Unit 1

MCQ

1. W hich of the following is used for displacement measurement?

a) LVDT b) strain gauge c) RTD d) Thermistor E1
2. What is the moving part of a linear variable differential transformer?
a) Primary winding b) Both the secondary windings c) Core
d) One of the secondary windings E2
3. What is the full form of LVDT?
a)Linear Voltage Differential Transformer b) Linear Voltage Differential
Transducer c) Linear Variable Differential Transformer
d) Linear Variable Direct Transducer E1
4. Which quantity can not be measured using Capacitive transducers?
a) Force b) Displacement c)Level d)Temperature E1
5. How does the capacitance get varied in capacitive transducers?
a) By changing the overlapped plates area b) By changing the distance between plates
c) By changing dielectric or permittivity d)All of these E2
6. Capacitive displacement transducer displays ________.
a) linear behavior b) non-linear behavior c) exponential behavior d) tangential
behavior M5
7. The impedance at output of the capacitive transducer is calculated using which of the
following expression?
a)Xc = 1/2πf b)Xc = 1/2πC c)Xc = 1/2πfC d)Xc = 1/2πf1f2 H5
8. A LVDT produces an RMS output voltage of 2.6 V for displacement of 0.4 µm.
Calculate the sensitivity of the LVDT.
a) 6.5 V/µm b) 4.5 V/µm c) 8.5 V/µm
d) 12.5 V/µm M3
9. LVDT core is made of ____________.
a) Mn-Iron b) Ni-Iron c) Ni d) Al H6
10. Secondary coils of LVDT are connected in___________.
a) Series b) Parallel c) Series opposition d) Parallel opposition M3

Short Questions
1. Explain the working principle of LVDT with neat diagram. E3
2. Draw the AC and DC characteristic graph for LVDT. What is residual voltage in the AC
characteristic? 4+1 M 3
3. How the direction of movement can be determined in LVDT?
An LVDT has a secondary voltage of 5 V for a displacement of ±12.5 mm.
Determine the output voltage for a core displacement of 8 mm from the central
position. 2+3 H5
 4. How to measure linear displacement by capacitive transducer? Explain it with suitable
diagram. E3
5. A capacitive transducer consists of two parallel plates of diameter 2 cm each and
separated by an air gap of 0.25 mm. What is displacement sensitivity? M5

Long Questions

1. Design an angular displacement measurement system by capacitive transducer? Explain it

with suitable diagram. Derive the expression of sensitivity for this system. 6+4 M6
2. i) Justify the significance of the name LVDT.
ii) An air capacitor of 3 cm × 3cm plates, separated by 0.3 mm. Calculate the capacitance
of capacitor and also find the capacitive reactance of the capacitor at 10 KHz. Where €0 =
8.9 pF / m. 4+6 E5

3. i) What are the advantages and disadvantages of LVDT ?

ii) The output of an LVDT is connected to a 5 V voltmeter through an amplifier whose
amplification factor is 250. An output of 2 mV appears across the terminals of LVDT
when the core moves through a distance of 0.5 mm. Calculate the sensitivity of the set
up. The voltmeter scale has 100 divisions. The scale can be read to 1/5 thof a division.
Calculate the resolution of the instrument in mm. 4+6 E 5
4. i) What is the disadvantage of LVDT AC output? How to overcome this problem?
ii) Design an instrument where LVDT acts as a secondary transducer. Explain its
operation with suitable diagram. 3+7 H 6

Unit 2

MCQ

1. Absolute pressure is :

a)Gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure

b) Gauge pressure less atmospheric pressure

c) Gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure divided by two

d) Always referenced to a point at the peak of Mt. Washington, N H E1

2. Which of the following conversions take place in bourdon tubes?

a) Pressure to displacement b) Pressure to voltage

c) Pressure to strain d) Pressure to force E2

3. Which of the following is not a type of pressure sensing element?

a) Orifice plate b) Manometer

c) Bourdon tube d) Bellows M 5

4. In McLeod gauge,

a) High pressure fluid is expanded to a low pressure which is read by the manometer
technique

b) Low pressure fluid is compressed to a high pressure which is read by the bourdon
technique

c) High pressure fluid is expanded to a low pressure which is read by the bourdon technique

d) Low pressure fluid is compressed to a high pressure which is read by the manometer
technique H 3

5. The thermal conductivity gauge an instrument used for the measurement of

a) Very low pressure b) Medium pressure
c) High pressure d) Very high pressure E1

6. Which of the following devices convert pressure to displacement?

a) Diaphragm b) Bellow

c) Capsule d) All of these M3

7. Pirani Gauge is also called :

a) Photovoltaic gauge b) Piezoelectric gauge

c) Thermal conductivity gauge d) Thermoelectric gauge E1

8. The cross-section of a Bourdon tube is :

a) square b) circular c) rectangular d) elliptical M2

9. In which type of bourdon tube tip travel is small?

a) C-type b) Spiral type

c) Helical type d) None of these H 5

 Short questions

1. (i) Define the following: Absolute Pressure, Gauge Pressure and Differential Pressure.
(ii) What do you mean by psia and psig? 3+2 E 1
2. With a neat schematic diagram, describe the operating principle of well type of
manometer. 5 M 2
3. Classify the different types of diaphragm pressure transducers. Explain them with neat
diagram. 1+4 M 2
4. (i) What metals are generally used for manufacturing the elastic elements in pressure
gauges? What characteristics should they pose? 2+3 H6

ANS: The elastic elements in pressure gauges, such as Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and bellows,
are typically made from the following metals:

1. Phosphor Bronze: Commonly used for water, air, and light oil applications due to its
good corrosion resistance and elasticity.
2. Stainless Steel: Used for oil and other demanding environments because of its excellent
corrosion resistance, strength, and durability.
3. Beryllium Copper: Suitable for high-pressure applications due to its high tensile
strength and fatigue resistance.
4. Inconel and Other Nickel Alloys: Used in extreme conditions for their high strength
and resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
5. K-Monel (Nickel-Copper Alloy): Known for its corrosion resistance and mechanical
properties, used in various demanding applications.

Characteristics Needed:

• Elasticity: To deform under pressure and return to its original shape.

• Corrosion Resistance: To withstand different media without degrading.
• Strength: To handle high pressure and mechanical stress.
• Durability: To maintain performance over long periods and repeated use.

5. Illustrate the operation of thermal conductivity gauge. 5 E 1

Long Questions

1. Explain the operating principle and constructional details with neat sketch of Bourdon tube
pressure gauge.
What are the two types of adjustments done in a Bourdon tube gauge? 6+4 E 2
2. i) Expose the superiority of inclined tube manometer over the U-tube Manometer.
ii) In the U-tube manometer find out (a) the pressure P1 in Gauge and absolute scale if P2
is open to atmosphere in mmH2O and (b) the pressure P1 in Gauge and absolute scale if
P2 side is evacuated and sealed in mmH2O. (Assume the fill liquid is Mercury and h=500
mm for all the above three cases) [Given: 1 mmHg = 13.6 mmH2O] 5+5 H 5
3. Explain with a neat sketch, the construction and working of a McLeod gauge.
 Explain the basic property used in thermal conductivity type gauge with the help of pirani
gauge. 6+4 M 2

Unit 3
MCQ
1. If a temperature sensor has a lower limit of - 50 °F and higher limit of 200 °F, then the
range and span of the sensor is _____.
a) 200 °F and 200 °F b) 250 °F and 250 °F
c) 200 °F and 250 °F d) 250 °F and 200 °F H 6
2. _______ produced in the thermocouple due to difference of junction temperature.
a) E.M.F b) Current
c)Resistance d) a & b are correct E1
3. Which of the following devices is used to measure relatively high temperatures, such as
encountered in furnaces?

a) Bolometer b) Pyrometer

c) Ammeter d) Fluxmeter E 3

4. Optical pyrometer is used to measure _________ .

a) Light intensity
b) Low temperature
c) High temperature
d) Light intensity and High temperature M 5

5. The negative lead of a thermocouple is always coloured _______ H1

a) Blue b) Yellow

c) Red d) White

6. When the reference junction is the same temperature as the measurement junction in a
thermocouple circuit, the output voltage (measured by the sensing instrument) is
___________
a) Zero b) Reverse polarity
c) Noisy d) AC instead of DC E 2
7. Which of the following is used as an indication instrument in a liquid expansion system?
a) Bellows b) Bourdon tube
c) Ammeter d) Thermometer M 6
8. A “thermowell” is a ___________
a) Heat sink
b) Small vessel for holding liquids at high temperature
c) Protective tube for a temperature sensing element
d) Temperature sensing device M 3
9. Which of the following can be used for measuring temperature?
 a) Metallic diaphragm b) Fluid expansion system
c) Capsule d) Bourdon tube E2

Short questions
1. What do you mean by Thermowell?
What are the main sources of error in 2-wire RTD for temperature measurement? M 5
2. A copper-constantan thermocouple was found to have linear calibration between 0˚C and
400˚C with emf at maximum temperature (w.r.t. cold junction temperature at 0˚C) equal to
20mV.
i)Determine the correction which must be made to the indicated emf if the cold junction
temperature is 20˚C.
ii)If the indicated emf is 8.90mV (w.r.t. cold junction temperature at 20˚C) in the
thermocouple circuit, determine the temperature of the hot junction. H 6
3. Explain with a neat sketch the working and construction of liquid filled in type temperature
measurement systems.
List the desirable properties of the filling liquid. 3+2 E1
4. Describe the working principle construction and method of using an optical pyrometer with
the help of a neat sketch. E 4

Long Questions

1. Write down the working principle of a thermocouple.

State the law of intermediate metals and law of intermediate temperatures of
thermocouple.
Describe the Cold Junction Compensation technique. 2+3+5 E 1
2. Why are compensating lead wires used with thermocouples? 5 H 2
What is meant by thermocouple burnout? How to protect the thermocouple from it? 3+2
3. What is lead wire error in RTD and how is it compensated? M 4
Deduce a comparative study among RDT and thermistor.

Unit 4 MCQ

1. When an orifice for flow measurement in a pipe is replaced by a venturimeter, the

pressure drop for the same flow is expected to _______
a) Remain same b) Increase
c) Decrease d) None of these H 6
2. Which of the following instruments is used to measure flow on the application of
Bernoulli's equation ________
a) Venturimeter b) Orifice plate
c) Pitot tube d) All of the above M 4
3. Which one of the following is an example of “variable head type flow meter”?
a) Orifice b) Electromagnetic
 c) Rotameter d) Ultrasonic E 1
4. Flow Nozzles are useful for the measurement of :
a)Fluid which are clean
b) Fluid which are either clean or contains solids particle
c) High pressure/temperature fluid which are either clean or contains solids particle
d) Corrosive fluid which are clean H 5
5. Which of the following devices is used for the measurement of liquid flow through an
open channel?
a) Venturimeter b)Orifice meter
c) Wires d) Rotameter E4
6. Which of the following flow meters has a constant pressure drop?
a) Venturimeter b) Rotameter
c) Orifice meter d) Flow nozzle E 2
7. A pitot static tube is used for measuring the velocity of a gas, flowing in a duct. The
velocity is proportional to
a) Square root of total pressure measured by the tube
b) The total pressure measured by the tube
c) Difference between total and static pressure
d) Square root of difference between total and static pressure M 2
8. Electromagnetic flowmeter is not suitable for :

a)Conducting fluid b) Non-conducting fluid c) Fluid with slurries

d) Corrosive fluid E 6

Short questions

1. Describe with neat sketch how the flowrate is measured using orifice plate. E 2
2. Derive Bernoulli's equation for measurement of flow of incompressible liquids. M 5
3. Differentiate between mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate.
Calculate the volumetric flow rate in liters per second through a 40cm diameter pipe, if
the average velocity is 3 m/s? 2+3 H 4
4. Classify the different types of orifice plates and explain their suitable application areas.
E 6

Long Questions

1. Describe the different tapping positions for fluid flow lines in orifice flow meters?
Explain the working principle of variable area type flowmeter. E 3
2. List down the advantages and disadvantages of rotameter.
Describe the operations of electromagnetic flowmeter and mention it’s limitations. M 1

Unit 5
 1. Dipsticks are used for the _______
a) Pressure measurement b) Flow measurement
b) Displacement measurement d) Level measurement
2. Which of the following level-measurement technologies cannot be adapted to measure
solid (powder) level in a vessel?
a) Float and tape b) Radar
c) Ultrasonic d) Load cell
3. In ultrasonic level gauge, the ultrasonic source is placed at the
a) Bottom of the vessel containing the liquid
b) Top of the vessel containing the liquid
c) Middle of the vessel containing the liquid
d) Far from the vessel containing the liquid
4. What is the elementary block of an Ultrasonic level measurement system?
a) RTD b) Piezoelectric crystal
c) Float d) Parallel plate capacitor
5. Which types of floats may be used in the float type level indicator?
a) Hollow metal spheres b) Cylindrical shaped
c) Disc shaped floats d) All of the above
6. The capacitive method of level measurement is used for measurement of ____ liquids.
a) non-conductive b) conductive
c) Both (1) and (2) d) None of the above
7. The most common application of float type level measurement is
a) To monitor the fuel tank level in motor vehicle
b) Measurement of the flow of petrol in pump
c) Bernal control of LPG
d) All of these

Short questions

1. How a pressure sensor can be used for level measurement in a liquid tank?
Determine the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid in a closed tank if the height of the liquid
is given as 15 m. (Given: Density of water 1 gm/ml, g= 9.8 m/S2) 2+3
2. List the different types of float type devices.