annual of the Disaster Justificat Rivera
ion for
the Coup
 This period marked a critical juncture in Spanish
history, intertwining colonial conflicts abroad with
political upheaval at home. The war in Morocco
highlighted the challenges of maintaining a colonial
empire amid local resistance and domestic
opposition, underscoring the need for
comprehensive reforms. These reforms eventually
came to fruition during the Second Republic and
after the Spanish Civil War.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, the war in Morocco was a complex and multifaceted
conflict that had far-reaching implications for Spain. It revealed
the limitations of Spain's colonial ambitions, exposed deep-seated
social and political divisions, and set the stage for significant
changes in Spanish society and governance. The lessons learned
from this period continue to resonate in the historical memory of
Spain and its former colonies.
Thank you