ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B

Tissues
- A group of specialized cells and extracellular
substances surrounding them
Histology
- Microscopic study of tissues

4 PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUE

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Epithelium
- Covers and protects surfaces, both outside and
inside the body

6 Characteristics:

 Mostly composed of cells

 Covers body surfaces
 Distinct cell surface
Free/apical – surface that is
exposed
Lateral - where other epithelial are
attached
Basal – surface of cells anchored SIMPLE EPITHELIUM TABLE pg. 89
in place (basal surface); where
basal surface is attached Cell Layers and Cell Shapes
(basement membrane) - number of cell layers and shape of the cells
 Cell and matrix connections reflect the function of epithelium.
 Nonvascular
Example:
 Regeneration
Simple-organs that move materials (lungs,
kidneys, glands, intestines)
5 Major functions:
Stratified- protection
 Protecting underlying structures Stratified squamous- parts where abrasion can
 Acting as a barrier occur (skin, anal canal, vagina)
 Permitting the passage of substances
 Secreting substances Flat and thin cells-diffusion
 Absorbing substances Cuboidal or columnar-secretion/absorption

3 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM BASED ON THEIR Free Surfaces (Apical/Upper)

IDEALIZED SHAPES - not in contact with other cells and faces away
from underlying tissues.
Squamous
- flat or scalelike Smooth- reduces friction
Cuboidal (cubelike) Microvilli- increase surface area for secretion and
- cube shaped absorption.
Columnar Cilia-move materials across the surface
- taller than they are wide
CELL CONNECTIONS

Desmosomes
- mechanical links that bind cells together

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B

Hemidesmosomes
- anchor cells to the basement membrane
Tight junctions
- bind adjacent cells together and form
permeability barrier
Gap junctions
- small channels that allow small molecules and
ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an
adjacent one

Glands
- an organ which produces and releases
substances that perform a specific function in
the body

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Bind structures together, form framework and
support for organs
- Group of tissues in the body that maintain the
form of the body and its organs and provide
cohesion and internal support.
Functions:
 enclosing and separating other tissues
 connecting tissues to one another
 supporting and moving parts of the
body
 storing compounds
 cushioning and insulating
 transporting
 protecting

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B

TABLE pg. 98 – 101 Tissue membrane

- thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a
MUSCLE TISSUE structure or lines a cavity.
- allows for active movement of the body or 4 TISSUE MEMBRANES:
materials within the body
- Main function is to contract, or shorten, Skin
making movement possible - also called cutaneous membrane
3 TYPES: - external tissue membrane
Mucous
 Skeletal - line cavities open to the outside of the body,
 Cardiac such as the digestive, respiratory, reproductive
 Smooth tracts
TABLE pg. 104 – 105 - for protection, absorption and secretion
Serous
NERVOUS TISSUE - line cavities do not open to the exterior of the
- forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves body, such as the pericardial, pleural
- responsible for coordinating and controlling Synovial
many body activities - line in the cavities of freely movable joints

TISSUE DAMAGE & INFLAMMATION

Inflammation
- occurs when tissues are damaged

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B

Tissue Repair
- ubstitution of viable cells for dead cells. It can
occur by regeneration or fibrosis
Regeneration
- new cells are the same type as those that were
destroyed and normal function is usually
restored
Fibrosis
- new type of tissue develops that eventually
causes scar production and the loss of some
tissue function

EFFECTS OF AGING ON TISSUES

Age-related changes:
 Cells divide more slowly
 Rate of RBC synthesis declines
 Collagen fibers become more irregular in
structure
 Elastic connective tissues become less elastic
(wrinkling of the skin)
 Walls of arteries become less elastic
(atherosclerosis)