US Short Notes

By: Mr. Aamir Hussain and Miss.
Komal Altaf
U.S HISTORY
BY
MR. AAMIR HUSSAIN & MISS. KOMAL ALTAF
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By: Mr. Aamir Hussain and Miss. Komal Altaf
Quotes:
1. Happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected. George Washington

2. Truth will ultimately prevail, where there is pains to bring it to light.
George Washington
3. National honor is the national property of highest value. James Monroe
4. Preparation for war is a constant stimulus to suspicion and ill will.
James Monroe
5. It is only when people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate into a populace, that
they are incapable of exercising their sovereignty. James Monroe
6. I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and
philosophy. John Adams
7. In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock. Thomas
Jefferson
8. Be polite to all, but intimate with few. Thomas Jefferson
9. To penetrate and dissipate these clouds of darkness, the general mind must be strengthened by
education. Thomas Jefferson
10. Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the strength,
the patience, and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world. Harriet Tubman
11. The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much;
it is whether we provide enough for those who have little. Franklin D. Roosevelt
12. Men are not prisoners of fate, but only prisoners of their own minds. Franklin D. Roosevelt
13. Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose wisely.
The real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education. Franklin D. Roosevelt
14. "The struggle of today is not altogether for today — it is for a vast future also." Abraham
Lincoln
15. Be sure you put your feet in the right place, then stand firm. Abraham Lincoln
16. Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth.
Abraham Lincoln
17. I'm a slow walker, but I never walk back. Abraham Lincoln
18. Don't worry when you are not recognized, but strive to be worthy of recognition. Abraham
Lincoln
19. The way for a young man to rise is to improve himself in every way he can, never suspecting
that anybody wishes to hinder him. Abraham Lincoln
20. Public sentiment is everything. With public sentiment, nothing can fail. Without it, nothing can
succeed. Abraham Lincoln
21. When I am getting ready to reason with a man, I spend one-third of my time thinking about
myself and what I am going to say and two-thirds about him and what he is going to say.
Abraham Lincoln
22. A great democracy will be neither great nor a democracy if it is not progressive. Theodore
Roosevelt
23. We must be the great arsenal of democracy. F.D Roosevelt
24. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Martin L. King
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Exploration and colonization:
Henry Steel Commager
The United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compare with
many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that is constantly being renewed by the addition of
new elements of population of new states. But in other sense it is old. It is the oldest of the new nations.
The first one to be made out of an old world colony.
The Thirteen Colonies:

S.No Colony Founder
New England Colonies
1. Massachusetts Puritans & pilgrims, 1620
2. New Hampshire Captain John Mason, John Wheel Wright
3. Connecticut Thomas Hooker
4. Rhode Island Roger William
Middle Colonies
5. New Amsterdam, later New York Dutch west India company, later Duke of York
6. New Netherlands, New Jersey Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
7. Delaware Swedish company, later William Penn
8. Pennsylvania William Penn (Quaker)
Southern Colonies
9. Georgia James Edward
10. North Carolina & South Carolina Eight Virginia Colonists and Split of North Carolina, 1712
11. The Chesapeake Bay or Virginia John Smith, 1607
12. Maryland Lord Baltimore
13. Florida 1752
America as a melting pot:

“The distinction between Virginian, Pennsylvanian, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more. I
am not a Virginian but an American” Henry Patrick, 1774
Causes of Colonization:
a. Economic Causes:
1. Need of a new land for cultivation
2. Lure for Asian Goods
3. Need for a new market
4. Discovery of Gold and Silver
b. Political Causes:
1. Overseas voyages
2. Imperialism
3. State Protection
c. Religious Causes:
1. Priesthood
2. Religious intolerance
d. Social Causes:
1. Increased population of Europe
2. Thirst of freedom
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3. Poor living conditions
4. Improved navigational methods and instruments
5. Intellectual growth
6. Interest in Geography
Heaven and Earth Never agreed better to frame a place for man’s habitation. John Smith, 1607
Causes of American war of Independence:

1. Geographic Considerations
2. Attitude of the American
3. Attitude of the British
4. Colonial Legislatures
5. The Enlightenment
6. Mercantilism and Navigation act, 1600s
I. Navigational Act 1651
II. Enumerated commodities Act 1660
III. The staple Act 1663
IV. The duty Act 1673
V. The Enforcement Act 1696
VI. The Molasses Act 1773
7. British restrictions on manufacture
8. Removal of French danger
9. Policies of Greenville
a. Crown’s proclamation 1763
b. Sugar Act 1764
c. Quartering Act 1765
d. Stamp Act 1765
i. Stamp Act Congress
ii. Sons of Liberty
iii. Repeal of the Stamp Act
e. Declaratory Act
10. Townshend programme
11. Resistance to Townshend programme
a. Non importation
b. Circular letters
c. Boston Massacre
12. Measures taken by Lord North

13. Tea act and Boston tea party
a. Tea Act, 1773
b. Boston Tea Party
14. The intolerable acts 1774
a. The Boston Port Bill
b. Massachusetts Government Act
c. Administration of justice Act
d. Quebec Act
e. Colonial Protests
Professor Oscar Handlin:

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“In 1775 thirteen colonies that had become a nation even before they were independent embarked
upon, a long war, the outcome of which established them firmly as a sovereign power. Their antagonist
was the world’s greatest empire”
“The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the hearts and minds of
the people”. John Adams
Declaration of Independence:
Patrick Henry:
“We have petitioned, we have prostrated, we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we have
prostrated ourselves at the foot of the throne, and it has been all in vain, we must fight”
Result and Significance of War of Independence:

1. Constitutional government in England
2. Independence of colonies
3. Royal colonies turned to Republics
4. Penal code and educational reforms
5. Stringent measures against slavery
6. Anglican churches were abolished
7. Loyalists were expelled
8. Overthrow of Aristocrats
9. More political participation
10. More freedom to develop
11. Go far beyond north America
12. Stood against monarch government
13. Precursor to French revolution
14. Less violent than French revolution because it occurred in an already liberal society
15. Secured individual personal and religious rights
16. Victory of john Locke natural rights theories
Problems in the wake of Independence:

a. Constitutional problems
1. Continental congress was a weak body
2. Lack of central government
3. Bill of rights
4. Defects of the articles of confederation
I. No effective executive
II. Absence of judiciary
III. Defective organization of congress
IV. Lack of financial powers
V. No power to regulate trade
VI. Weak enforcement machinery
Professor Elson writes:
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“A government which has not the power to tax its own citizens, to enforce its own laws or to regulate
commerce, lacks the vital essentials of sovereignty, and in this condition was the United States under
the articles of confederation”
b. Political Problems
1. Clash between slave states and free states
2. Western lands
c. Foreign relations
1. Relation with great Britain
I. Fur trading
II. Military post
III. No concession in trading
IV. Private debts
V. Property of loyalists
2. Relation with Spain:
I. Incitement of Indians
II. Issue of Natchez
III. Encouragement of westerners
d. Economic problems:
1. Decline of commerce
2. Lack of financial resources
3. Grievances of manufacturers
4. National debt
5. Agriculture deteriorated
6. Unsatisfactory system of currency and credit
7. Little domestic and foreign investment
8. Competition among states
e. Social Problems:
9. Poverty
10. Inefficient government
11. Low infrastructure
12. Slavery issue
13. Grave situation of Law and order
Framing of US constitution:
“An abler body of statesman has not assembled in modern times than that which made our (American)
constitution in 1787”
a. Convention of Philadelphia
b. Proposals
1. Virginia plan
2. New jersey plan
c. Controversy
1. Nature of government
Alexander Hamilton:
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“To look for a continuation in harmony between a numbers of independent unconnected
sovereignties, situated in the same neighborhood, would be to disregard the uniform course
of human events, and to set at defiance the accumulated experience of ages”.
2. Representation in legislature
3. Slave and free states
4. Commercial and agriculture states
d. Need for a compromise
e. Connecticut compromise
3. Three-fifth slave formula
4. Commerce and slavery
f. Decision on other matters
g. Ratification
h. Demand of bill of rights
1. Freedom of religions, speech, assembly, press and petition

2. Right to possess arms
3. No quartering of soldiers during peacetime
4. No search and seizure of people‘s property
5. No criminal case to stand twice for same crime
6. Speedy trail of cases
7. Right to jury in case of 20 dollars and above
8. No excessive bails and cruel punishments
9. Rights not mentioned in constitution lies with
peoples
10. Powers not mentioned in constitution will be exercised by states
James Madison:
“The operations of the federal government will be most extensive and important in times of war
and danger; those of the State governments, in times of peace and security”.
Salient features of American Constitution:

Preamble:
“We the people of the United States of America in order to form a more perfect union, establish
justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for common defense, promote general welfare and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this
constitution for the United states of America”
a. Introduction
b. Seven Articles of Constitution
1. Legislative branch
2. Executive branch
3. Judicial branch
4. Federalism
5. Amendment process
6. Supremacy clause
7. Ratification of the constitution
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c. Features:
1. Written
2. Rigid
I. Proposal for amendment
II. Ratification of proposal
3. Federal
4. Supremacy
5. Separation of power
6. Check and balance
7. Bill of rights
8. Judicial review
9. Popular sovereignty
10. Bicameral legislature
11. Presidential form of government
12. System of spoils
13. Dual citizenship
James Madison:
“The Federal Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and aggregate interests
being referred to the national, the local and particular, to the state legislatures”.
System of Separation of power and Check & Balance:

Professor Ogg:
“No feature of American government National, state and often local is more characteristic than the
separation of powers combined with precautionary check and balance”
a. The legislative organ or Congress:

1. Ratify treaty
2. Approve appointment
3. Examine internal and external affairs
4. Court of impeachment
5. Right to override
6. Salary of judges
7. Enact laws
b. The Executive organ or President:
1. Make official appointments
2. Carryout administrative actions
3. Approve the bill
4. Enjoy veto right
5. Special session to influence congress
6. Appoint judges of Supreme court
7. Pocket veto
c. The judicial organ or Supreme court:
1. Judicial review
2. Nullify the laws
3. Invalidate the actions
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4. Judicial veto
5. Sets positive and negative framework
6. Custodian of constitution
7. Safeguard rights of people
Federalist and Anti-Federalist:

a. Introduction
b. Federalists:
“The greatest threat to the future of the USA did not lie in the abuse of central power but could
be found in what they saw as the excess of democracy”
James Madison:
“The constitution was designed to be a republican remedy for the diseases most incidents to
republican governments”
c. Anti-Federalists:
“The greatest threat to the future of the USA lie in the government’s potential to become corrupt
and seize more and more power until its tyrannical rule completely dominated the people”
George Mason:
“The constitution was totally subversive of the principle which had hitherto governed us. It was
calculated to annihilate totally the state government”.
d. Differences in Ideologies:
2. Nature of economy
3. Distribution of wealth
4. Political beliefs
6. Bill of rights
7. Financial background
8. Educational background
e. Critical Analysis
Professor Parkes:
“Without the Jeffersonian faith in human freedom and equality, American civilization might have had
little spiritual meaning or vitality; but without Hamiltonian emphasis on efficient organization and
business expansion, the United States would not have achieved its high standard of living”
Federalists Regime (1789-1800) Domestic Accomplishments:

a. The bill of rights, 1791
b. The judiciary act, 1789
c. Whiskey Rebellion, 1791
d. Settlements with Indians
e. Rise of Political Parties
S.No Features Federalists Democratic-Republicans

1. Leaders John Adams, Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
2. Supporters Northern industrialists, Big landlords Small farmers, skilled labour, plantation
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owner
3. View of Constitution Strong central government Weak central government
4. Domestic policy Industrial expansion, national bank Agrarian economy, opposed national
and protective tariffs bank and tariffs
5. Military policy Large peace time army and navy Small peace time army and navy
6. Foreign Policy Pro-British Pro-French
f. Financial Policy
g. Alien and Sedition Acts
Critical Analysis:
Success:
1. People were assured freedom and security

2. Expansion of industries
3. Reduction of national and state debt
4. Sound economic principles
5. Acquisition of western lands
6. Victory of union over state
7. Improved law and order
8. Strengthened union
9. Attracted foreign capital
10. Strong defense mechanism
Failure:
1. Government was in hand of Aristocrats

2. Emergence of political parties owing to diverse opinions
3. Alien and sedition acts led to public outrage
4. Little incentives to farmers
5. No believe in common man
6. Little importance to the backward class
Financial Policy of Alexander Hamilton:

a. Introduction
b. Financial programme
1. Raised revenue
2. Protective duties
3. Handling of national debt
4. Payment of state debt
5. National bank and currency
c. Evaluation
1. Improved public credit
2. Reduced national and state debt
3. Earned good will of investors
4. Selling of lands
5. Excise tax
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6. Indigenous production
7. Sound economic principles
8. Strengthened national government
9. Incentives to new manufacturers
10. Built public confidence
Alien and Sedition Act of Federalist Regime:

a. Introduction
b. French mission
c. War clamor
d. Neutralization Act
e. Alien Act
f. Sedition Act
g. Unconstitutional activities
h. Attack by Jeffersonian
i. Resolutions moved by state of Kentucky and Virginia
j. Critical Analysis
1. Curtailment of liberties
2. Unconstitutional provisions
3. Editors were apprehended
4. Aimed to suppress criticism against government
5. Move to silent Jeffersonian
k. Conclusion
1. Federalists earned the wrath of people
2. No obstruction by any state despite resolutions
3. Prove of despotic disposition of federalists
4. Led to the fall of federalists in 1800
Foreign Policy during Federalists:

a. Introduction
b. Relations with France
1. Genet Mission
Thomas Jefferson: “Resolutions are all the one and the same. We owe independence to
France”
2. Proclamation of neutrality
3. Genet Activities
4. Jays treaty
5. Heartburning in France
6. Efforts of John Adam
7. XYZ affairs
8. War clamor
9. Convention of 1800
c. Relation with England
d. Relation with Spain
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George Washington (1789-1797):
“The time is near at hand which must determine whether Americans are to be free man or slaves”
Domestic Achievement:
1. Financial policy of Hamilton

2. Whisky rebellion
3. Westward expansion
4. Judicial act
5. Treaty of Greenville
Foreign Achievement:
1. Treaty with France

2. Genet Mission
3. Proclamation of neutrality
4. Jays treat
5. Pinckney treaty, 1975
Farewell Address:
1. Do not get involved in European Affairs

2. Do not make permanent alliances
3. Do not make political parties
4. Avoid sectionalism
Critical Analysis:
He set precedence for successors to assume office for two terms.
“His greatness consisted for the most part in his lofty motives, in his extraordinary sound judgment and
his unrelenting courage. His patriotism was as pure as sun light and no element of selfishness was
entered into his motives”
Significance of Election of 1800:

1. Second revolution in American history
2. Defeat of federalists
3. Victory of democrats over aristocrats
4. Presidency of Jefferson and more democrats in congress
5. Politics came into the hands of common man
6. Government became subservient to the will of people
Professor Handlin says:
“The defeat of federalists had brought to an end the dangerous tendencies of aristocracy and monarchy
which Jefferson abhorred. The function of his party had been to resist that tendency”.
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“Scarcely greater was the revolution by which the country was wrested from the British domain than
was the political revolution of 1800 by which the government passed into the hands of democrats and
no greater fortune could have come to the young republic than this political revolution”.
Jefferson Presidency (1801-1809):

Conspicuous features:
1. Faith in common man

Jefferson: “Every man, and every body of men on Earth, possesses the right of self-government”.
2. Proponent of Laissez faire Theory
Jefferson: “The best government is the one which governs the least”
3. Impartiality of Judiciary
Professor Parkes:
“Jefferson’s attack on the court did accomplish one important objective; Judges henceforth were
more careful to show a proper impartiality and to refrain from direct participation in the
political conflicts”.
4. Religious tolerance: Jefferson was atheist
5. More autonomy to Provinces
6. Agrarian democracy
Jefferson: “I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing
armies”.
7. Simplicity and Economy
My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much
government. Thomas Jefferson
Staunch Supporter of Republicanism
8. Transparency of Federal Budget
9. Public Opinion
When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. When the government fears the people, there is
liberty. Thomas Jefferson
10. Inspirational leadership

11. Reduction in defense
12. Lapse of democratic acts
Jefferson: “Where the press in free and all men are able to read, all is safe”
13. Attitude towards slavery
Jefferson: “The God who gave us life gave us the liberty at the same time”
14. Victory of democracy over Aristocracy
15. Reduction in national debt
16. Louisiana purchase
17. Expeditions
Professor Whitney Griswold:
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“Jefferson must share credit for founding our (American) democratic institutions with the philosophers
whose ideas he borrowed and adapted”
Professor C.P Hill writes:
“In many ways he was a strange mixture. A slave owner, he believed deeply in liberty. He did not
hesitate to extend the power of federal government to acquire Louisiana”.
“Thomas Jefferson was the most brilliant man ever occupied the American Presidency” John F. Kennedy
Purchase of Louisiana (1803):

a. Introduction
b. Denial of rights
c. Purchase of Louisiana
d. Ratification of treaty
e. Attitude of Federalist
f. Problem of effective control
g. Importance of the purchase
a. Introduction:
The purchase of Louisiana territory bears great importance in the history of North America. The
geographical position of the territory is between the Mississippi river and rocky mountain to the west.
It originally belonged to France but it was granted to Spain for the compensation of its loss. The
territory was acquired for America by the President Thomas Jefferson. It paved the way for westward
expansion up to the Pacific Ocean.
b. Denial of Rights:
In 1795, a “treaty of San Lonrenzo or Pinckney treaty” was concluded between Spain and America. By
the virtue of this treaty America was allowed to navigate through Mississippi river and have trade with
New Orleans. In 1802 Americans were stopped by Spanish residents. As a result American good could
not be shipped and moved to overseas by way of Gulf of Mexico. In 1800, France acquired the territory
from Spain in order to revive its colonial power in America but it failed. In 1802, Napoleon anticipated
war with England and decided to sell the territory.
c. Purchase of Louisiana:
Thomas Jefferson was very much eager to acquire this part of New Orleans. He sent Robert R.
Livingston to Paris for the purpose of Negotiations. Jefferson believed that the purchase of New Orleans
and Florida would remove the danger of war with England once for all. Thus, Louisiana was purchased
from France at the Cost of $150, 00,000. The treaty of cessation was signed in 1803 and Louisiana
became the part of the USA.
d. Ratification of Treaty:
According to the constitution of USA the treaty made by president needs to be ratified by the congress
otherwise it cannot be enforced. After making a deal Jefferson had to persuade both the Senate and
House of representatives for the ratification of a treaty. Since the congress had greater majority of
Democrats, the treaty was first ratified by the House of Representatives and subsequently by Senate.
Following this an appropriation bill was passed to finance the deal.
e. Attitude of the Federalist:

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Federalist raised objection against some clauses of the treaty. According to the provision of the treaty
the inhabitants of the new territory would enjoy the similar rights as were enjoyed by the American
citizens. Moreover, the French and Spanish ships would be charges the similar duties as were charged
to American ships.
f. Problem of Effective Control:

After the ratification of treaty, the foremost problem confronted the USA was of the effective control of
the territory. Since the sale of Louisiana would amount to the violation of pledge given to Spain by
France, French legislation objected to the sale. Napoleon, however, was unmindful of the circumstances
concluded a deal with America. Consequently, the water route along with the Mississippi river came
under American control.
g. Importance of the Purchase:

1. It doubled the size of America at a shocking little cost of about 13.5 cents per acre.
2. Open the door for westward expansion
3. Increase in popularity
4. A great diplomatic achievement
5. Rich in agriculture
6. The richest river territory
7. Attracted the foreigners
8. Boost to trade
9. More economic prosperity
10. Strengthened the power of America
11. More colonies and manpower
12. Remove the dangers of war with France
Professor Elson Writes:
“The greatest diplomatic achievement in the Annals of America”
Financial system of Albert Gallatin:

1. Repeal of internal tax, act 1802
2. Impose custom duties
3. Incentives to agriculture sector
4. Reduction in defense expenditure
5. Clearance of national debt
6. Transparency of federal budget
7. Strict accounting system
8. Appropriation of funds for specific purposes
9. Cut out expanses of public officials
10. Curb the corruption
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803):

 Exploration of Louisiana territory
 Explorers:
a. Captain Lewis, private secretary of Jefferson
b. Lieutenant William Clark
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c. Twenty six soldiers
d. Interpreter
e. Woman from Shoshone tribe, as a guide
f. Few others
 Started from Pittsburg ->Columbia->Pacific Ocean (1805)
 Friendship with the Indians
 Return journey, 1806
 Travelled almost 9000 miles
 Paved the way for westward expansion
 Served as an evidence in a dispute between America and England over Oregon territory
 Knowledge about geography, climate, resources and plant & animal life
Professor Elson: “The journey was full of hardships but they were repaid with many romantic scenes”.
James Madison and War with England (1812):

“There was never a good war or a bad peace” Benjamin Franklin
a. Introduction
b. Causes
1. Threat to American Neutrality, 1807
2. Impressment of Americans by England
3. Diplomatic Approach, 1806
4. Non importation Act
5. Chesapeake incident, 1807
6. Embargo Act, 1807
7. Intercourse Act, 1809
8. Macon’s Bill, 1810
9. War hawks
10. British conspiracy and War with Indians
11. Declaration of war, 1812
c. Critical Analysis
“War of 1812 was finally caused by the western expansionist urge rather than solely by just the
grievances of neutral rights and impressment”. Professor Pratt
“Madison did not want war but he was a week man bothered to death by the British government
which was too busy with Napoleon to treat him with much ceremony and he was anxious to
secure re-election for the second presidential term. On June 18, 1812 in spite of the protests of
American shipping interests which realized that the British navy would sweep their trade off
the sea, Madison declared war”. Professor Somervell
d. Result and Significance

“War time brings the ideal of the state out into very clear relief and reveals attitudes and
tendencies that were hidden” Randolph Bourne
1. A costly blunder
2. End to British Monopoly
3. Increased the American prestige
4. America as an Emerging Power
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5. Commercial Independence
6. Boost to Economy
7. Sense of Nationalism
8. Strengthened the Republicanism
9. Failure of Federalists
10. America as a center of Attraction
Missouri Compromise, 1820:

“A Dirty Bargain”. J. Randolph
a. Introduction
b. Slave states and free states
c. Abolition of slavery
d. Prohibition of slave trade
e. Missouri qualified for statehood
f. Louisiana territory
g. Missouri Petition
h. Balance of power
i. The three-fifth slave formula
j. Tallmadge Amendment
k. Maine Petition
l. Compromise formula
m. Significance
1. A compromise between north and south
2. Recognized the sectional division
3. Sectorial struggle over issue of slavery was imminent
4. Supremacy of union over state
5. Federal government was against slavery
6. Congress was powerful enough to prohibit slavery
7. Highlighted the vested interests
n. Conclusion
“I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble a little page to a great tragic
volume” John Quincy Adam
Monroe Doctrine:
“There will never be a really free state until the individual is recognized as a higher and independent
power”. Henry David Thoreau
a. Introduction
b. Nationalism in the USA
c. Disorder in Florida
d. Seminole war, 1817
e. Adams-Onis treaty, 1819
f. Recognition of New Republics, 1822
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g. Establishment of Holly Alliance
h. Threat to American and English Interests
i. Confrontation with Russia
j. Monroe Doctrine
1. No Colonization
2. No intervention
3. Difference in politics
4. Peace and safety
k. Significance:
1. Spain gave up its plan
2. Creed of American foreign policy
3. Theodore Roosevelt, 1909, highlighted the principle while intervening in the domestic affairs of
Latin America
4. Woodrow Wilson, 1907, invoked the doctrine to keep America out of war
5. In Second World War American urged the same policy
6. America earned more power
7. Doctrine of Self defense
8. Secure American interests
9. Control of North American over America
10. Emphasized American nationalism
l. Criticism:
1. American hegemony
2. Isolationism
3. Right to unilateral intervention
4. Way to exploit Latin America
“America is only for North Americans” Spanish Latin Americans
“The Monroe doctrine is merely a presidential proclamation of Neutral rights of Self-defense”. John A.
Krout
Westward Expansion (1791-1829):

1. Vermont, 1791:
 Fourteenth state
 First applied in 1777
 Disputed territory between New York and New Hampshire
2. Kentucky, 1792:
 West of Virginia
 People established government
 73,000 in 1790 and applied for union
3. Tennessee, 1796:
 west of North Carolina
 Mountain hills and fertile valleys
 Settlement begun, 1769
 Faced Indians
 Indifference of government led to declare separate unit “State of Franklin, 1784”
 Carolina objected but got admission
4. Ohio, 1803:
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 West of Pennsylvania
 Warfare with Indians
 Treaty of Greenville, 1795
 Settlers from Massachusetts
5. Louisiana, 1803:
 West of Mississippi
 Water-route
 Treaty with France
 Cost: $1, 50, 00,000
6. Alabama and Mississippi, 1817:

 West of Georgia
 Government exercised control
 Georgia claimed the territory is in its colonial unit
 Georgia sold to four companies
 Next Georgia legislature nullified the sale
 Companies made appeal to congress
 Congress made compensation
 Supreme Court nullified the decision of Georgia legislatures
 Agreement between government and Georgia
 Condition: $12, 50,000 and removal of Indians
 Mississippi as slave state
 After some time, Alabama as Free State
7. Indiana and Illinois, 1816:

 West of Ohio
 First, Indiana was organized
 War of 1812 resulted in westward expansion
 Anticipated Indiana would become congested
 Illinois west of Indiana
 Both admitted as Free States
8. Missouri and Maine, 1820:

 Missouri applied as a slave state
 Imbalance of power in union 11 free and 11 slave
 Led to chaos
 Maine applied as a free state
 First Maine was admitted and then Missouri
Impact of westward expansion:

a. “major factor in the evolution of American culture” Turner
b. Created differences between America and Europe
c. History of moving frontier
d. Profound influence
1. Freedom and democracy:
 no hierarchy in society
 oppressed used to move westward
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 inhabitants of area tackled the problems and administration
 equal rights to all
2. Religious Tolerance:
 Source of attraction
3. free from exploitation:
 vast stretches of land
 people owned land and cultivate it
 moved away from industrial towns
4. opportunity of leading:
 provided an opportunity to the man of ambitions
 man of leadership qualities led a group of settlers
5. A nation of nations:
 People from diverse nationalities, languages and creeds
 Differences were vanished
 All bore allegiance to America
 Worked for the common interest
 War of 1812 further consolidated the unity
6. Emergence of new culture:
 New towns were settled
 New governments, churches, schools, newspapers
7. Growth in Population:
 Number of states in 1789: 13 and population: 3 million
 Number of states in 1830: 24 and population: 24 million
 Cheap, and fertile land and more freedom attracted people
8. Improvement programmes:
 People settled in far flung areas
 Transport and communication were improved
 Cumberland or national road, first highway established by federal government
 Philadelphia Lancaster turnpike, first long distance paved road
9. Interest in Geography:
 Discover resources
 Trade
 Relations with Indians
 Climate
 Animal and plant life
 Expeditions were carried out like Lewis and Clark expedition
10. Boost to Economy:
 new settlements
 discovery of resources
 plantation and industries
 indigenous growth was encouraged
11. Standard of Living:
 New areas opened ways
 Worked to improve their living conditions
12. Manpower:
 Helped the expansion of industries
 Proved useful in the face of danger
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e. Conclusion:
“Westward movement in fact has been regarded as the central theme of American history-to the
end of nineteenth century and as the main factor in shaping the American history” Professor
Parker
Manifest Destiny:
John O’ Sullivan:
The fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by providence for the free
development or our yearly multiplying millions“”
a. Introduction
b. Far west territory
1. The great plains
2. The rocky mountains
c. The expansionist activities
d. New territories
1. Texas
2. Oregon
3. Utah
4. California
e. Impact
Annexation of Texas:
1. Introduction
2. Permission of settlement
3. Mexican colonization law
4. Enforcement of prohibition order
5. Santa Anna Policy of repression
6. Texas Petition
7. Texans Revolt
8. The massacre of Almo
9. The battle of San Jacinto
10. Lone star Republic
11. Issue of annexation
Civil War (1861-1865):

“The war between the states was the first modern war. It foreshadowed the first world war”
Bragdon and McCutchen
Introduction:
 Greatest civil war
 Struggle between north and south
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 Founding father provided sound constitution: Separation of power
 Grave issues: slavery, distribution of power between center and state
Difference between North and South:
Difference North South

1.Economic Industrial economy agrarian economy
Rich in minerals copper, coal and oil Rich in corps cotton, sugarcane and
rice
Free labour Slave labour
Indigenous production Imported from England
Protective tariff High duties
2.Social Democratic Aristocratic
Advanced in education Backward in education
Anti-slavery Pro-slavery
Improved infrastructure and Poor
communication
3.Political Strong center Weak center
Control of north in government Control of south in government
Causes:
1. Institution of slavery:
North: anti-slavery, commercial economy
South: pro-slavery, plantation
1808, prohibition of external slave trade
Power struggle between two groups of states
Emerson, an abolitionist writes: “if you put a chain around the neck of a slave the other end
fastens around your neck on its own”.
2. Invention of Cotton Gin:

 By Eli Whitney
 Increased plantation required more labour
3. Missouri compromise, 1820:
 Missouri applied as a slave state
 Imbalance of power
 Led to a compromise: slavery was prohibited north of 36°30’ (South West of Missouri)
“I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble a little page to a great tragic
volume” John Quincy Adam
4. Wilmot Proposal, 1846:

 Whether California as a free state?
 Approved by House of Representatives
 Rejected by Senate
 Exacerbated the situation
5. Gold rush:
 Discovery of gold in California
 Influx of people
 California applied as a free state
 South states were infuriated
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 Plan for secession
6. Compromise, 1850:
 Proposed by Henry Clay: California as a free state
 To please North: Slave trade not slavery was prohibited
 To please South: Stringent fugitive laws
7. Kansas and Nebraska Act:

 By Stephen A. Douglas
 Territory west of Missouri and Iowa
 People were to decide the status of a state: free or slave
 Violation of Missouri Compromise
 Mad race between north and south
 Chaos and disorder
 North outnumbered south
 Kansas: as a free state
"We are not one people. We are two peoples. We are a people for Freedom and a people for Slavery.
Between the two, conflict is inevitable." Horace Greeley
8. Election of 1856:
 Division of whigs: South (pro slavery) and North (anti slaver)
 Emergence of two new parties: The American and The Republicans
 The Americans: focused on issues other than slavery
 The republicans: Anti- Slavery
 Democrats: Avoided Slavery issue
 Result: Democrats in south and Republicans in North
 President: Buchanan, a democrat
9. Dred Scott Case, 1857:

 Runaway slave in a free state
 Remain five years with his master
 Appealed to Supreme Court: he was in a free state and could not be kept as slave
 Supreme Court: being a slave, no right to sue
 North State: protested against the decision
10. Financial Panic, 1857:

 Economic Inflation
 North: hit hard, demanded for protective tariff
 South: managed to overcome owing to export of cotton, opposed North
 Friction between two sections
11. Abolitionist Movement:

Harriet Tubman: freed hundreds of slaves
I freed a thousand slaves I could have freed a thousand more if only they knew they were
slaves. Harriet Tubman
Fredrick Douglas: anti-slavery speaker
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“Slaves should be free, Black should be sent back to Africa and Masters should be
compensated for loss by government”
Ralph waldo Emerson (1862):

"Emancipation is the demand of civilization. That is a principle; everything else is an
intrigue."
12. Enlightenment:
 William L. Grison: Book “Liberator”
 Uncle tom’s Cabin: Quaker
13. Abraham Lincoln:

“This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free”
 Opposed slavery
 Slow eradication
 Won the election, 1861
 Southern states started seceding
“Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally”.
Result:
 Lasted for four years
 Half a million casualties
 Thousands injuries
 Most costly war: $15, 000,000,000
 Heavy debts
 Pensions to soldiers and widows
Impact of Civil war:
1. End of slavery through 13th amendment
 Lincoln proclaimed emancipation: states at war with union
 13th amendment in 1865 abolished through constitution
Abraham Lincoln: “That this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom”
2. Dealt with the issue of recession

 Elimination of state sovereignty
3. Strengthened union
4. Industrial revolution
 Large scale production
 Big businessmen shaped the policies
 Enormous profits during war
 Industrialist monopoly
 Control over Washington
 Resorted to protective tariffs
5. Improved infrastructure
 Companies were granted funds
 Transcontinental roads
 Union pacific: to build westward from Nebraska
 Central pacific: to build eastward from California
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6. Better living conditions
7. Promoted democratic principles
8. Educational reforms
9. Opportunities to black
10. Economic boost
11. Nationalism
12. Westward settlements
 Homestead Act, 1862
 Native or alien declared allegiance to the USA
 16 Acre land on nominal amount
 Ownership of land after five years
 Seward Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million in 1867
13. Extensive legislations during wartime
I. Morrill tariff act, 1861
II. Homestead act, 1862
III. Legal tender act, 1862
IV. Morrill land grant act, 1862
V. Emancipation proclamation, 1862
VI. Pacific railway act, 1863
VII. National bank act, 1863
14. Regulation of Banking system:
 National bank act, 1863
 Stable paper currency
 Facilitate countrywide business
 Stimulate the sale of war bonds
15. Stimulus to Agriculture
 Westward settlers brought land under cultivation
 Farm production like wool, wheat etc
16. Technological advancement
 Paucity of labor
 Farmers were compelled to use machine and technology
 Indigenous production required machine
Factors contributed to the victory of North:

 Victory of any side was unpredictable
 North: material resources
 South: Strong military
Position during war:

1. Manpower:
 Initially dependence on volunteers
 Population: north=71% and south=29%
 North: 23 states, South: 11 states
 Conscription: south= 1862 and north=1863
 Numerical strength contributed to victory of North
2. War material:
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 North enjoyed benefit in terms of munitions owing to industries
 South could not import from Europe owing to blockade
3. Living condition:
 North: large scale industrial production
 South: inadequate food, clothes, sanitation
4. Agriculture:
 North: utilized machinery to increase production and also export surplus
 South: lack of labour, infrastructure and machinery
5. Finances:
 North had more share owing to control over center and northern states
 Union imposed taxes, protection to industries, war bonds worth about 3 millions
 Confederacy lacked money
 Sale of cotton was checked by the blockade as well as lack of demand in Europe
6. Political leadership:
 North: Abraham Lincoln, mold himself, tolerated criticism and opposition
I would rather be assassinated than see a single star removed from the American flag." Abraham
Lincoln
 South: Jefferson Davis, man of courage, integrity and administrative ability lacked
emotional stamina
7. Military Leadership:
 South: ablest leader like Robert E. lee
 Jefferson Davis was reluctant to give free hand
 Abraham Lincoln delegated full authority
 Trial and error eventually found the right general like Adam Grant
8. Naval Forces:
 North: control over sea, imposed blockade
 South: could not import machine and munitions
Diplomacy of American Civil war:

Both the nations (England and France) had formidable ironclad in their navies. If either power had
decided to intervene, it could have smashed the wooden blockading fleet of the union with terrifying
ease. If it had happened, the south almost certainly would have won its independence. Professor Bailey
I. England:
a. British Interests:
1. Cotton industry
 0ne-fifth population employed
 Half of British export
 South expected friendly disposition
2. British officials
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 More friendly to aristocratic south than to democratic north
3. Power struggle
 American power posed threat to British
4. Market for goods
 Independent south would be a better marker
b. Decision to remain neutral:
1. Less demand for cotton
 In 1861, over supply of 50%
 Could work till 1863
2. New markets:
 Egypt and India
3. Slave emancipation policy
 Public opinion was in favour of union
4. War needs
 Weapon, munitions and ships caused boom in Britain
 Took advantage by remaining neutral
5. Bad harvest
 North had excessive production of grain
 Export to Britain
c. Major Events:
1. Trent affairs, 1861:
 American ship stopped British steamer Trent in Caribbean
 Captured two diplomats
 Violation of international practice
 British lodge complained with union
 Lincoln handed over them
2. Commerce Raiders:
 Supplied by Britain to confederate
 Union demanded check on construction
 British complied
3. Laird Raims:
 Warships constructed by Britain
 Planned to supply to France and eventually to confederacy
 America resisted and British desisted
II. France:
1. Interests:
 More incline towards South
2. Lack of courage:
 Napoleon III wanted to proceed along with Britain
3. Establish a government:
 Planned to conquer Mexico
 Attacked but resisted
 Captured certain area
 End of civil war: invoked Monroe doctrine to regain control
III. Russia:
 Friendly attitude towards North
 Permanent foe Great British
 American power checked European expansion
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 Russia sent fleet to check English and French expansion
IV. Role of Lincoln:

 Neutralized powers like England and France
 Checked hostility
 Sent ambassador to earn good will
 Proclamation of Emancipation earned public favour
 Export of wheat to England
 Pacified Northern when passion raised for war against England “One war at a time”
Civil war was Irresponsible conflict:

Clash of opinion regarding the inevitability of war
1. Beard: “Two sections had irreconcilable interests”

2. Percy Greg: doubts about inevitability
3. Channing: “A needless war”
4. Rams dell: “institution of slavery would have disappeared in a generation or so even without
the frightful cost of war”
War was inevitable:
 North and South had been divided into two sections

 Enormous differences
War was avoidable:
 Achievements of war could have been achieved without war

 Differences could be narrowed through pacific approach
 War was the result of passion and misunderstanding between the two
 South could not distinguish between anti-slavery man and abolitionist
 North anticipated south would spread slavery throughout the country
 Majority opposed war but exploited by politicians, speakers, editors
 Issue of slavery was highlighted by politicians to obscure real intentions
 Vested interests of clever players
Problems confronted the US in the wake of Civil War:

1. Physical devastation
 War was fought for four years
 In almost every state of South
 Rural as well as urban areas
 Gin houses, factories, railway roads were destroyed
 South: cities of Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins
2. Financial panic
 National budget in 1861= 6 Crore and 50 lacks, 1865= 3 billions
 South: breakdown of business, closure of banks
 North: industries fulfilling war needs were to produce less in peace time
3. Social problems
 Heavy toll of lives
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 South lost its cream, education system suffered setback
 Destruction of churches and public buildings as used for military purposes by both parties
 Negroes established their own churches
4. Adjustment of Negros
 1, 80,000 Negroes freed and join Federal armies
 The rest were free after war
 Negroes lacked economic resources
 Life became a long holiday
 Some resorted to plundering
 Some left plantation to work in towns
5. Monopoly of Big Businesses

 Earned huge profits during wartimes
 Disappearance of Southern states led to control over national policies
 Tariffs were passed to promote industries
6. Admission of Southern state to reunion
7. Trust building between two sides
Conclusion:
Despite all the deadly consequences of the greatest war in American history, the victory of union
strengthened the foundation of federation. It settled the problem of recession for once and all. The USA
emerged as a strong and united nation ready to shape its destiny and become one of the major power
players of international community.
Post-Civil War Reconstruction:

 Enormous efforts were required
 Lincoln: Restoration of constitutional rights to Southern states without endangering the safety of
union
 Radicals: measures to check future resurrection by weakening the power of South and establishing
racial equality.
What Reconstruction implies?
Two popular views in this regard:
1. To deal with the problems of the South in the post-Civil war period like finance, damages and
transformation from slave labour to free labour
2. Political problems prevailed during the period 1865-1877
a. Terms on which South must be admitted
b. Rights of Negroes
Proposed Plans:
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1. Lincoln plan
 Amnesty Proclamation, 1863
 Establishment of loyal government in Southern State (party to the war)
 Condition: 10% votes of citizens who were electorates in 1860, declare allegiance to
constitution and union, and accept legislation pertaining to slaves
 Negroes were not eligible
 In 1864, three states Tennessee, Louisiana and Arkansas recreated governments
 Lenient disposition towards south
 Advised not to show wrath towards Southern states
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the
right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds” President Lincoln,
1865
2. Johnson Plan
 Succeeded Lincoln
 Plan was as generous as that of Lincoln
 Recognized governments in Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas and Virginia
 Appointed provincial governor (local man) in unreconstructed states
 PG was to arrange constitutional convention
 Members of convention were white voters required to declare allegiance
 Constitutional convention was tasked to:
a. Invalidate old ordinance
b. Abolish slavery
c. Repudiate old debts contracted during procession of war
 State constitution was to be rewritten
 Appointment of new officials to resume place in union
 Accepted by Southern states
3. Congressional Plan
 Turned down Johnson’s plan
 Setup a joint committee
 Members were willing to impose harsh conditions on Southern states
 Prominent: Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Steven
 1866, Civil rights bill passed by congress, vetoed by Johnson but congress override
 14th amendment provided constitutional safeguards to freedmen
 No explicit declaration of voting rights but penalty for state withholding it
 1866, election was fought to decide between Johnson’s plan and congressional plan
 Radical won a clear majority
 15th amendment assured voting rights
Radical Reconstruction:
 Undo governments in ten Southern states established by Lincoln and Johnson

 Military rule was imposed in south
 Five military districts, each under military officers
 Voters including Negroes were to elect a constitutional convention to draw constitution
 Constitution was to be submitted to popular vote
 New government was to ratify 14th amendment
 Radicals pleaded for voting rights for Negroes as votes of Negroes would be helpful in future
30
Jim Crow Era:
 Harsh Treatment accorded to Africans

 Black laws, 1865 were passed in southern states to keep Negroes under awe
 Southern governments and terrorist organization denied Negroes right to vote
 Ku klux klan, In 1866 a group of white southerners
 Denied Negroes constitutional rights
 used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks.
 wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities and murdered many people.
Government Efforts to ensure rights to Negroes:
 Freedmen bureau
 Established to help poor blacks and whites in the South.
 School and shelters
 Many Northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen, Called “carpetbaggers” by
white southern Democrats.
American Imperialism:
 No intervention for several years since Civil war
 Various reasons:
a. Against principle to govern without the consent of the governed
b. Avoid naval commitments as they involved huge expenditures
c. Domestic problems
d. Socio-economic crises
 Policy of expansion gained impetus at the end of 1880s
Factors responsible for imperialism:

1. Economic Factors:
a. New foreign Markets
 Industrial expansion
 Huge sources of raw material
 Invention and technology
 Search for new foreign markets for consumption of Surplus
b. Need of Secure Bases
 Trade with the countries in Caribbean Sea, pacific and far east
 Trade needed secure bases
 Tempted to acquire Islands
c. Exploitation of continental territory
 After possible exploitation of its continental territory
 Resorted to other areas
2. Racial Superiority:
a. Manifest Destiny:
 Superiority of American people and their political institution
b. Darwin Theory:
 Scientific interpretation of Manifest destiny
 Domination of the fittest led to the evolution of man
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“It is not the strongest of the species that survives not the most intelligent, but the one most responsive
to change.”—Charles Darwin
3. Religious touch:
Americans were designed by God to bestow “benevolent rule” and “Superior institutions” to less
privileged.
4. Literature:
Captain Alfred T. Mahan wrote “The influence of Sea Power on history 1660-1783”
Convinced the leader about the importance of Naval Power
5. Naval Policy:
Alfred T. Mahan: “The interesting and significant feature of this changing attitude is the turning
of the eyes outward, instead of inward only, to seek the welfare of the country”
Captain Alfred T. Mahan advocated mercantile imperialism:
a. New foreign markets
b. Expansion of mercantile marines
c. Navy to protect them
d. Overseas bases
6. Modernization of Navy 1880s:

Mission of overseas empire required modernized navy
Congress approves construction of three cruisers and two battleships
Initially the navy was defensive force
In 1890, striking force when congress approved construction of three heavy battleships
Dawn of 20th century: 3rd naval power
7. Emulation of European Powers:

Severe race to acquire lands
Powerful were: England, France and Germany
US got encouragement
8. Role of Leaders:
Shaped the policies
Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt
T. Roosevelt acquired Panama Canal Zone through separation of Panama from Colombia
“Speak softly and carry a big stick you will go far” T. Roosevelt
American Expansion:
1. Expansion in Pacific
a. Acquisition of Tutuila
 Secretary of state James B. Blaine sought naval bases in Santo Domingo and Haiti
 Conflict among USA, England and Germany over Samoa
 Tripartite convention 1899
 USA acquired Tutuila
b. Acquisition of Hawaii:
32
 Protectorate of America, 1875
 Some Americans became sugar planters
 In 1887, king was compelled to accept constitution brought legislature under white
 Liliuokalani succeeded his brother and tried to curb white power
 White revolted, American forces reached to help and queen surrendered
 Annexed to America in 1898 under McKinley
2. Expansion in Latin America

Took two shapes:
I. America as an elder sister: strengthened ties among republics
II. Money as effective as guns: invested huge amount
President Woodrow Wilson: “We must prove ourselves their friends and champions upon terms of
equality and honor”
Caribbean region:
 Invested huge amounts in small republics

 US became influential
Dollar Diplomacy:
 Policy to safeguard the interests of American investors through intervention
Chaos in Republics:
 Frequent revolutions in republics

 Difficult to collect debts
 American investors often called on home government for help
 Marines used to arrive and withdraw
 Officials were sent to organize finance and collect debts
 Interestingly, reasons were not economic but strategic
a. Venezuelan Boundary dispute:
 First manifestation of American intervention
 Dispute between UK and Venezuela over land in Western hemisphere
 UK refused to submit to Arbitration
 Richard Olney, Cleveland’s secretary of state, 1895
 Invoked Monroe doctrine and asked UK to submit
 UK refusal led to war clamor in USA
 UK backed down owing to involvement in South Africa
b. Cuba:
 Remained under American control 1898-1902
 out of the policy of expansion
 four year honest government
 schools were opened, yellow fever was eradicated
 1903, Platt treaty accorded America:
I. Establish naval bases
II. Preservation of Cuban Independence and protection of life, liberty and property
 America sent troops during critical times
c. Puerto Rico:
33
 American-Spanish War
 People accepted American rule without protest
 Military rule till 1900, Forker Act established civilian government
 1947, elected their governor
 1952, self-governing common wealth
d. Haiti:
 Revolutionary disturbances
 America occupied Area 1915-1934
 Infrastructure, health and education facilities
 Retained control over finance beyond 1934
e. Dominican Republic:
 Reason behind intervention: region was in chaos and European powers were about to
intervene to collect debts
 US took control over finance
 In 1916, occupied entire region till 1924
f. Nicaragua:
1911-1934
American bankers took control
In 912, revolution was checked by American marines
Persuaded to sign a treaty
America acquired construction of Nicaragua Canal, lease of two Islands and a sight for naval base
Left the region when government friendly to America, assumed power
3. Expansion in Far East: Policy of isolation was only for Europe

a. Relations with China:
 Trade since independence
 at the end of 19th century, America became pacific power
 economic, political and strategic interests in far east
 Powers significantly France, England, Russia and Japan acquired protectorate in China
 Boxer uprising: against European officials, 300 lives lost
Open door policy:
Propounded by Hay Secretary of state, America
“All powers should have equal opportunity to trade with china, and respect its territorial integrity”
Significance:
Professor Parkes: “Although China was never carved up into colonies, this was mainly due to the
inability of the imperialists powers to come to terms with each other and eventually to the outbreak of
WW1, rather than the influence of USA”
1. To check European expansion in China

2. To protect American trade
3. To Preserve plan of using Philippines as a warehouse
4. Participation in expedition against boxer uprising by America
5. To defend China
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6. America could not check Japan in case of Manchuria and from imposing twenty-one demands
on China during WW1
Professor Parkes: “The USA continued to affirm the policy of open door on paper while declining to
defend it in reality”
Acquisition of Philippines:
 Outcome of American-Spanish war

 People wanted freedom
 Fierce struggle
 Service of health, education and infrastructure
 Gained independence after WW2
A group sent by President Coolidge reported, 1926:
“If we withdraw from this fertile tropical Island, strategically located at the Orient’s gateway, we would
have to relinquish our position as an Asiatic Power”
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921):

“None know that Wilson after making desperate efforts to keep the USA out of the greatest war the
world had seen would take her into play a decisive part. None knew that he would cross the Atlantic to
try to give to the world a lasting peace. No American President has suffered so cruelly in seeing his
ideals and plans rejected by his own people” C.P Hill
Foreign Policy:
Wilson: “It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs”.
 Theodore Roosevelt: Big Stick Policy

 William Howard Taft: Dollar Diplomacy
 Wilson: Moral policy
 Policy of predecessors made America influential, earned diplomatic and business interests
 Antagonism of Latin America
 He advocated: no territorial conquests based on material interests
 Compelled to render more interventions than that of Roosevelt and Taft
1. Caribbean Policy:
a. Nicaragua
b. Haiti
c. Dominican Republic
d. Cuba
e. Purchased Virginian Islands from Denmark, 1916
2. Mexico Policy:
Deeply involved
Maintained peace with various governments
Great achievement: provocation in Mexico and war clamor in USA
3. Relation with Japan:
 Did not approve of Japan control over Manchuria and Shantung
 In 1917, entered in War
 Agreement with Japan
35
 Japan recognized open door policy and territorial integrity of China
 USA recognized special interests of Japan in China
 Later on, Wilson was alarmed by Japan ambitions
 Invested huge amount in China
4. World War I:
America maintained a neutral stance:
Wilson declared:
“We must be neutral in fact as well as in name. We must be impartial in thought as well as in
reality. We must put a curb upon our sentiments”
Factors behind Pro-Allied feelings:

a. Strong ethnic ties: common language, similar political traditions
b. Effective use of propaganda by Allies
c. Export of American good to Allied nations
d. USA extended huge loans to Allied to pay for American goods
e. Defeat of Allies would plunge America into depression
Factors caused American entry into War:

a. Zimmerman note:
 Intercepted by England
 Germany invited Japan and Mexico to attack on the USA
b. Revolution in Russia:
 Czar was abdicated
 Establishment of government favoring democratic ideals
c. Unlimited submarine warfare:
 Declared by Germany
Declaration of War, April 2 1917:
Wilson declared in Congress:
“Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable when the peace of the word is involved and the freedom of
its people. The world must be made safe for democracy. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We are
but one of the champions of the rights of mankind”
Consequences of American Entry:

1. Supply of Soldiers:
 Selective service Act, 1917
 Men between ages of 21-30 were to military service
 Supply of 2 million soldiers to Europe
 Trained, fresh and fit surpassed the allied and central powers
 Joint navy of America and Britain defeated German submarines
2. Finances:
 America resorted to loans, taxes and war bonds
 Met its own war expanses
 Extended loans to Allied powers
 Total Allied debt stood at the end of war: $10,000, 000,000
36
3. Extension of Government control:

 To adjust economy to the necessities of war
 Six war boards
I. Food
II. Fuel
III. Shipping
IV. War trade
V. War industries
VI. Railroads
Function of Boards:
1. Limited production of essential goods

2. Reduced wastage
3. Shutdown non-essential industries
4. Meatless and wheat-less days
5. Free economy was replaced by state capitalism
6. Partnership of government with big enterprises to avoid wastage of time
7. Government paid cost of production and big businesses earned huge profits
8. Deteriorated the reforms achieved during progressive period, industrial growth increased by 38%
in 1918
4. Measure to win public opinion:

Wilson setup committee on Public information
Objective was to make people hate Germans
Used every possible device of propaganda
I. Lectures
II. Films
III. Press articles
IV. Speeches
V. Posters
5. Curtailment of Civil liberties:
a. Espionage Act: Heavy penalty on person, who
I. Obstruct procession of war
II. Incite disloyalty
III. Hinder recruitment
b. Trading with the Enemy act:
Imposed censorship on foreign language newspapers
c. Sedition Act:
I. Punish on expressing opinion that is abusive or profane of American flag or uniform.
II. 1500 people were arrested
6. Issue of Labour:
 Cessation of immigration
 Scarcity of labour
 Unprecedented increase in wages
 Women were employed in industries
37
 Boards were created
a. National war labour board
b. War labour policies board
i. Improved working conditions
ii. Labour needs
iii. Standardized working hours
iv. Increased Wages
Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points (1917):

“What we are striving for is a new international order based upon based upon the broad and universal
concept of right and justice. The great game, now forever discredited, of the balance of power” Wilson
1. Open diplomacy
2. Freedom of high sea in war and peace
3. Removal of economic barrier in trade
4. Reduction of military to the level of domestic safety
5. Colonial readjustment while considering the interests of people
6. Evacuation of Russia to ensure independent determination
7. Prussia should handover Alsace Lorraine to France
8. Respect of Belgium integrity
9. Italy receives territory based on ethnicity
10. Independence of Balkan state
11. Development opportunity to Austria and Hungry
12. Sovereignty in the Turkish portion of Ottoman Empire, safety of other nationalities and free
passage to ships through Dardanelles
13. Independence of Poland
14. Establishment of international organization
Role played by Wilson in conclusion of Peace Treaty:

“If this world was to become a fit and safe place to live in, for our own part we see it very clearly that
unless justice is done to others it will not be done to us”. Wilson
1. Germany surrendered on the basis of his points

2. He demanded German withdrawal from all invaded territories
3. Immediate cessation of aerial and submarine warfare
4. Bargained endlessly with the allied owing to clash between their objectives and his points
i. Italy and Japan demanded territory
ii. Britain asked for reparation
iii. France determined to crush Germany forever
iv. Treaties among allies to support one another
v. Armies of these powers already holding the demanded territories
Peace Treaty Was Not a Wilsonian Treaty:

Harold Nicholson maintains that:
1. Freedom of sea was not secured

2. Tariff walls were erected in Europe
38
3. Only Germany was asked to reduce armaments
4. Impartial approach to distribute German colonies among the victors
5. Flagrant disregard of the wishes of people in Shantung and Syria
6. Allied sent army to exterminate Bolshevik government in Russia
7. Russia was not welcomed to the international community
8. No freedom to develop institutions
9. Italy was not adjusted on the basis of nationality (Austrians remained there)
10. Failure of Wilson promise to secure independence to various races of Austro-Hungarian
11. Territories of Poland included non-polish
12. Feeble position of League of Nation to assure political independence to all states
Success of the Wilson Points:
1. Efforts of Wilson brought allied to a common ground

2. Paid respect to the right of self determination
3. Great emphasis on the principle of nationality
4. About 40 million people at the commencement of war living under foreign rule reduced to 16 million
5. Creation of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
6. Alsace Lorraine to France
7. Aggressive attitude of Germany in case of treaties concluded with Russia and Romania, deprived it of
soft corner enunciated by the Wilson points
8. No binding obligations on Allies to follow Wilson’s Points
Rejection of Treaty of Versailles and League of Nation by the USA:

a. Introduction
b. Goals of Wilson peace plan
1. Eliminate cause of war
2. Self determination
3. League of nations
c. Ratification of Treaty of Versailles
d. Stance of Senators
e. Objection
Henry Cabot Lodge raised concern about Article (10) of League charter:
“Member nations would work together and even supply troops to keep peace”
f. National tour
g. Reservations
“The USA would assume no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity and political
independence of any other country without the approval of senate”
h. End of treaty Ratification
Professor Parkes writes:
“The reservations were designed to assert the authority of the senate, humiliate Woodrow
Wilson and discredit the Democratic Party to assure the Republican victory at the next
election. Thus the vital question of national policy became a foot of party politics”
i. Impact of Rejection
In the words of Blum:
“In rejecting both the treaty and league, the Senate had turned the America’s back to
Europe. The rejection destroyed the best available chance for developing world peace”.
39
According to Hicks and Moray:
“When the richest and most powerful of all nations refused to cooperate in any effective way
for the maintenance of peace, the possibility of another world war became a certainty”
Herbert Hoover and Depression (1929-1933):

“We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the
history of any land” Hoover
Causes of the worst depression:

Two opinions are widespread:
a. American origin that caused setback in European countries
1. Stringent policies of America
2. High tariff in the USA made difficult for European states to sale goods in USA
3. America demanded repayment of war debts
4. Curtailment of financial assistance
b. World-wide Crisis followed by WW1 affected America
1. Over-production of Farm commodities:
 High production during war time
 Farmers made profits led to over production
 End of war declined the farm purchase
 This affected the purchasing capacity of farmers
 Reduction of raw material caused limited industrial production
 Low industrial production caused unemployment problem
2. Over-production of industrial goods:
 Industries made huge profits during war
 Unable to be consumed by home market
 Industries curtailed production
 Led to unemployment
 The unemployed were not able to bear expanses
 Led to further reduction in production and ultimately more unemployment
3. Technological advancement:
Machinery and technology were alternatives to human labour
Led to high rate of unemployment
4. Monopoly of big enterprises:

A handful of people (0.3%) earned profits during war time
Uneven distribution of wealth contributed to the low purchasing capacity of the rest
5. World-wide Crisis:
The misery was the outcome of WW1
The USA and European powers were badly affected
6. Decline in foreign Trade:

European powers were heavily indebted to USA
40
Curtailed import and enhanced export to USA
America adopted high tariff policy to check external inflow and promote indigenous production
Europe retaliated by imposing the same policy
USA export sharply declined
7. Stock Market Speculation:

Profits were not invested to create job avenues
Money diverted to stock exchange
In 1929 Britain increased the interest rate by 6.5%
Consequently stock market collapsed
Wages were cut, unemployment increased, real state value fell
8. Low rate of Population:

Huge men were killed in WW1
Rate of increase was low
Little market to consume home production
9. No Western Frontiers:
America had already exploited its frontier
No option for bad times
10. Political unrest:

WW1 created distrust among nations
Lack of cooperation in trade
Impact of Depression in the USA:

“People were deprived of homes and savings. They lost confidence in their capacity to
support themselves, yet they showed exemplary patience and respect for law and order”
1. Poor living condition
2. Financial crisis
3. Loss of faith in democracy and capitalism
4. High rate of unemployment
5. Women were exploited owing to deaths of male counterparts
6. Social structure was disrupted
7. Attracted to communism, planned economy and a classless society
8. No depression and unemployment in Soviet Union
9. Number of people converted to either socialism or communism
10. Swing in favor of democrats
Efforts to fight depression:

Hoover: “Prosperity is just around the corner”
1. Appealed to labour leader to abandon wages demands
2. Asked industrialists to build new industries to increase employment
3. Banker were asked to give loans
41
4. People were expected to fight depression through determination which proved an
illusion
5. Vetoed the bill proposing the sale of electric power generated at River Tennessee.
Hoover: “Federal government should intervene if other units of government fail
to resolve the issue”
6. Government approved of huge funds to construct government projects that led to
increased employment
7. Home loan banks: to finance builders and home owners
8. Tried to ease financial problem at international level
9. Moratorium war debts: foreign countries were granted extension of one year period
for the payments of principal and interests
Failure of Efforts:
1. In 1930, economic crisis further deteriorated

2. Employment rose to 12 million in 1932
3. Several banks and firms were closed
4. Farm prices touched the lowest point
5. National income reduced from 80 billion to 40 billion
Critical analysis:
 Made genuine efforts to confront crises

 Control of congress by democrats led to failure
Foreign Policy of Hoover: Policy of peace

1. Latin America: policy of good neighbor
2. Disarmament:
 Conference in London attended by UK, USA, France, Italy and Japan
 France and Italy could not agree on terms
3. Moratorium: Extension period granted to Germany on debts payable to Allies
4. Far east:
 Japan control over Manchuria
 Nine power treaty: non-aggression in china
 Kellogg-Briand pact: outlawed wars of aggression
 Stimson Doctrine:
 Secretary of state
 Enlisted world opinion against aggressor
 League of Nation agreed
 Proposal of economic sanctions against Japan
 Hoover did not approve of sanction by anticipating war with Japan
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945):

a. Introduction:
 Born in 1882, New York City
 Served USA for 4 terms
 A central figure of 20th century
 Led USA in the times of depression and World War
42
b. Career:
1. Assistant secretary of Navy, 1913
2. Contested for Vice President but lost, 1920
3. Governor of New York City, 1928-1930
4. Won presidential election of 1933
c. New Deal: Set of actions taken by FDR administration to take the people out of Great Depression.
FDR: “I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal for American people”
d. Objective:
 To preserve capitalism by keeping the balance of interests.
 Extension of progressive reforms of Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
FDR: “What we seek is balance in our economic system. Balance between agriculture and
industry and balance between wages earner, the employer and the consumer”
e. The policy of 3 R’s:

I. Relief: money or food
1. Federal emergency relief administration
 State and local governments received loans
 15 million people were given aid
2. Civil work administration: to provide jobs to those who have continued to live on
relief
3. Work progress administration: Public construction of about $11 billion was
initiated to create employment
4. Civilian conservative corps: Jobs to unmarried youth (18-25)
II. Recovery: to recover national economy
1. Reconstruction finance commission
Provide loans to banks, business and railroads
2. National recovery act:
 Enhance cooperation among government, employer and labour
 Prohibited child labour
 Unions were recognized
 Put people back to work
FDD: “If I went to work in a factory, the first thing I would do is join a union”
3. Wagner act:
 Employers were compelled to recognize trade union
4. Agriculture administration act:
 Loans with 4% interest rate to farmers who had already lost lands
5. Soil conservation act:
 Payment of loans to farmers
 Farmers were required to increase soil fertility, prevent from erosion and
improve economic use of lands
6. New agriculture administration
 Agriculture administration act was combined with soil conservation act
 Increased income of farmers
43
7. Resettlement administration and farm security administration
 Helped farmers who remained deprived of agriculture administration act.
 Took farmers out of worn out lands
 Furnished them with credit and knowledge
 Provided with loans
8. Control over drought and dusk
 Farmers were provided with seeds and livestock
9. Finance and banking
 President gained the power to reopen any bank that was considered
solvent.
10. Gold Repeal Resolution:
 To keep price stable
 Export of gold was abandoned
 Contracts including gold clauses were invalidated
III. Reform: in business and financial policy
1. Social security act:
 Health insurance
 Old age pension
 Unemployment
2. Tennessee Valley Act:
 Establishment of Tennessee valley authority
 Socio-economic wellbeing through better use of natural resources
3. Housing problem:
 Huge funds to replace slums by better houses
4. Railroad transport act:
 To improve transportation system
Other commendable steps:
1. Pure food and drug act:

 To prevent people from fraudulent advertising of patent medicines and articles
of food
2. Taylor grazing act
 sale of federal lands was forbidden
3. National resource act
 To conserve national resources
4. Trade with foreign countries
 Tariffs were reduced on both sides
Critical Analysis:
Historians write:
“Save for Washington’s first administration and Civil War years no other period has witnessed such
changes in American life”.
Some critics write:
“The new deal failed to attain its main objective that is overcoming depression”
44
New Deal or Raw Deal:
1. Radical attempt
2. Huge debts owing to large expenditure
3. Expansion of governmental activities
4. Hasty recruitment and inefficient bureaucracy
5. Farmers and labors were provided with loans which led to stark class difference
6. Improvement was superficial
7. Planned economy
8. Despite expanse of $20 billion in 6 years, depression persisted
A popular view in USA maintains:
“No sooner does a president get elected for a second term he begins to think he can walk on the
waters of Lake Michigan”
New Deal the Savior:

1. Large population was provide with loans, homes and jobs
2. Construction of public amenities
3. Old age benefits and pension
4. Optimism and confidence in people
5. Prevented America from moral, social, and economic crises
6. People started taking initiatives
7. Solved the problem of labour
8. Enhance cooperation among government and businesses
9. Agriculture sector improved
10. Long term economic benefits
Professor Hicks and Moray:
“The greatest achievement of New Deal was to recreate a feeling of confidence in the American
people that government at Washington was really their government”
Conclusion:
“The new deal was a creative response to the long term crisis in American economic development.
The programme devised under the leadership of Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed at the same time for
industrial recovery, relief for millions of needy and for the reform of whole productive system. It
imbued the people with the sense of hope, so that they could pass through the trials of years after
1933 without succumbing to despair. That was no mean achievement in the decade when other
countries were surrendering their faith in democracy” Oscar Handlin, History of USA
45
TIME LINE
Date Event
1492 Columbus's voyage
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
1607 James town, Virginia by london company
1619 first africans arrive in virginia
1619 House of Burgesses
1620 arrival of Pilgrims at plymouth
1620 Mayflower Compact
1629 Great Puritan Migration to Mass. Bay Colony
1635 Banishment of Roger Williams
1636 Harvard Founded
1638 Banishment of Anne Hutchinson
1643 Establishment of New England Confederation
1649 Maryland Act of Toleration
1651 navigation act
1752 Purchase of part of Florida
1754 French and Indian War begins
1660 enumerated commodities act
1661 Barbados Slave Code
1662 Half-Way Covenant
1663 staple act
1670 Carolina Colony
1673 duty act
1676 Bacon's Rebellion
1680 Popé's Rebellion
1686 Creation of Dominion of New England
1688 Glorious Revolution-English Bill of Rights
1696 enforcement act
1733 mollases act
1739-1744 First Great Awakening
1754 albany conference
1754-1763 french and indian war
1763 Peace treaty with France
1763 Pontiac's Rebellion,Proclamation Line Drawn
1763 Crown's Proclamation by Greenville
1764 Sugar Act
1765 Quartering Act
1765 Stamp act
1765 Sons of Liberty
1766 Declaratory Act
46
1766 Repeal of stamp act
1767 Dickinson’s “Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer”
1770s Shakers
1770 Boston Massacre
1772 Committees of Correspondence
1773 Tea act and Boston tea party
1774 Boston port bill
1774 Administration of justice act
1774 Quebec act
1774 Massachussetes government act
1774 First continental congress
1775 2nd continental congress
1775 revolution
1775 Lexington and Concord
1775 Bunker Hill
1775 Failed Invasion of Canada
1775 Olive Branch Petition
17776 Paine's "Common Sense" published
1776 declaration of independence by Thomas Jefferson
1776-1890 Westward Expansion
1777-1778 Valley Forge
1777 British defeated at Saratoga
1778 Treaty between France and America
1781 defeat of british at Yorktown
1781 Articles of confederation
1783 the treaty of Paris between America and England
1785 Spain closes the Mississippi River to American shipping
1785 Land Ordinance provides for orderlydevelopment of territories
1786 Annapolis Convention
1787 Northwest Ordinance prohibits slavery in new territories
1787 Making of constitution
1787 Shay's Rebellion
1787 3/5 compromise
1788 New Hampshire is ninth state to ratify Constitution, making it the law of the land
1788 Federalist Papers
1789 Promulgation of constitution
1789 Tammany Hall
1789-1796 G. Washington as 1st president of the USA
1789 Judiciary Act
1789 Revolution in France
1790s Turnpike
1791 vermont
1791 The Bill of Rights
1791 Excise tax and whisky rebellion
1791 National Bank
1792 Mint act
1792 Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) resolutions against ASN acts
47
1793 Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
1793 War between France and England
1793 Proclamation of Neutrality
1794 Whiskey Rebellion
1794 The Age of Reason was written by Thomas Paine.
1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers
1794 Jay's treaty with England
1795 Pinckney treay with France
1795 Treaty of Greenville with the native indians
1796 Fearwell address by G. Washington
1796 Tennessee
1797-1800 John adams as 2nd president
1797 XYZ affairs with France
1798-1800 Quasi-War with France
1798 Alien, Sedition and Neutralization Acts
1799 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
19th century Cult of Domesticity
19th century Transportation Revolution
1798 Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) resolutions against ASN acts
1800 Convention with France
1801 Judiciary Act of 1801 (Midnight Judges)
1801-1808 Thomas Jefferson as 3rd president
1801 John Marshall becomes Chief Justice
1801 Midnight judges appointed by Adams
1802 Treaty of Amins between France and England
1803 War between France and England
1803 Purchase of Louisiana
1803 Marbury vs. Madison
1803 Impressment of Americans by British
1803 Ohio
1803 Louisiana as a slave state
1804 12th amendment for procedure of electing the President and Vice President
1804-1805 Lewis and Clark expedition
1806 Burr Conspiracy
1807 Chesapeake incident
1807 Embargo act
1808 Prohibition of slave trade
1809-1816 James Medison as 4th president
1809 Non-intercourse act
1810 Macon's Bill No. 2
1812 war with England
1812 Louisiana as a slave state
1814 British burn Washington, D.C.
1814 Treaty of Ghent
1814-1815 Hartford Convention
1815 The Battle of New Orleans
1816-1824 James Monroe as 5th President
48
1816-1824 era of good feelings
1816 Indiana and Illinois
1817 Albama and Mississippi
1817-1862 Henry David Thoreau
1817 Seminole war
1818 Missouri qualified for statehood
1819 Adam-onis treaty or florida treaty
1819 Tallmadge Amendement
1820s Transcendentalism
1820 Missouri and Maine
1820 Missouri compromise
1822 Recognition of Latin American states by America
1823 Monroe doctrine
1824 Corrupt Bargain
1825-1828 John Quincy Adam as 6th President
1826 American Temperance Society
1829-1836 Andrew Jackson as 7th President
1830 Indian Removal Act
1830-1840 The Age of Reason
1831 Trail of Tears
1835 Texas Revolution
1837 Financial Panic
1840s Manifest Destiny
1845 texas annexation
1845-1848 mex american war
1846 Wilmot Proposal
1848 Gold discovered in northern California
1848 seneca falls
1849 Gold rush in California
1850 Compromise of 1850
1850 Fugitive Slave Law passed
1850s Know-Nothing Party
1852 uncle tom's cabin
1853 Gadsden Purchase
1854 Kansas and Nabraska act
1854 Republican party formed
1856 Violence in "Bleeding Kansas",Senator Sumner attacked in Congress
1857 Dred Scott case
1857 Financial Panic
1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1859 John Brown’s raid
1860 Pony Express
1861-1865 Civil war
1861 bull run
1862 Morrill tariff act
1862 Homestead act
1862 Emancipation proclamation
49
1863 Pacific railway act
1863 National Bank act
1863 gettysburg
1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
1865 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1865 13th amendment to end slavery
1865 Freedmen’s Bureau established
1865-1877 reconstruction
1865-1901 Industrialization
1866 Civil right bill
1866 14th amendment to provide rights to freedmen
1866 Ku klux klan
1867 Purchase of Alaska from Russia
1868 President Johnson impeached
1870-1900 gilded age
1870-1896 populism
1870 15th amendment to give voting rights to black
1879 Edison invents the light bulb
1881 President Garfield assassinated
1882 Standard Oil Trust formed
1885 First skyscraper built in Chicago
1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1890 Alfred Mahan writes The Influence of Sea Power upon History
1892 Homestead Steel Strike
1896 marconi invented radio year
1898 Annexation of Hawaii
1898 spanish american war
1898-1902 occupation of Cuba
1899 Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War
1899 Open Door
1900 Boxer Rebellion in China
1900-1920 Progressive age
1901--1908 Theodre Roosevelt as 26th President
1901 McKinley assassinated, Roosevelt assumes presidency
1902 Platt Amendment
1903 Wright Brothers first leave ground
1903-1914 Panama canal
1904 Northern Securities case dissolves Railroad Trust
1905 Niagara Falls conference
1905 Treaty of Portsmouth
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act passed
Theodre Roosevelt won noble peace price for ending war between Russia and
1906 Japan
1907 Gentlemen's Agreement
1908 FBI established
1909-1912 William Howard Taft as 27th President
1911 Society of American Indians founded
50
1911-1934 occupation of Nicaragua
1913 Underwood Tariff
1913 Federal Reserve Act establishes central banking system
1913 16th Amendment ratified, legalizing income tax
1913 17th Amendment ratified, providing for direct election of senators
1913-1920 Woodrow Wilson
1914 Panama Canal opens
1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act outlaws monopolistic business practices
1914-1918 ww1
1915 Lusitania Sunk
1915-1934 occupation of Haiti
1916 Jeanette Rankins is the first woman elected to Congress
1916-1924 occupation of Dominican republic
1917 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare
1917 Zimmerman Telegram
1917 us enters ww1
1917 War Industries Board established
1917 Espionage Act passed
1917 Russian Revolution
1917 Committee on Public Information established
1918 Fourteen points by Wilson
1919 18th Amendment ratified, establishing prohibition of alcoholic beverages
1919 treaty of versailles
1919 Woodrow Wilson won Nonle peace price for concluding treaty of Versailles
Palmer Raids:led by attorney-general of the time on houses of suspected
1919 communists/radicals.
1920 19th Amendment ratified, giving women the right to vote in federal elections
1920 First commercial radio broadcast
1921 Washington Naval Conference
1921-1929 Jazz Age:popularity of a new type of American music
1923 Teapot Dome scandal
Immigration Act:to freeze America's existing racial composition --prevented
Japanese from immigrating, causing outrage in Japan.
1924
The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer;
1927 Al Jolson.
1929-1932 Herbert Hoover as 31st president
1929-1941 Great Depression
1931 Japanese invade Manchuria
1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation attempts to support industry
1933 Tennessee Valley Authority established
1933 Civilian Conservation Corps
1933 agriculture adjustment act
1933 National Industrial Recovery Act passed
1933 Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany
1933 20th Amendment changes inauguration day to January
1933 21st Amendment repeals prohibition
1933-1944 F.D Roosevelt as 32nd President
51
1933-1939 New Deal FDR
1935 Works Progress Administration established
1935 National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act protects workers’ rights
1935 Social Security Act passed
1936 Ethiopia falls to Italy
1937 Japan invades China
1939 Germany and Soviet Union sign nonaggression pact
1939-1945 ww2
1941 pearl harbor
FDR and Churchill sign Atlantic Charter, pledging selfdetermination for all
1941 nations
1941 United States enters World War II
1941 Germany invades Soviet Union
1942 West Coast Japanese Americans relocated to internment camps
1943 Casablanca Conference
1943 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Teheran Confrence
6-Jun-44 Allies invade France at Normandy (D-Day) June 6
1945 yalta conferences
1945 50 nations approve United Nations Charter in San Francisco Conference
1944 Roosevelt elected to fourth term as president
1945-1952 Harry S. Truman as 33rd President
1945 potsdam conferences
August 6/9 1945 hiroshima/nagasaki
1945-1989 cold war
1946 Winston churchil iron speech
1946 George Kennan proposes containment policy
1947 Taft Hartley Act
1947 truman doctrine
1947 Marshall plan
1948-1949 Berlin Airlift
1949 establishment of Nato
1949 Soviet union exploded atomic bomb
1949 Communist wins chinese civil war
1950 McCarthyism established
1950-1953 Korean War
1951 22nd Amendment (established term limits for President)
1952 US exploded hydrogen bomb
1953 Soviet union exploded hydrogen bomb
1954 formation of SEATO
1954 Division of Vietnam at 17th Parallel
1954 brown v. board
1955 Montgomery bus-boycott
1955 Warsaw pact
1956-1975 vietnam war
1956 Suez crisis
1957 Soviet launched Sputnik
1957 Eisenhower Doctrine commits economic aid to Middle East
52
1957 Little Rock school desegregation crisis
1958 establihment of NASA
1959 Fidel Castro took control of Cuba and installed Communist government
1959 Soviet Premier Khrushchev visits U.S.
1960 U-2 incident
1961 Freedom rides
1961 East germany builds Berlin Wall
1961 Yuri Gugarin 1st man to orbit Earth
1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Nov. 22, 1963 Assassination of J. F Kennedy
1963 March on Washington.
1963 Feminine Mystique published by Betty Friedan
1963 Premier Diem of South Vietnam toppled by U.S.-approved coup
1964 civil rights act
1964 China exploded atomic bomb
1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed
1964 U.S. begins bombing of North Vietnam
1965 Malcolm X assassinated.
1965 US sent troops to Dominican republic to fight communism
1966 National Organization of Women[NOW] formed.
1968 Robert Kennedy assassinated
1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1968 Richard Nixon elected president.
Martin Luther King Jr. and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy assassinated
1968 two months apart
1969 Apollo 11 and Neil Armstong landed on Moon
1969 Détente Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy
1970 U.S. invades Cambodia
1971 Pentagon Papers
1971 26th Amendment (18 year olds can vote)
1972 Nixon visits People’s Republic of China
1972 SALT I Treaty signed with Soviet Union
1972 Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty signed with USSR
1973 War Powers Act
1973 OPEC begun embargo against USA
1973 Watergate hearings begin.
1973 U.S., North Vietnam sign Paris Peace Accords
1974 President Richard Nixon resigned
1975 Helsinki accords
1975 President Ford survives two assassination attempts in 17 day time span.
1976 Jimmy Carter elected president
1978 camp david accord between Israel and Egypt
1979 U.S. and China establish diplomatic relations
1979 Iran deposes shah
1979-1981 Iran militants capture U.S. embassy and take hostages
1979 Soviet invaded Afghanistan
53
US boycotts Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest Soviet occupation of
1980 Afghanistan.
1980 Ronald Reagan elected
1981 Sandra Day O’Connor named first female Supreme Court justice
1982 U.S. invades Grenada
1983 "evil empire" Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union
1983 SDI Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative
1984 "morning in America"1984 election; Reagan's effective political campaign
1985 Gorbachev takes power in Soviet Union
1986 Iran-Contra affair
1988 George H. W. Bush elected
1989 Tienanmen Square
1989 Soviet withdrew from Afghanistan
1989 Berlin wall is demolished
1990 Germany reunited
1990 Iraq invades Kuwait, leading to the Gulf War
1991 End of Warsaw
1991 soviet union abolished under Boris Yeltsin as president of Russia
1991 Operation Desert Storm ends Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait
1992 Bill Clinton elected president
1995 U.S NATO forces enforce peace in Bosnia
1998 Monica Lewinsky scandal leads to impeachment of of Clinton
2000 George W. Bush elected president
2001 Hijackers crash planes into World Trade Center towers and Pentagon
2001 U.S. invades Afghanistan to overthrow Taliban government
2002 US withdraws from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
2008 Barrack Obama elected
2009 Barak Obama, a 3rd USA president to win Noble Peace Price
54

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By: Mr. Aamir Hussain and Miss.

1. Happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected. George Washington

The Thirteen Colonies:

America as a melting pot:

Causes of American war of Independence:

12. Measures taken by Lord North

Professor Oscar Handlin:

Result and Significance of War of Independence:

Problems in the wake of Independence:

Professor Elson writes:

1. Freedom of religions, speech, assembly, press and petition

Salient features of American Constitution:

System of Separation of power and Check & Balance:

a. The legislative organ or Congress:

Federalist and Anti-Federalist:

Federalists Regime (1789-1800) Domestic Accomplishments:

S.No Features Federalists Democratic-Republicans

1. People were assured freedom and security

1. Government was in hand of Aristocrats

Financial Policy of Alexander Hamilton:

Alien and Sedition Act of Federalist Regime:

Foreign Policy during Federalists:

1. Financial policy of Hamilton

1. Treaty with France

1. Do not get involved in European Affairs

He set precedence for successors to assume office for two terms.

Professor Elson writes:

Significance of Election of 1800:

Professor Handlin says:

Professor Elson writes:

Jefferson Presidency (1801-1809):

1. Faith in common man

10. Inspirational leadership

Professor Whitney Griswold:

Professor C.P Hill writes:

Purchase of Louisiana (1803):

e. Attitude of the Federalist:

f. Problem of Effective Control:

g. Importance of the Purchase:

Professor Elson Writes:

“The greatest diplomatic achievement in the Annals of America”

Financial system of Albert Gallatin:

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803):

James Madison and War with England (1812):

d. Result and Significance

Missouri Compromise, 1820:

“America is only for North Americans” Spanish Latin Americans

Westward Expansion (1791-1829):

6. Alabama and Mississippi, 1817:

7. Indiana and Illinois, 1816:

8. Missouri and Maine, 1820:

Impact of westward expansion:

Civil War (1861-1865):

Difference North South

2. Invention of Cotton Gin:

4. Wilmot Proposal, 1846:

7. Kansas and Nebraska Act:

9. Dred Scott Case, 1857:

10. Financial Panic, 1857:

11. Abolitionist Movement:

Fredrick Douglas: anti-slavery speaker

Ralph waldo Emerson (1862):

13. Abraham Lincoln: