PASSI CITY COLLEGE

City of Passi. Iloilo

SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

CDI 3
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
SECOND SEMESTER, A.Y. 2021-2022

MODULE VI1I

TRAFFIC
MANAGEMEN
T AND
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATIO
N W/ DRIVING

PCpl Paul Kim A. Nalangan, MS. Crim. Page 1

Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
Module Outcomes
At the end of the module, the students must be able to:
1. know the basic concepts and principles when driving vehicle.
2. Know the Defensive Driving

Module Content:

Activity Description Time

Overview
1 Interactive Discussion through Google Meet/Classroom 60 minutes

Concept

Driving Defined. Driving is the act of controlling and directing the speed and travelling of a
motor vehicle. It could be also understood as the directing and controlling a motor vehicle
towards the desired way or action. In RA 4136, the person, driver is defined as a person
operating a motor vehicle

Rationale. Driving or operating a motor vehicle entails a psycho-motor skill Psychological skill
because it involves familiarization of the various mechanisms of a vehicle to attain smooth
driving It is also psychological because a driver must think like the motor vehicle In a way, the
driver and motor vehicle acts niso It is a motor skill because there must be coordination among
the various body parts involve in operating a motor vehicle such as the entire lower extremities
and the upper extremities

In addition to psycho-motor skills, driving also includes perceptual skills Perceptual skills involve
the ability of the driver to observe occurrences in and around the motor vehicle as well as the
ability to foresee the traffic situation and traffic hazards

Like in any other activities involving skills, development of driving skills is starts from the basics.
The basics of driving involve the proper holding of the steering wheel, proper control of the
accelerator, brake, and clutch pedals, proper and timely shifting of gears, appropriate using of
the various lights and signals of a motor vehicle, and correct utilization of the other gadgets and
accessories of a motor vehicle.

Since driving is a skill, all the actions in driving should be done repeatedly until it will be
embedded in the body system of a driver. Hence, in practice, the driving instructor should
instruct the driver to repeatedly perform the actions until it will become spontaneously done

A. Before Boarding and or Starting a Motor Vehicle. A aver must always visually inspect
the motor vehicle at its surrounding before embarking Look for any hazards under the car, in
front, or at the rear. In addition, a driver must consider the ad reliable BLOWBAG principle. This

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
principle is usually useful to avoid sudden motor vehicle breakdown and accident particularly
when preparing for a long road trip.

1. Battery. The battery is important for gasoline fed engines because it supplies the electric
power to the spark plugs which burn the fuel. In diesel fed engines, the electric current coming
from the battery will not affect the engine while running as long as the electric alternator and
voltage regulators are properly functioning

a) Open the hood or in some other cars, the battery is located somewhere inside the
motor vehicle.
b) Check the battery liquid (juice) if using a battery that needs to be frequently
maintained This is not applicable to maintenance-free batteries which are common
today.
c) Check also if the battery clamp or holder is tight to avoid movement of the battery
out of its place.
d) Check also the battery terminals (connectors) if they are tight. Loose battery
connections oftentimes cause discharging of the battery power and worse, it may
cause sparking. See also the terminals if corroded or if covered with hardened acids.
e) e Upon switching the engine, check also the battery indicator in the panel display
which shows a possible malfunctioning of the voltage regulator and/or the electric
alternator. Malfunctioning of the voltage regulator and/or the electric alternator
causes discharging of the battery.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
2. Lights. These include the headlight, the signal lights, fog lights, the tail lights, and the plate
number lights The headlight is very significant when driving in the dark to enable the driver see
the road and for him to be seen by others. Like the other lights, the headlights are also used to
communicate with other motorists and road users

a) Check if there are broken glass or plastic covers (housing) of the lights. Cracks on
covers may cause sipping of rain waters. Once the housing of the light is filled with
water, it causes busting of light and it may also cause short-circuiting.
b) Look for possible busted or malfunctioning lights by switching on all light switches and
walk around the motor vehicle.
c) It is practical also to keep in the car, reserve light bulbs and electrical fuses (capacitors).

3. Oil. The lubrication ensures the optimizing the engine power by reducing friction of the
moving parts inside the engine Regular oil changing is a must to lengthen the life of the engine.
For routine practice Check always the oil gauge in the engine by pulling out the oil engine stick.
Wipe with cloth or tissue paper then reinsert the oil gauge stick. Pull out again and read the oil
level if still within the limit. This practice is necessary when using older cars.

a. If the oil gauge is below the minimum limit, add engine oil which should be the
same quality as with the oil that is already filled during the last changing of oil.
b. Inside the motor vehicle, switch on the engine, and check for the oil warning
light in the display panel.
c. If necessary, keep reserve engine oil inside the car.

4. Water. The cooling system is also vital to the life of the engine. The radiator is usually
located in front of the engine especially rear-drive motor vehicles.

a Open the radiator cap and check whether the water level is up to the brim.
b. If up to the brim, then the cooling system is functioning well. Add water if
necessary. Newer cars have a separate coolant container. c. If there is a separate
coolant container, check also the level of the coolant, add coolant if necessary.

5. Brakes. The braking system is another vital system of a car. Proper functioning of this
system is necessary. The brake fluid container is located inside the hood near the engine. Other
cars have their brake fluid container inside the motor vehicle.

a. Check the brake fluid level if it within the minimum limit. Add brake fluid is
necessary.
b. Upon start of the engine, push the brake pedal. Pump the pedal at least twice.
c. Push the brake pedal up to the limit. If it suddenly loosens, there is something
wrong in the brake system.

6. Air. The air pressure in the tire is not as vital as the other operational systems of the motor
vehicle. However, insufficient or excessive air pressure of the tires may endanger the lives of
the driver and its passengers.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
 a. Walk around and check all the tires. See if there are any flat tires or seemingly
lack air.
b. If the driver has a portable or handy air pressure gauge, check the gauge by thru
the air valve heads of the tires, Tire pressures vary depending on the types and
motor vehicle weight. Usually the required tire pressures are provided by the
motor vehicle manufacturers and such required tire pressures are marked on the
interior of driver side door. For the maximum tire load, it is marked on the tire
itself.
C. Aside from the air pressure, check also for possible damages on the tires and any
other object under the car which may cut or puncture the tires.

7. Gas. Motor vehicle breakdown due to lack of fuel will not only cause delay. It may also
cause engine damages once the motor suddenly stops while on high speed movement. Upon
starting the engine, check the fuel gauge display in the panel display. Other cars have digital
travel distance left corresponding to the present amount of fuel in the tank.

8. Engine- It’s better to detect an engine problem before you drive off rather than deal with it
in the middle of the road. Check for leaks that indicate an engine problem. Also, start the
engine and listen to its sound. If you hear pinging, tapping, knocking, or any weird noise, better
have a mechanic check your engine.

9. Tires- Driving with worn-out tires can lead to a fatal accident. So before you leave for a road
trip, spend a few minutes to check your tires for bulges, bumps, tears, and other signs of
damage.To check your tire tread depth, insert a coin into the tire’s grooves. If you can see
much of the coin’s outer band, that means the grooves are already shallow, and you need new
tires soon.

10. Self- Last on the BLOWBAGETS checklist is self. Human error is the leading cause of road
accidents in Metro Manila. In fact, a report from the Metro Manila Accident Recording and
Analysis System cites fatigue, sleepiness, drunkenness, and medical problems like asthma and
dizziness as examples. Driving under extreme emotional stress is also dangerous because you’ll
lose concentration on the road. So avoid driving when you’re emotional. Also, check your
documents before you hit the road. Your driver’s license, LTO registration papers, and proof of
comprehensive insurance should be within reach when you get pulled over on your trip.

B. Before Starting the Engine. A driver must always ensure his safety and convenience in
driving before starting the car's engine. He should

1. Fasten his/her seatbelt for safety purposes.

2. Adjust his/her seat to enable him/her reach the clutch brake, and accelerator pedals, and to
fit in with his/her driving convenience.
3. Adjust the rear and side mirrors to have complete view of the rear and sides of the motor
vehicle.
4. Adjust or tilt the steering wheel if necessary.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
5. Look around for possible hazards like motor vehicles or persons who suddenly park or stand
at the rear

C. Starting the Engine. Safety is always the concern of a driver, hence, when starting the
engine, a driver must
1. Step on the brake pedal with the right foot to ensure that the motor vehicle will not move
forward or backward.
2. Ensure that the hand brake or parking brake is pulled up.
3. Fully press the clutch pedal with the left foot and hold on the shifting lever to check if the
gear is in NEUTRAL position. In case of automatic transmission (AT) motor vehicles, place the
shift gear to either PARK or NEUTRAL position.
4. Slightly step on the accelerator pedal in starting the engine. Twist for a moment the key to
start the engine. Some vehicles are equipped with push button starting switch. Once the engine
started, immediately get off your hands from the key. In cases of diesel engines, twist the key
to switch on the "heater" before switching on the engine.
5. Allow the engine, thru the oil pump, to distribute lubrication inside the engine before
slightly revving

D. Moving the Motor Vehicle.

The driver must smoothly move the vehicle and sudden jumping of the motor vehicle must be
avoided. Hence, the driver should

1. Not rev up on start of the engine. In case of diesel engines, allow the engine to heat up
before start moving the car.

2. Fully press the clutch pedal to disengage before shifting the gear in NUMBER 1 position or
first gear.

3. Slowly rev up the accelerator pedal while slowly releasing the clutch pedal until the driver will
feel vibrations in the engine indicating that the clutch disc and pressure plate slowly engage.
Abrupt releasing of the clutch pedal will cause jumping movement of the motor vehicle Steps 1
to 3 should be repeatedly done by a student driver until he/she masters the smooth starting
movement of the vehicle.

4. Not fully rev up the vehicle after the first gear unless the engine is already heated (for diesel)
and/or the engine is already running for few minutes ensuring the complete distribution of
engine oil.

5. Scan the front and rear areas of the motor vehicle if there are any other road users around
who could be affected by his/her movement.

6. Switch on the turning light when moving in a roadway and/or blow the horn to signal other
motorists of his/her intention to move in.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
E. The Steering Wheel. The steering wheel is considered as one of the most significant parts
of a motor vehicles because it is the main part used in directing and controlling the path of the
motor vehicle.

Proper hand positioning is necessary in the olden times, the 10 o'clock (left hand) and 2 o'clock
(right hand) positions were advisable Today, such hand positioning is still applicable but no
longer mandatory particularly on motor vehicles having smaller steering wheels and with
airbags in the center of the steering wheels Correct hand positioning and steering wheel control
should be done by the following tips of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) in United States (UsingEfficient Steering Techniques, n.d.)

1. Both hands should be outside (left and right sides) of the steering wheel,
2. Gripping should be firm but gentle.
3. Fingers should be gripping the steering wheel, not the palm
4. Keeping the thumbs up on the face of the steering wheel.
5. It is not advisable to turn the steering wheel from the inside of the rim of the steering wheel.

Further, NHTSA recommends three (3) types of steering methods to enable a driver safely and
conveniently turn a motor vehicle (Using Efficient Steering Techniques, n.d.).

1. Hand-to-Hand Steering: (commonly called push/pull steering)

a Hand position: left hand between 7 and 8 o'clock, and right hand between 4 and 5 o'clock.
b. Turning right: the left hand pushes the wheel up and the right hand slides up, grasps the
wheel and pulls down to turn. While the right hand moves down, the left hand slides back
toward its original position to make adjustments as needed.
c. Turning left: the right hand pushes the wheel up andthe left hand slides up, grasps the wheel
and pulls down to turn. While the left hand moves down, the right hand slides back toward its
original position to make adjustments as needed.
d. In pushing up and down the steering wheel, proper hand positions: between 11 and 8 o'clock
with the lefthand and between 1 and 8 o'clock with the right hand.

2. Hand-over-Hand Steering: Applicable when the turning at low speeds with limited
visibility at an intersection or when parking the vehicle or recovering from a skid and

a. Hand positions: left hand between 8 and 9 o'clock right hand between 3 and 4 o'clock.
b. Use the right top third of the steering wheel to move the wheel to the right and use the left
top third of thewheel to move the wheel to the left.
c. Turning right: left hand pushes up, while the right hand lets go, reaches across the other
arm, grasps the wheel and pulls the wheel up, over and down as appropriate. As the wheel is
being pulled up, the left hand releases the wheel and returns to its original position.
d. Turning left: right hand pushes up, while the left hand lets go, reaches across the other arm,
grasps the wheel and pulls the wheel up, over and down as appropriate. As the wheel is being
pulled up, the right hand releases the wheel and returns to its original position.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
3. One Hand Steering: This is used when backing or while operating or manipulating or
adjusting vehicle controls like wipers, flashers, lights, etc. that require a reach from the steering
wheel. This method of steering is critical to vehicle balance, steering reversals, and potential
injury.
a. Hand position when reaching for an operating control between 8 and 9 o'clock or 3 and 4
o'clock, depending on steering wheel design.
b. Hand position when backing: 12 o'clock is recommended to the left or right and the driver
has to turn his head in order to see the path of travel to the rear.
c. When turning right while backing, the steering wheel is also turned to the right.
d. When turning left while backing, the steering wheel is also turned to the left.

F. The Pedals. Controlling the pressure of applied on the pedal controls is dependent on how
tight or loose the pedals. In new vehicles, pressure applied is usually light and foot movement
is slow. On the other hand, some old vehicles have very tight pedals, hence, foot pressure is
greater or stronger.

1. Accelerator Pedal. In slow speed movement, the pedal is usually slightly pressed at
approximately 1000 rpm to 1200 rpm. When travelling at higher speed, the revving is greater
but should not be more than 2500 rpm (ideal).

2. The Clutch Pedal. As earlier stated, when the clutch pedal is fully pushed down, it
disengages the clutch disc and the pressure plate, thus enable smooth changing of gears.

a. Generally, the pushing down of the clutch pedal should be quick and completely pushed
downward.

b. The speed of releasing of the clutch pedal is slow when shifting gear from first to second
gear. From second gear to third gear, the release of the clutch is a little bit faster than when
shifting from first gear to second gear.
c. The releasing is also slowly when adjusting the speed from fast to slow such as from fourth
to third gear to avoid sudden engagement of the clutch disc and the pressure plate. Such
abrupt engagement of the clutch disc and the pressure plate causes struggling of the engine
and transmission because the spinning speed of the engine does not match the spinning
movement of the transmission. Eventually, when this always happens, it will contribute to the
early wearing out of the engine, and the gears in the transmission.
d. Shifting from 3rd to 4th or 4th to 5th, the releasing of the clutch pedal should be very quick
when traversing on flat and downhill roads.
e. Releasing the clutch pedal should also be slow when shifting from a high gear to a lower
gear such as from 5th to 4, 4th to 3rd, and 3rd to 2nd. In shifting back to low gear, the driver
should slightly press the brake pedal to slow down the spinning (or evolution per minute (rpm))
of the engine to avoid struggling of the engine. The struggling is caused by the discrepancy of
the rpm of the engine and the gears in the transmission.
f. The clutch pedal is always completely pressed whenever the motor vehicle comes into
complete stop to avoid sudden shutting off of the engine.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
3. The Brake Pedal. Similar with the other control pedals, the pressure of pushing down the
brake pedal is dependent on the tightness of the pedal.

a. Reducing speed: the movement of pushing the brake pedal should be slowly and not full-
pressing depending of the desired speed of the motor vehicle.
b. Complete stopping: It should be fully pushed downward but the movement of pushing the
brake pedal should be slowly unless there is an immediate risk collision.
C. In some older motor vehicles, particularly those still equipped with manual braking system,
pushing the brake pedal is sometimes done twice or more until the brake functions.
d. In reducing the speed by stepping on the brake pedal, once the engine and transmission
struggle (it can be detected by vibration from the engine), fully pushed the clutch pedal to
avoid sudden shutting off of the engine.

G. Shifting Gears. Shifting of gears entails coordinated and simulated actions and movements
of the hand controlling the shifting lever, the left foot in pressing the clutch pedal, and the right
foot in releasing and pushing back the accelerator pedal. In addition, the remaining hand
should firmly grip the steering wheel.

H. Lights and Signals. While driving, controlling the switches of lights and signals cannot be
avoided. Like in shifting gears, there are body movements that are simultaneously and
coordinately done. Usually, one hand is left gripping the steering wheel, while the other hand is
controlling or adjusting lights and/or signal switches (refer to One-hand Steering Method).

I. Other Accessories. In driving, controlling the switches of other accessories such as the car
air-condition, the audio or visual gadgets and other interior accessories cannot be avoided. This
also involves body movements that are simultaneously and coordinately done. Usually, one
hand is left gripping the steering wheel, while the other hand is controlling or adjusting
switches of accessories and/or gadgets (refer also to One-hand Steering Method).

J. Backing or Reverse Movement. Backing the motor is more difficult than moving forward.
Moving backward involves coordinated and simulated movement of the head, eyes, feet, and
hands. Safe and convenient backing may be done through the following.

1. Apply the one-hand steering method when the driver needs to turn his/her head to have
better view of the rear.

2. Apply the two-hand steering method when backing is done with the aid of the sideview and
rearview mirrors.

3. While backing, control of the clutch and accelerator pedals are similar to when starting to
move the motor vehicle from NEUTRAL GEAR to FIRST GEAR. In this case, the dutch pedal is
usually half-pressed as well as the accelerator pedal.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
K. Driving on Uphill Roads. Driving uphill is similar to driving in flat roadways. The difficulty
arises when the driver stops hle going up on ascending portions of highways. Stopping is e
frequent in traffic congested areas. Failure of the driver to ontrol the clutch and accelerator and
the brake pedal may cause dental backing of the motor vehicle which may cause collision any
motor vehicle, pedestrian, or object at the rear. Following some of the tips for safer and more
convenient uphill driving.

1. Similar to when starting to move a motor vehicle. The difference is that when driving uphill,
greater revving is necessary to enable the engine gain power.

2 Quickly release the clutch pedal up to the point that the dutch disc engages with the pressure
plate while on 1 gear and while stepping on the brake (for some, the hand brake is used to
avoid backward movement of the motor vehicle). Continue pressing the clutch pedal while
slowly rewing the accelerator. Once the motor starts to move forward, slowly release the clutch
and slowly increase the pressure on the accelerator.

3 In shifting to higher gear such as from 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and/or 4 to 5, Increase the

rewing and shift pear once the engine has already gained enough power for the next higher
gear.

4. If the engine struggles after shifting to a higher gear, rev up. But if the engine still struggles
which is the driver feets vibration of the engine, shift back to the lower gear. Rev up again and
shift to a higher gear once the engine gains power.

5. While on high speed and the engine starts to lost power, shift to lower gear.

6. The releasing of the clutch pedal in shifting to higher gear should be a little quicker than
when shifting from 1 to 2 gear. Immediate releasing of the clutch pedal is done when shifting to
higher gears such as from 2nd to 3d, 3d to 4th, and/or 4th to 5th.

L. Driving on Downhill Roads. In driving downhills, the gear is usually in higher speed which
is 3rd gear and above. The choice of the gear is however dependent on the degree of
descending and the load of the motor vehicle.

1. Check the brakes before an approach to descending areas and slow down in preparation to
shifting to low gear.

2. For a safer driving particularly when the descending is very steep, use engine break. That is -
use low gear, either 1st or 2nd gear and do not push the accelerator pedal. Engine break is also
done when the vehicle is fully loaded even if the descending is not too steep.

3. If the road is safe and no other hazards in the highway,shift to higher gear.

4. From time to time, apply pressure on the brake pedal to control the speed of the motor
vehicle.

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
5. There are instances that revving up is not necessary. The engine automatically revs up
depending on the speed of forward movement of the motor vehicle.

Concept

Defensive Driving Defined. According to National Safety Council's Defensive Driving Course,
defensive driving is the "driving to save lives, time, and money, in spite of the conditions
around you and the actions of others" (McNamara, 2012.). It is also understood as the "driving
in a manner that utilizes safe driving strategies to enables motorists to address identified
hazards in a predictable manner. These strategies go well beyond instruction on basic traffic
laws and procedures" (What is Defensive Driving, n.d.).

Rationale. Operating a motor vehicle is a risky activity. Risks exposures of drivers include
health-related risks due to inhalation of toxic gases and smoke. The worst risk is the possible
accidental loss of lives, limbs, and properties.

Health-related risks can be reduced or prevented by the state of-the-art gadgets such as
masks, refining of fuels, and more recently the introduction of alternative energies to power
vehicles Example of vehicles powered by alternative energies are solar powered and electric
powered motor vehicles. Those alternative energies are virtually zero in carbon emissions.

The second risk in driving which is possibility of involvement with accidents, is more
difficult to totally prevent because of the multi-causes of accidents. However, of the identified
causes of accidents, human errors or human factors attribute for more than 90% of all the
causes of accidents. Hence, accidents can be reduced into tolerable level through defensive
driving training.

A. Defensive Driving Tips. The emphasis of any defensive driving approaches and strategies
is on driving safely. For this author, safe driving can be attained by conscientiously observing

the following tips. For easier recalling, the acronym DEFENSIVE is used

1. D- Decrease speed upon perceiving potential hazards. In traffic accidents, hazards are not
limited to dangerous physical objects in the trafficway and road conditions Hazards in traffic are
generated by negligent or imprudent behaviors of road users. Hence, all pedestrians, motorists,
animals, commuters (passengers), and other road users are considered potential hazards.
Listed below are examples of the potential hazards

a. Any person walking or standing along the sidewalk There are instances that persons walking
or standing on sidewalks suddenly run across the street.

b. Playing children near the road or beside roadways. Like any other persons beside the
roadways, those playing children may suddenly run across the streets

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
c. A rolling ball on the road could develop into hazard if suddenly a child will come running
towards the ball.
d. Public utility vehicles (PUV) which are unloading passengers. Some passengers who have just
disembarked from the PUV quickly cross the street.
e. Any motor vehicle or pedestrian encroaching on your driving lane.

2. E- Ensure your personal safety and safety of your passengers. Drivers are legally and morally
bound to ensure his/her passengers not only his/her own safety Hence, a driver must do the
following safety tips for his/her passengers.

a. Remind his/her passengers to exercise utmost care in embarking and disembarking

b. Not allow hitching at the back of his/her car on the running board, and riding on top of the
vehicle.
C. Audibly tell his/her passengers not to immediately cross the street after disembarking.

d. Tell at once to anyone not to bring out in the window any part of their body

3 F- Fasten seatbelts. Many lives are lost because of the failure to fasten seatbelts. The driver
must at all times fasten his/her seatbelts regardless of the distance to be travelled. He/she
must remind also his/her passengers to fasten their seatbelts if there are any

4. E- Expect that other motorists and road users will commit mistakes. The core of any
defensive driving principle is the anticipation of any negligence or imprudence by other drivers
and other road users. It is normal. Some may unintentionally or unconsciously or may be
intentionally commit error while driving. Regardless of the reason of such error, a driver must
always anticipate those misbehaviors of others so he/she could immediately react. Misbehaviors
of drivers and other roads users include but not limited to the following enumeration.

a Beating the yellow or red light

b. Anticipating the green light
c.Overtaking in a no overtaking zone

d. Miscalculating a road curve or bend

e. Going beyond the speed limit
f. Improper overtaking or passing
g. Sudden backward movement on uphill road particularly
in a congested area
h. Failure to yield the right of way
i. Improper use of headlight and other signal lights
J. Improper parking
k. Jaywalkers
l. Abrupt running to cross a street

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
m. Disembarking in no loading areas

5. N Never beat the yellow and/or red light. Commonly, people say "do not beat the red light".
However, beating both the yellow and red light is correct. It is beating the red light because a
driver or a pedestrian accelerates before the yellow light turns to red. On the other hand, many
road users accelerate their speed once the yellow light is on before it turns to red Hence,
beating the yellow fight is also correct.

6. S-Start the day with a prayer. This could not be the first statement among this list of
defensive driving techniques but it is actually the first to be done by any traveler, whether on
wheels or on foot. Divine guidance is soll the best antidote for every misdeed in the highway

7. I Increase speed if another motor vehide is in the risked of hitting the rear of your car. There
are times that some drivers anticipate the green light, that is start moving even the light is still
red. There are also drivers who accelerates in the intersection after a vehicle passed across
his/her path placing a risk of angular front to rear collision. To avoid accident and as a
defensive driver, he/she must increase his/her speed so that his/her vehicle's rear will not be hit
by the speeding vehicle coming from an angular direction

8. V-Veer direction away from vehicles encroaching your lane. As earlier mentioned, some
drivers may intentionally or unintentionally overtake in a very risky manner. As a defense, a
driver should veer away or change direction away from the overtaking motor vehicle Reducing
speed is also recommendable so as to give chance for the overtaking driver to get back to
his/her lane

9. E- Establish the 2-second rule (3-second rule for others). Tailgating is a risky driving behavior
unless a driver is preparing to overtake a motor vehicle. Normally, it takes a driver at least 1.5
seconds to react and final come to a complete stop from the moment he/she perceive that the
motor vehicle in front suddenly stops.

References:

1. Delizo, Darlito Bernard G. Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

2. Baker, Stannard J Traffic Accident Investigators Manual for Police

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Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
 3. R.A 4136 Land Transportation and Traffic code LTO Manual

Activity 8.1

1. Create a scenario that you will apply defensive driving tips. (Explain)

Rubrics/Points 50 points 40points 30 points

Interesting, original topic
sentence, reflecting thought
and insight; focused on one
interesting main idea.
Interesting, concrete and
descriptive examples and
details with explanations that
relate to the topic.
Consistent standard English
usage, spelling, and
punctuation. No errors
Writing shows strong
understanding
Clearly stated topic sentence
presents one main idea.
Examples and details relate
to the topic and some
explanation is included.
Some errors, but none major,
in usage, spelling, or
punctuation. (1-2)
Writing shows a clear
understanding
Acceptable topic sentence
presents one idea.
Sufficient number of
examples and details that
relate to the topic
A few errors in usage,
spelling, or punctuation (3-4)
Writing shows adequate
understanding
Missing, invalid, or
inappropriate topic
sentence; main idea is
missing.
Insufficient, vague, or
undeveloped examples.
Distracting errors in usage,
spelling, or punctuation
Writing shows little
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PCpl Paul Kim A. Nalangan, MS. Crim. Page 14

Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving
 SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
MODULE APPROVAL SHEET

Course No. CDI-3 Descriptive Title: Traffic Management and Accident

Investigation w/ Driving

Module No.: 7 Course Year & Section BS CRIM2- A -G

Prepared and Submitted by:

PCpl Paul Kim A. Nalangan, MSC

Instructor

Checked by:

MR. HERIBERTO G. ULGASAN, MSC

Dean, School of Criminal Justice

Recommending Approval:

HEIDE A. PAMA, M. ED.

Dean of Instruction

Approved:

JANICE JENNIFER P. PALMARES, DPA

Acting College President/ SAO/ Registrar Designate

PCpl Paul Kim A. Nalangan, MS. Crim. Page 15

Module No.8 CDI – Traffic Management and Accident Investigation w/ Driving