PASSI CITY COLLEGE

City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

HPC 10

RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY

MODULE 2
WRITING THE INTRODUCTION OF A RESEARCH

The introduction is your opportunity to show readers and reviewers why your research topic is
worth reading about and why your paper warrants their attention. The introduction serves
multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims,
and gives an overview of the paper.

The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It
establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing
current understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in
the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly
the methodological approach used to examine the research problem, highlighting the potential
outcomes your study can reveal, and outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper.

At the end of this module, the students must have:

1. enumerated the contents of the Introduction

2. defined citations
3. illustrated theoretical / conceptual framework
4. stated the statement of the problem
6. discussed hypothesis

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 1 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

WRITING THE INTRODUCTION OF A RESEARCH

Subsections of Chapter 1 (Don't write the numbers)

1. Introduction - write the contents

2. Theoretical / conceptual framework of reference
3. Paradigm of the study
4. Statement of the problem / objectives
5. Hypothesis

CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTION

What is the research all about? Justify the research.

What is the issue /problem you want to study?

What is the concern being addressed "behind" this study?

What is the situation of the problem you want to study? Identify the key researches done in the
area and the value of the study.

Starts out broad and then narrows in scope. (International, national to local)

How is your research different from that which has already been done
addressing the same or similar questions?

Review RECENT relevant literatures. 10 years back (use 2011 to the present sources)
Number of related literature
1. BS- Minimum of 20

End the introduction with a statement of the purpose and rationale of the
research you conducted.

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 2 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
More tips in writing the introduction

 READ! READ! READ! Articles, journals, books, etc.

 Use latest studies by the authors cited in the review article (e. g., PsycINFO).
 Find other studies that cited in the review article ( e.g., SSCI, or Social Science Citation
Index).
 Make an outline that shows the progression of research that has led to your hypotheses.
 Avoid plagiarism by giving credit where credit is due.
Whenever you cite someone else's ideas or use their language write the name of the author
and the year of publication. Ex. (Patubo, 2014). If you use direct quotes, cite the page number.
 Indicate the source in the text (body of the manuscript) with a brief notation and in the
References section of the manuscript in more detail.
 There must be a one-to-one correspondence between the citations in the text and the
entries in the References section-that is, every source that is cited in the text must also
be listed in the References section and vice versa.

FRAMEWORK

Purposes of a framework
1. Provides direction for the study. It presents an organized set of ideas/ variables and their
relationships

2. Reveals conceptual and operational definitions

3. Guides what data is to be collected and analyzed

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Theoretical framework: theory based studies

In formulating the theoretical framework for the study, you may look at the various theories
upon which one can base the study.

It is a discussion of the theory which serves as the basis for the study. (Ex. Environmental
theory)
A ready- made map for the study

Used when the variables have been studied before

and have been found to be related to one another

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 3 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

It studies based on a specific conceptual model.

Explain how the variables in the study are expected to relate to each other.

Used when the literature does not contain a specific theory that explains the relationship
between study variables.

In formulating the theoretical framework for the study, you may look at the various theories
upon which one can base the study.
It is a discussion of the theory which serves as the basis for the study.

Presents the relationship between the specific concepts that may be studies.

2. Paradigm of the study

It could be an illustration of a certain theory being applied in the study

Example:

1. Benner's theory (Novice to expert)

2. Theory of goal setting and task performance

Discuss the theory first before showing the paradigm

PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

It is an illustration of the concepts or theories discussed.

Example:

Input Process Output

Respondents Dimensions of Proposed

measuring intervention
1. Stakeholders service quality program to
.Tangible improve the
2. Managers . Reliability quality of service
. Responsiveness of private
. Assurance automotive
. Empathy vehicles

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 4 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
INTERVENTION PROGRAM (IP)

Parts of an intervention program

1. Introduction – Briefly describe your organization – VGMO. Why are you proposing such
intervention program? The IP should be based from the results of the study.
2. Objectives (SMART)
3. Methodology
4. Activities /projects
5. Key Result Areas
6. Performance Indicators
7. Persons responsible
8. Budget – detailed
9. Outcomes

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. State the problem in a question form.

2. “The problem should express a relation between two or more variables.
3. The problem statement should imply possibilities for testing.
- A problem that does not contain implication for testing its stated relations of variables is not a
scientific problem. This means not only that an actual relation is stated but also that the
variables of the relation.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (SOCIAL RESEARCHES)

Example 1
1. What is the profile of intermediate pupils in San Enrique Central School in terms of:
a. Gender
b. Age
c. Grade level
d. Income of Parents

2. What is the level of involvement of intermediate pupils in San Enrique Central School on the
following?
a. extra- curricular activities
b. Co- curricular activities

3. Is there significant difference between the level of involvement of Intermediate pupils to extra
and co-curricular activities when they are grouped according to their profile variables?

4. What is the academic performance of intermediate pupils?

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 5 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
5. Is there significant relationship between pupils’ level of involvement to curricular activities
and their academic performance?

6. What intervention program is proposed to improve the grades of the pupils?

Example 2

1. What is the level of competencies of tour guides in Iloilo City in terms of:
1.1. Communication skills
1.2. Mastery/ knowledge in local, regional, and national culture and destinations
1.3. First aid and crisis management skills
1.4. Ethics

2. Is there significant difference on the competencies of tourist guides in Iloilo City?

3. What is the level of satisfaction of tourists in Iloilo City, Philippines as to the following:
3.1. Communications skills
3.2. Mastery/ knowledge in local, regional and national culture and destinations
3.3. First aid and crisis management skills
3.4. Ethics

4. Is there significant relationship on the competencies of tour guides and the level of
satisfaction of tourists in Iloilo City, Philippines?
5. What intervention program or project can be proposed by the researcher to improve the
competencies of tourist guides the level satisfaction of tourists in Iloilo City, Philippines?

HYPOTHESIS
WRITTEN AFTER THE PROBLEM

IS A FORMAL STATEMENT OF EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP(S) AMONG VARIABLES?

TENTATIVE STATEMENTS AS SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Should explain expected relationships that exist between two or more variables.
Researchers should have strong reasons based on concrete evidences or theories to formulate
the hypothesis which is to be tested.
Should be as short as possible but clear.
Should be testable.

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 6 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Null Hypothesis (H0)

A null hypothesis is a non-directional statement of a condition between two variables. It states
that “there is no significant difference between” two parameters.
An example of a null hypothesis is:
There is no significant difference between scores obtained by respondents who viewed
the sound slide set and the scores of the respondents who did not view the sound slide set.

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) or Research Hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis is a directional statement of a relationship between variables.
Ex. Respondents who view the sound slide will tend to obtain higher scores than
respondents who will not view the sound slide set.
The alternative hypothesis is also called as “research hypothesis” or “substantive
hypothesis”.

EXAMPLES OF HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference on the level of involvement of intermediate pupils and extra
and co-curricular activities when they are grouped according to their profile variables.

There is no significant relationship between the pupil’s level of involvement and their academic
performance.

PART OF CHAPTER 1

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1

Background of the Study 2

Epistemological and Theoretical Research

Perspective 5

Statement of the Problem 9

Scope and Limitation 10

Definition of Terms 11

Significance of the Study 12

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 7 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Chapter I consists of six parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Epistemological and

Theoretical Research Perspective, (3) Statement of the Problem, (4) Assumption of the Study,

(5) Definition of Terms, and (6) Significance of the Study.

Part One, Background of the Study, gives the overview of the chosen study, presents a

situationer and explains the reason for choosing the research topic.

Part Two, Epistemological and Theoretical Research Perspective, states the theory upon

which the study will be anchored.

Part Three, Statement of the Problem, states the main problems that the research

hopes to answer.

Part Four, Assumption of the Study, sets the scope of the research in terms of

participants, research design, research instrument, and data analysis procedure used in the

study.

Part Five, Definition of Terms, gives the conceptual and operational definitions of the

important terms used in the study.

Part Six, Significance of the Study, specifies the beneficiaries and the corresponding

benefits that may be derived from the findings of the investigation.

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 8 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

WRITING THE INTRODUCTION

Apply the principles in writing the introduction. Sample topics. Choose at least two (2)

1. Hospitality during Pandemic

2. Tourist Destinations in Passi City
3. Ilonggo Hospitality
4. Pintados de Pasi
5. Blended Learning

Your output will be graded based on the following rubrics:

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 9 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2
 PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi
SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
B.

TOUR GUIDING AND TOURIST SATISFACTION IN

SAN ENRIQUE, ILOILO

Discuss about tourism and focus on tour guiding in the introduction. Use books,
journals and other sources.

Explain what is tour guiding all about it. Is there a problem on tour guiding? Cite
situations

- What are some researches related to tourism especially on tour guiding in other
towns in the Province of Iloilo? Cite as many studies as possible.

Include International- national and local studies

End the introduction by stating the importance of conducting such study

https://ori.hhs.gov/module-1-introduction-what-research

Patubo, Jose J. Module in Arts and Culture Research, University of San Agustin

D R. JOSE J. PAT U BO P a g e 10 | 10
HPC 10- RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY MODULE NO. 2