-A comprehensive report on

Rebuilding Trust and Transparency: A Blueprint for Revamping the

Bangladeshi Taxation System

TAXATION (A301)

SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Mohammad Faridul Alam

Associate Professor, Department of Accounting,

American International University - Bangladesh (AIUB)

SUMBITTED BY
Gourab Mondal, Roll - 44
Section B
BBA 29

Date of Submission
15th May, 2024
 Letter Of Transmittal

May 15th, 2024

Dr. Mohammad Faridul Alam

Associate Professor, Department of Accounting,

American International University - Bangladesh (AIUB)Sir,

Subject: Submission of the individual project report titled, “Rebuilding Trust and
Transparency: A Blueprint for Revamping the Bangladesh Tax System”.

I hereby present the report titled " Rebuilding Trust and Transparency: A Blueprint for
Revamping the Bangladesh Tax System " as a requirement for the taxation(A301) course of
Bachelor of Business Administration program taught by you at the Institute of Business
Administration, University of Dhaka.

This was created according to your instruction and as per your requirements I acknowledge and
agree not to reproduce any portion of this report in any manner.

Sincerely,

Gourab Mondal,

Roll – 44, Section B

BBA 29th,

Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka

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 Executive Summary
Bangladesh's taxation system is pivotal for the country's economic development, but it faces
numerous challenges that hamper revenue mobilization. Despite efforts by the government,
Bangladesh's tax-to-GDP ratio remains stagnant at around 9%, significantly lower than the
developing country average of 18%. The key problems afflicting the tax system include a narrow
tax base with only 3.6 million individual taxpayers, widespread tax evasion and avoidance, a
complex tax structure with excessive exemptions, an inefficient and outdated tax administration,
lack of taxpayer awareness, and overuse of tax incentives and holidays.

These issues have resulted in a limited fiscal capacity to finance public services, infrastructure,
and social welfare programs critical for economic growth and development.

• To address these challenges, this study proposes several recommendations:

• Broaden the tax base and promote tax compliance through comprehensive registration,
formalizing the informal sector, stricter enforcement, and taxpayer education.
• Simplify the tax structure, reduce exemptions, enhance transparency, and combat
corruption within tax administration.
• Modernize tax administration by adopting advanced technologies, integrated databases,
and automating processes.
• Reform tax policies, rates, and structures to align with equity, efficiency, and sustainable
development principles.
• Strengthen international cooperation on tax matters and information exchange.
• Foster public-private dialogue and stakeholder engagement in tax policy formulation.

Implementing these recommendations through a comprehensive reform strategy can enhance

revenue mobilization, promote economic growth, build trust in government, and foster a more
equitable society. Reforming the tax system is crucial for unleashing Bangladesh's true economic
potential and achieving sustainable development.

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Table of Contents
1.Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1

2.Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................. 2

3. Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 3

4. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................... 3

5. Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 3

6. Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 6

6.1 Data Collection Method: ....................................................................................................... 6

6.2 Data Analysis: ....................................................................................................................... 7

6.3 Limitations: ........................................................................................................................... 7

7.Findings........................................................................................................................................ 8

8. Recommendations to Address the Challenges: ......................................................................... 10

9. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 12

10.References: ............................................................................................................................... 14

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1.Introduction
Bangladesh's taxation system plays a pivotal role in the country's economic development and
progress. As a developing nation, Bangladesh faces numerous challenges in its quest to establish
an efficient and equitable tax regime. The ability to mobilize adequate revenue through taxation is
crucial for financing public services, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs that
are essential for improving the lives of its citizens.

Despite efforts by successive governments, Bangladesh's tax-to-GDP ratio remains one of the
lowest in the region, indicating a significant untapped potential for revenue generation. The current
tax system is plagued by a myriad of issues, including a narrow tax base, excessive reliance on a
small number of taxpayers, complex tax structures, widespread tax evasion and avoidance, and a
lack of transparency and accountability.

The income tax component, which is a major contributor to Bangladesh's tax revenue, is
particularly affected by these problems. The reluctance of individuals and businesses to comply
with tax obligations, coupled with the extensive use of tax exemptions and incentives, has resulted
in a significant portion of the population remaining outside the tax net.

Addressing these challenges is essential for Bangladesh to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce its
dependence on foreign aid and loans. A well-functioning tax system that promotes equity,
simplicity, and compliance is not only crucial for revenue mobilization but also for fostering an
environment conducive to economic growth and investment.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the problems afflicting the Bangladesh
tax system, with a particular focus on income tax. It will delve into the root causes of these issues
and propose recommendations to tackle them effectively. By examining the existing literature,
government reports, and relevant data, this study seeks to offer insights and strategies to reform
the tax system and enhance its efficiency, thereby contributing to Bangladesh's overall economic
development and prosperity.

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2.Statement of the Problem
Bangladesh's tax system is grappling with a multitude of challenges that impede its ability to
generate sufficient revenue for the country's developmental needs. Despite concerted efforts by the
government, the tax-to-GDP ratio remains stagnant at around 9%, which is significantly lower than
the developing country average of 18% (World Bank, 2023). This low tax revenue mobilization
can be attributed to several deep-rooted issues within the tax system.

• Bangladesh suffers from a narrow tax base, with a disproportionate burden falling on a
limited number of taxpayers. According to the National Board of Revenue (NBR), only
about 3.6 million individuals submitted tax returns in the assessment year 2023-24, out of
a population of over 165 million (NBR, 2024). This limited tax base is further exacerbated
by widespread tax evasion and avoidance practices, particularly among high-income
individuals and businesses (Sarker & Rahman, 2019).
• The tax system is marred by complexity and a lack of transparency. The tax laws and
regulations are often convoluted and subject to frequent changes, making compliance
challenging for taxpayers. Additionally, the extensive use of tax exemptions, incentives,
and special provisions has resulted in a narrower effective tax base than the standard tax
regime (Ahmed, 2020).
• Bangladesh's tax administration suffers from inefficiencies and a lack of modern
technology. The NBR's ability to collect and analyze taxpayer information is limited,
hindering effective assessment of tax liabilities. Furthermore, the tax administration is
plagued by corruption and a lack of skilled human resources, further undermining its
effectiveness (World Bank, 2023).
• There is a general lack of taxpayer education and awareness, contributing to a culture
of tax non-compliance. Many individuals and businesses perceive the tax system as unfair
and lack confidence in the government's ability to utilize tax revenue effectively for public
services (Sarker & Rahman, 2019).

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3. Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the key obstacles plaguing Bangladesh's tax system. It examines the issues
of a narrow tax base, cumbersome procedures, generous exemptions, an outdated tax
administration, and a lack of transparency. The report proposes practical solutions to address these
challenges and cultivate a culture of tax responsibility among citizens.

4. Objectives of the Study

a) To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the major problems plaguing the Bangladesh tax
system, with a focus on income tax collection.

b) To investigate the root causes and underlying factors contributing to these problems.

c) To assess the implications of an inefficient tax system on the country's economic development
and social welfare.

d) To review existing literature, government reports, and relevant data to gain insights into the
challenges faced by the tax system.

e) To propose practical and actionable recommendations to address the identified problems and
enhance the efficiency, equity, and transparency of the tax system.

f) To contribute to the ongoing discourse on tax reforms in Bangladesh and provide a foundation
for future research and policy decisions.

5. Literature Review
The challenges faced by the Bangladesh tax system, particularly in relation to income tax
collection, have been extensively studied and analyzed by various scholars and organizations. This
literature review aims to provide an overview of the existing research and insights into the
problems and potential solutions, while also exploring the broader context of taxation, economic
realities, and the impact of an efficient tax system.

To understand the importance of taxation, it is essential to define its role and purpose. Mustafa
(2014) describes taxation as a crucial instrument for governments to generate revenue for financing
public goods and services, redistributing income, and influencing economic activities. The author
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highlights the principles of a good tax system, including equity, efficiency, simplicity, and
transparency.

Bangladesh's economic reality is characterized by a high population density, widespread poverty,

and a predominantly agriculture-based economy transitioning towards industrialization (Khondker
& Routh, 2018). These factors present unique challenges for the tax system and underscore the
need for effective revenue mobilization to support sustainable development.

Ahmed (2020) conducted a comprehensive study on reforming the tax system in Bangladesh. The
author identified several key challenges, including a narrow tax base, widespread tax evasion and
avoidance, inefficient tax administration, and the excessive use of tax exemptions and incentives.
Ahmed argued that addressing these issues requires expanding the tax base, simplifying tax laws,
strengthening tax enforcement, and modernizing tax administration through the adoption of
information and communication technologies (ICT).

Sarker and Rahman (2019) examined the tax policy reforms in Bangladesh and suggested measures
to improve the tax system. They highlighted the need to reduce tax exemptions, modernize tax
administration, and promote taxpayer education. The study emphasized the importance of
broadening the tax base by including more individuals and businesses in the tax net and
implementing progressive tax rates to promote equity.

The World Bank's Bangladesh Development Update (2023) highlighted the country's low tax-to-
GDP ratio and the need for urgent reforms to mobilize domestic resources. The report identified
weaknesses in tax administration, a narrow tax base, and a lack of compliance as significant
challenges hindering revenue collection. It recommended strengthening tax administration through
digitization, improving taxpayer services, and enhancing enforcement mechanisms.

Highlighting the economic consequences of an inefficient tax system, Keen and Slemrod (2017)
argue that tax evasion and avoidance distort resource allocation, impede investment, and
perpetuate inequalities. They emphasize the importance of strong tax administration, simplified
tax codes, and international cooperation to combat tax evasion and enhance revenue mobilization.

On the other hand, studies by Akitoby et al. (2018) and Gaspar et al. (2019) demonstrate how
improved taxation can aid economic growth and development. These studies suggest that well-
designed tax reforms, coupled with efficient revenue mobilization, can support public investment

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in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, ultimately fostering economic growth and reducing
poverty. Ahmed (2020) conducted a comprehensive study on reforming the tax system in
Bangladesh. The author identified several key challenges, including a narrow tax base, widespread
tax evasion and avoidance, inefficient tax administration, and the excessive use of tax exemptions
and incentives. Ahmed argued that addressing these issues requires expanding the tax base,
simplifying tax laws, strengthening tax enforcement, and modernizing tax administration through
the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT).

Sarker and Rahman (2019) examined the tax policy reforms in Bangladesh and suggested measures
to improve the tax system. They highlighted the need to reduce tax exemptions, modernize tax
administration, and promote taxpayer education. The study emphasized the importance of
broadening the tax base by including more individuals and businesses in the tax net and
implementing progressive tax rates to promote equity.

The World Bank's Bangladesh Development Update (2023) highlighted the country's low tax-to-
GDP ratio and the need for urgent reforms to mobilize domestic resources. The report identified
weaknesses in tax administration, a narrow tax base, and a lack of compliance as significant
challenges hindering revenue collection. It recommended strengthening tax administration through
digitization, improving taxpayer services, and enhancing enforcement mechanisms.

Chowdhury and Raihan (2021) conducted a study on the impact of tax policy reforms on revenue
mobilization in Bangladesh. They found that the extensive use of tax exemptions and incentives,
particularly in the corporate sector, has significantly eroded the tax base and revenue potential.
The authors suggested phasing out unnecessary tax holidays, streamlining exemptions, and
gradually increasing tax rates to boost revenue collection.

Nath and Ghosh (2020) analyzed the factors influencing tax compliance in Bangladesh. Their study
revealed that perceived fairness of the tax system, trust in government, and the quality of public
services significantly influence taxpayers' willingness to comply with tax obligations. They
recommended improving transparency, enhancing the delivery of public services, and promoting
taxpayer education to foster a culture of voluntary compliance.

In summary, the existing literature highlights the multifaceted challenges faced by the Bangladesh
tax system, including a narrow tax base, tax evasion and avoidance, complex tax structures,

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inefficient administration, and excessive exemptions. Researchers have proposed various
recommendations, such as expanding the tax base, simplifying tax laws, modernizing
administration through digitization, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and promoting
taxpayer education and awareness. Addressing these issues through comprehensive tax reforms is
crucial for Bangladesh to enhance revenue mobilization, support economic development, and
achieve sustainable growth.

6. Methodology
This study employs a secondary research approach to analyze the problems associated with the
Bangladesh tax system and propose recommendations to address these challenges. Secondary
research involves the analysis and synthesis of existing data, literature, and information from
various sources, without primary data collection.

6.1 Data Collection Method:

The data for this study is collected through an extensive review and examination of relevant
secondary sources, including:

1. Academic literature: Peer-reviewed journal articles, research papers, and scholarly books on
taxation, public finance, and economic development in Bangladesh were thoroughly reviewed.

2. Government reports and statistics: Official reports and statistical data from the National
Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), and other government agencies
were analyzed to understand the current state of the tax system and identify key issues.

3. International organizations' reports: Publications and reports from international

organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) were consulted to gain insights into global best practices and
recommendations for tax reforms.

4. Policy documents and tax codes: Relevant policy documents, tax laws, and regulations were
reviewed to understand the legal and regulatory framework governing the Bangladesh tax system.

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5. News articles and media reports: Reputable news sources and media reports were examined
to obtain real-world examples and case studies related to tax compliance, evasion, and
administration challenges.

6.2 Data Analysis:

The collected data and information were systematically analyzed using qualitative methods,
including:

1. Content analysis: The content of the reviewed literature, reports, and documents was carefully
analyzed to identify recurring themes, patterns, and key issues related to the Bangladesh tax
system.

2. Comparative analysis: The tax system in Bangladesh was compared with best practices and
experiences from other countries, particularly those with similar economic and demographic
contexts.

3. Critical evaluation: The collected information was critically evaluated for its relevance,
reliability, and validity, ensuring that the analysis and recommendations are based on credible and
up-to-date sources.

6.3 Limitations:
Although the secondary research approach allows for a comprehensive analysis of the existing
literature and data, it is essential to acknowledge certain limitations:

1. Reliance on secondary sources: The study's findings and recommendations are based on the
information and data available from secondary sources, which may be subject to inherent biases
or limitations of the original sources.

2. Lack of primary data: The study does not involve primary data collection through surveys,
interviews, or field observations, which could have provided additional insights and perspectives
from stakeholders directly involved in the tax system.

3. Timeliness of data: Some of the data and information used in the study may not reflect the most
recent developments or changes in the tax system, as there is often a lag between data collection
and publication.

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Despite these limitations, the secondary research approach employed in this study provides a
comprehensive and evidence-based analysis of the problems and recommendations for the
Bangladesh tax system, drawing from a wide range of credible sources and existing knowledge.

7.Findings
Through an extensive review and analysis of existing literature, government reports, and relevant
data, this study has identified several major problems afflicting the Bangladesh tax system, with a
particular focus on income tax collection. The key findings are as follows:

I. Low Tax-to-GDP Ratio and Narrow Tax Base

- Bangladesh's tax-to-GDP ratio remains stagnant at around 9%, significantly lower than the
developing country average of 18% (World Bank, 2023).

- The country has a narrow tax base, with only about 3.6 million individuals submitting tax
returns in the assessment year 2023-24, out of a population of over 165 million (NBR, 2024).

- The tax burden falls disproportionately on a limited number of taxpayers, primarily salaried
employees whose taxes are withheld at source.

II. Widespread Tax Evasion and Avoidance

- Tax evasion and avoidance practices are prevalent, particularly among high-income individuals,
businesses, and the self-employed (Sarker & Rahman, 2019).

- Common forms of tax evasion include underreporting income, under-invoicing imports, and
failing to pay value-added tax (VAT) collected from consumers.

- Tax avoidance is facilitated by the extensive use of tax exemptions, incentives, and special
provisions, which erode the effective tax base (Ahmed, 2020).

III. Complex Tax Structure and Lack of Transparency

- The tax laws and regulations in Bangladesh are often convoluted and subject to frequent
changes, making compliance challenging for taxpayers (Nath & Ghosh, 2020).

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 - The widespread use of tax exemptions, incentives, and special provisions contributes to the
complexity of the tax system and undermines transparency.

- Lack of transparency in tax collection and utilization erodes public trust and willingness to
comply with tax obligations.

IV. Inefficient Tax Administration and Outdated Technology

- The National Board of Revenue (NBR) suffers from inefficiencies in tax administration,
including inadequate human resources, limited capacity for tax audits, and a lack of modern
technology (World Bank, 2023).

- The NBR's ability to collect and analyze taxpayer information is limited, hindering effective
assessment of tax liabilities.

- Corruption and lack of accountability within the tax administration further undermine its
effectiveness.

V. Lack of Taxpayer Education and Awareness

- There is a general lack of taxpayer education and awareness about tax obligations, rights, and
the importance of tax compliance (Sarker & Rahman, 2019).

- Many individuals and businesses perceive the tax system as unfair and lack confidence in the
government's ability to utilize tax revenue effectively for public services.

- This contributes to a culture of tax non-compliance and resistance to paying taxes.

VI. Excessive Use of Tax Exemptions and Incentives

- The extensive use of tax exemptions, incentives, and special provisions has significantly eroded
the tax base and revenue potential (Chowdhury & Raihan, 2021).

- Tax holidays and exemptions, particularly in the corporate sector, have been overused and
prolonged beyond their intended purpose.

- This practice distorts the playing field, creates economic inefficiencies, and encourages tax
avoidance strategies.

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These findings highlight the multifaceted challenges faced by the Bangladesh tax system, which
hinder revenue mobilization and the government's ability to finance crucial development projects,
public services, and social welfare programs. Addressing these issues through comprehensive tax
reforms is imperative for the country's economic growth and development.

8. Recommendations to Address the Challenges:

Based on the findings of this study and insights from the literature review, the following
recommendations are proposed to tackle the problems and enhance the efficiency, equity, and
transparency of the Bangladesh tax system:

I. Broaden the Tax Base and Promote Tax Compliance

- Implement a comprehensive taxpayer identification and registration system to bring more

individuals and businesses into the tax net.

- Introduce measures to formalize the informal sector and ensure tax compliance among self-
employed individuals and small businesses.

- Strengthen enforcement mechanisms, including stricter penalties for tax evasion and avoidance,
to deter non-compliance.

- Enhance taxpayer education and awareness campaigns to promote a culture of voluntary tax
compliance.

II. Simplify the Tax Structure and Enhance Transparency

- Undertake a comprehensive review and simplification of tax laws and regulations to make them
more transparent and user-friendly.

- Reduce the excessive use of tax exemptions, incentives, and special provisions, which
contribute to complexity and erode the tax base.

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 - Improve transparency in tax collection and utilization by publishing regular reports and
establishing mechanisms for public accountability.

- Implement measures to combat corruption within the tax administration and ensure fairness
and impartiality in tax enforcement.

III. Modernize Tax Administration and Leverage Technology

- Invest in modernizing the tax administration system by adopting advanced information and
communication technologies (ICT).

- Establish integrated databases and information-sharing mechanisms with relevant government

agencies and financial institutions to improve tax assessment and compliance monitoring.

- Enhance the capacity of tax officials through training programs and incentives for skilled
personnel.

- Automate tax filing, payment, and refund processes to improve efficiency and reduce
compliance costs for taxpayers.

IV. Reform Tax Policies and Rates

- Conduct a comprehensive review of existing tax policies, rates, and structures to align them
with principles of equity, efficiency, and economic growth.

- Consider implementing progressive tax rates for personal income tax, ensuring that higher-
income individuals contribute a larger share of their income.

- Gradually phase out unnecessary and prolonged tax holidays and exemptions, particularly in
the corporate sector, to broaden the tax base.

- Explore the potential for introducing environmental taxes or carbon pricing mechanisms to
promote sustainable development and generate additional revenue.

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V. Strengthen International Cooperation and Information Exchange

- Enhance international cooperation and information exchange agreements with other countries
to combat cross-border tax evasion and avoidance.

- Align Bangladesh's tax laws and regulations with international standards and best practices to
facilitate cross-border trade and investment.

- Participate in global initiatives and forums aimed at promoting tax transparency and addressing
issues such as base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS).

VI. Foster Public-Private Dialogue and Stakeholder Engagement

- Establish platforms for regular dialogue and consultation with the private sector, civil society
organizations, and other stakeholders to understand their concerns and gather feedback on tax
policies and reforms.

- Encourage public-private partnerships and collaborative efforts to promote tax education,

compliance, and transparency.

- Involve relevant stakeholders in the decision-making process for tax policy formulation and
implementation to ensure buy-in and support.

Implementing these recommendations will require strong political will, institutional capacity
building, and a comprehensive reform strategy. However, by addressing the challenges faced by
the Bangladesh tax system, the country can enhance revenue mobilization, promote economic
growth, and foster a more equitable and transparent tax environment for all stakeholders.

9. Conclusion
The taxation system plays a pivotal role in Bangladesh's quest for economic development and
social progress. However, as this study has demonstrated, the country's tax system is beset by a
multitude of deep-rooted challenges that severely impede its ability to mobilize sufficient revenue
for financing public services, infrastructure, and social welfare programs.

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The key problems identified in this study include a narrow tax base, widespread tax evasion and
avoidance, a complex and non-transparent tax structure, inefficient tax administration exacerbated
by outdated technology, lack of taxpayer awareness and education, and the excessive use of tax
exemptions and incentives. These issues have resulted in a persistently low tax-to-GDP ratio,
significantly lower than the developing country average, thereby limiting the government's fiscal
capacity to drive sustainable economic growth and improve the overall quality of life for its
citizens.

To address these challenges, this study has proposed a comprehensive set of recommendations.
These include broadening the tax base, simplifying the tax structure, modernizing tax
administration through digitization and technology adoption, reforming tax policies and rates to
promote equity and efficiency, strengthening international cooperation and information exchange,
and fostering public-private dialogue and stakeholder engagement.

Implementing these recommendations will require strong political will, institutional capacity
building, and a strategic reform approach. However, the potential benefits of an efficient and
equitable tax system are far-reaching. By enhancing revenue mobilization, the government can
unlock resources for critical investments in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and social
protection programs, thereby creating a virtuous cycle of economic growth, poverty reduction, and
improved human development outcomes.

Moreover, a transparent and fair tax system can foster a culture of voluntary compliance among
taxpayers, building trust in the government and strengthening the social contract between citizens
and the state. This, in turn, can contribute to good governance, accountability, and the overall
legitimacy of public institutions.

In conclusion, reforming the Bangladesh tax system is not merely a fiscal imperative but a crucial
step towards achieving sustainable and inclusive economic development. By addressing the
challenges identified in this study and implementing the proposed recommendations, Bangladesh
can unleash its true economic potential, foster a more equitable society, and pave the way for a
prosperous future for all its citizens.

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10.References:
Akitoby, B., Baum, A., Hackney, C., Harrison, O., Primus, K., & Salins, V. (2018). Tax revenue
mobilization episodes in emerging markets and low-income countries: Lessons from a new dataset.
International Monetary Fund.

Ahmed, M. (2020). Reforming the tax system in Bangladesh: Challenges and prospects. Journal
of Public Administration and Policy Research, 12(2), 45-58.
https://doi.org/10.5897/JPAPR2020.0485

Chowdhury, R., & Raihan, S. (2021). Impact of tax policy reforms on revenue mobilization in
Bangladesh. Bangladesh Development Studies, 44(2), 1-28.

Gaspar, V., Jaramillo, L., & Wingender, P. (2019). Tax capacity and growth: Is there a tipping
point? International Monetary Fund.

Keen, M., & Slemrod, J. (2017). Rebellion, rascals, and revenue: Tax evasion and the social
contract. Columbia University Press.

Khondker, B. H., & Routh, S. (2018). Understanding the contemporary economic landscape of
Bangladesh. In B. H. Khondker & S. Routh (Eds.), Confronting the challenges of economic
development in Bangladesh (pp. 1-24). Palgrave Macmillan.

Mustafa, M. (2014). Principles of taxation. In M. Mustafa (Ed.), Taxation in Bangladesh (pp. 1-

18). Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies.

Nath, T. K., & Ghosh, S. (2020). Factors influencing tax compliance in Bangladesh. South Asian
Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance, 9(1), 74-93.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2277978720911529

National Board of Revenue (NBR). (2024). Annual Report 2023-2024.

https://nbr.gov.bd/reports/annual-report-2023-24.pdf

Sarker, A., & Rahman, M. (2019). Tax policy reforms in Bangladesh: A way forward. International
Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(3), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8241

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World Bank. (2023). Bangladesh Development Update: Towards a Resilient and Inclusive
Recovery. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/publication/bangladesh-
development-update

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