HAZARD RISK & VULNERABILITY

ANALYSIS OF
LAWNGTLAI DISTRICT

DISASTER MANAGEMENT & REHABILITATION DEPARTMENT

GOVERNMENT OF MIZORAM
 CONTENTS

Page No.

FOREWORD i
PREFACE ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii
LIST OF FIGURE iv
LIST OF TABLES v

CHAPTER – 1 KEY TERMINOLOGY AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1

CHAPTER - 2 PHYSICAL SETTINGS AND PROFILE 5

2.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT 5
2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5
2.3 CLIMATE 6
2.4 TEMPERATURE 7
2.5 RAINFALL 9
2.6 HUMIDITY 9
2.7 WIND 11
2.8 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 11
2.9 LAND USE AND LAND COVER 15
2.10 DRAINAGE SYSTEM 16
2.11 SLOPE 17
2.12 ASPECT 18
2.13 ALTITUDE 18

CHAPTER - 3 HAZARDS ANALYSIS 27

3.1 LANDSLIDE 27
3.2 EARTHQUAKE 30
3.3 WIND AND CYCLONE 38
3.4 FLOOD 40
3.5 CLOUDBURST 44
3.6 FIRE INCIDENCE 45
3.7 RECORDS OF PREVIOUS DISASTER 47
3.8 MULTI – HAZARD MAPPING 47

CHAPTER - 4 VULNERABILITY AND RISK ANALYSIS 51

4.1 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS 51
4.2 PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY INDICATOR 51
4.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY INDICATOR 57
4.4 RISK ANALYSIS 84
4.5 RISK BASED ON LANDSLIDE AND VULNERABILITY 84
4.6 RISK BASED ON EARTHQUAKE AND VULNERABILITY 90
4.7 RISK BASED ON WIND & CYCLONE AND VULNERABILITY 96
4.8 RISK BASED ON FLOOD AND VULNERABILITY 102

CHAPTER - 5 CRITICAL FACILITIES 107

5.1 ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL FACILITIES 107
5.2 ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS 107
5.3 MEDICAL FACILITIES 109
5.4 CHEMICAL CONCERN 110
5.5 POLICE ESTABLISHMENTS ` 110
5.6 HELIPAD AND PLAYGROUNDS 111
5.7 RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITH PARAMILITARY AND OTHERS 112
5.8 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS 112
5.9 OTHERS 114

CONCLUSION 120
REFERENCES 122
 FOREWORD

Analysis of Hazard Risk Vulnerability of any area is an onerous task – much more so
when it is multiple Hazard Risk Vulnerabilities of an entire District

Dr Lalrokima Chenkual, Head Faculty, Disaster Management Centre, Administrative

Training Institute, Aizawl who happen to be one of the few Disaster Management specialists in
Mizoram has brought out successfully Hazard Risk Vulnerability Analysis of Lawngtlai District.

This Hazard Risk Vulnerability Analysis is indeed quite impressive and is interspersed
with critical maps – Geology, Geomorphology, land cover, drainage, slope aspect, transport network
and settlement maps of the District.

Apart from general analysis of the District in its entirety, it displays all the major Hazards
namely Wind and Cyclone, Floods, Fire, Cloudbursts, Landslides and Earthquakes in the form of
maps, diagram and photographs.

I am quite sure that the Department of Disaster Management & Rehabilitation of

Mizoram and staff of District Disaster Management Authority, Lawngtlai will find the analysis
illuminating and useful in their struggle against Disasters of any kind in the District of Lawngtlai.

I wish that maximum benefits may be derived from this Analysis by maximum numbers
of readers

Dated Aizawl, the 15th February, 2016

P.C. LALLAWMSANGA I.P.S
Principal Secretary to the Gov’t of Mizoram.
Disaster Management & Rehabilitation Depart.
Government of Mizoram

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 PREFACE

The State Executive Committee, Disaster Management & Rehabilitation, in its meeting
on 28th January, 2015 resolved to entrust the task of studying Hazard Risk Vulnerability Analysis of
Saiha and Lawngtlai District to me (SEC, 28.1.2015 minute, Resolution No. 9). It appears a daunting
proposition and at the same time a great challenge. Different tools and techniques have been used by
different reports on the same topics and selecting most appropriate, available methods itself is a
difficult task. Therefore, the analysis has been done using Remote Sensing and GIS technology.

The study does not attempt to identify which town, village or locality/community are
exposed, prone, susceptible to various hazards and to recommend measures but to analyze and map
the different hazards that affects the districts, the physical, environmental, and socio – economic
vulnerability mapping and analysis of the whole district with emphasis on District Headquarters,
Critical Infrastructure, Resources and Capacity mapping.

It is expected that the analyses will help the administrators, policy makers, and planners
etc. of different level to have a holistic approach on the situation and condition of the District so that
Disaster Resilient Sustainable Developmental Works can be taken up/formulated

I am very grateful to the Department of Disaster Management and Rehabilitation,

Government of Mizoram for giving me this opportunity. Any suggestions and proposal for further
improvement of the study are welcome.

Dr. LALROKIMA CHENKUAL

Head Faculty
Disaster Management Centre
Administrative Training Institute
Mizoram : Aizawl

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS :
AAY : Antyodaya Anna Yojana
AOC : Assam Oil Company Limited
AR : Assam Rifles
BDO : Block Development Officer
BIS : Bureau of Indian Standard
BMTPC : Building Material and Technology Promotion Council
BPL : Below Poverty Line
BRTF : Border Road Task Force
C : Capacity/Capability
CADC : Chakma Autonomous District Council
CRPF : Central Reserve Police Force
O
C : Degree Celsius
DC : Deputy Commissioner
DDMP : District Disaster Management Plan
DEOC : District Emergency Operation Centre
DRDA : District Rural Development Agency
E.E : Executive Engineer
FCS & CA : Food Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs
GIS : Geographical Information System
GPS : Global Positioning System
H : Hazard
IB : Inspection Bungalow
IMD : Indian Meteorological Department
IMR : Indo – Myanmar Range
IRS : Indian Remote Sensing
ISC : International Seismological Centre
LAD : Local Administration Department
LADC : Lai Autonomous District Council
LHZ : Landslide Hazards Zonation
LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LSA : Lai Student Association
LWA : Lai Women Association
MADC : Mara Autonomous District Council
MHIP : Mizoram Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl
MIZOFED : Mizoram State Cooperative Marketing & Consumers Federation Ltd
MOSDAC : Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre
MPRO : Mizoram Police Radio Organisation
MSK : Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale
MSO : Mara Student Organisation
MTP : Mara Thyutlia Py
MURD : Mizoram Urban & Regional Development Acts
N : North
NGO : Non-Governmental Organisation
N-S : North - South
NEIST : North East Institute of Science & Technology
OP : Out Post
PGA : Peak Ground Acceleration
PHC : Primary Health Centre
PHE : Public Health Engineering Department
P&E : Power & Electricity Department
PS : Police Station
PWD : Public Work Department
R : Risk
RCC : Reinforce Cement Concrete
SEC : State Executive Committee
SC : Sub - Centre
SDC : Sub Deputy Commissioner
SOI : Survey of India
USGS : United State Geological Survey
V : Vulnerability
WRC : Wet Rice Cultivation
WT : Wireless Telegraph
YCA : Young Chakma Association
YLA : Young Lai Association
YMA : Young Mizo Association.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. 1.1 : Location Map of the Study Area i.e Lawngtlai District

Figure No. 2.1 : Average mean, maximum and minimum temperature (in oC) of Lawngtlai district during 1986 – 2011
Figure No. 2.2 : Average monthly rainfall (in mm) of Lawngtlai District during 1986 – 2011
Figure No. 2.3 : Geology of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 2.4 : Geomorphology Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 2.5 : Land use/ Land Cover Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 2.6 : Drainage Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 2.7 : Slope Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 2.8 : Aspect Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 2.9 : Transport Network and Settlement Map of Lawngtlai District.

Figure No. 3.1 : Landslide Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai District.

Figure No. 3.2 : Landslide Hazard Zonation Map of Saiha Town.
Figure No. 3.3(a) : Seismic Hazard Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 3.3(b) : Seismic Hazard Map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 3.4(a) : Wind and Cyclone Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 3.4(b) : Wind and Cyclone Hazard map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 3.5 : Flood Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 3.6 : Multi Hazard Map of Lawngtlai District.

Figure No. 4.1(a) : RCC house type map of Lawngtlai District.

Figure No. 4.1(b) : RCC structure mixed with Assam type houses map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.1(c) : Assam type mixed with Kutcha houses map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.2(a) : Population density map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.2(b) : Population density map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.3 (a) : Total population map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.3 (b) : Total population of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.3 (c) : Total Household Map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.4 : Sex ratio map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.5 : Elder’s population Map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.6 : Children’s population map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.7 : Literacy rate map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.8 : Average pregnant women map of Lawngtlai District
Figure No. 4.9 (a) : Low Income Group map of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.9 (b) : Low Income Group map of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.10(a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Landslide Hazard of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.10(b) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Landslide Hazard of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.11(a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Earthquake Hazard of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.11(b) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Earthquake Hazard of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.12(a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Cyclone Hazard of Lawngtlai District.
Figure No. 4.12(b) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Cyclone Hazard of Lawngtlai Town.
Figure No. 4.13 : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Flood Hazard of Lawngtlai District.

Figure No. 5.1 : Map showing Critical Facilities in Lawngtlai District

Figure No. 5.2 : Map showing critical facilities in Lawngtlai Town
Figure No. 5.3 : Map showing Medical Facilities within Lawngtlai District

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 LIST OF TABLES :

Table No. 2.1 : Average mean, maximum and minimum temperature of Lawngtlai district during 1986 - 2011
Table No. 2.2 : Average monthly rainfall (in mm) of Lawngtlai District during 1986 - 2011
Table No. 2.3 : Monthly Average Humidity

Table No. 3.1 : Ratings for parameters and categories for landslide zonation
Table No. 3.2 : Area statistics of LHZ of Lawngtlai District
Table No. 3.3 : Area statistics of Earthquake hazard zones of Lawngtlai District
Table No. 3.4 : Weightage Value of parameters for Wind and Cyclone
Table No. 3.5 : Area Statistic of Wind and Cyclone Hazard zones of Lawngtlai District
Table No. 3.6 : Area Statistics of Flood Prone Zones of Lawngtlai District
Table No. 3.7 : Rainfall Data during May 1995.
Table No. 3.8 : Fire Incidence Recorded within Lawngtlai District 2012-2015.
Table No. 3.9 : Records of previous disasters within Lawngtlai district.
Table No. 3.10 : Relative priorities of the natural hazards, their influences and Weightages
Table No. 3.11 : Area Statistics of Multi-Hazard Zones of Lawngtlai District

Table No. 4.1 (a) : Statistics of house type of Lawngtlai district as per Census 2011
Table No. 4.1 (b) : Statistics of house type of Lawngtlai Town
Table No. 4.2 : Vulnerability statistics based on population density of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.3 : Vulnerability statistics based on total population of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.4 : Household, Population, Sex ratio, LIG, Av. Preg, Children Pop., Literacy, Elder Pop.
Table No. 4.5 : Vulnerability statistics based on sex-ratio of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.6 : Vulnerability statistics based on elders’ population of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.7 : Vulnerability statistics based on children’s population of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.8 : Vulnerability statistics based on literacy rate of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.9 : Vulnerability statistics based on average pregnant women in Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.10 : Numbers of Pregnancies in Lawngtlai District during 2011-2012 to 2015 – 2016 (upto Sept., 2015)
Table No. 4.11 : Vulnerability statistics based on economy of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.12 : Number of BPL and AAY Family within Lawngtlai town
Table No. 4.13 : Number of BPL and AAY Family with no of household and Population within Lawngtlai District
Table No. 4.14 : Numbers of People with Physical Disability within Lawngtlai District.
Table No. 4.15 : Risk based on landslide hazard of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.16 : Risk based on earthquake hazard of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.17 : Risk based on wind & cyclone hazard of Lawngtlai district
Table No. 4.18 : Risk based on Flood hazard of Lawngtlai district

Table No. 5.1 : List of Some Important Telephone Numbers

Table No. 5.2 : List of Health Facilities in Lawngtlai District.
Table No. 5.3 : List of Helipads (Maintained and not maintained) in Lawngtlai District
Table No. 5.4 : List of some NGOs in Lawngtlai District

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 CHAPTER 1

KEY TERMINOLOGY AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1.1 HAZARD

The word Hazard owes its origin to the word hazard in old French and Az-zahr in Arabic meaning ‘chance’ or
‘luck’. It may be defined as “Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a
disaster”. They could be either man made or naturally occurring in our environment. It is also described as ‘any
phenomenon, substance or situation, which has the potential to cause disruption or damage to infrastructure and services,
people, their property and their environment’. Hazards are potentially damaging physical events, natural phenomenon or
human activity that may cause the loss of life, injury, property damages, social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation. Hazards could be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.

1.2 DISASTER
The term Disaster owes its origin to the French word ‘Desastre” which is a combination of two words ‘des’
meaning bad or evil and ‘astre’ meaning star. The combined expression is Bad or Evil Star’. In earlier days a disaster was
considered to be the loss due to some unfavourable star. A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the
functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the
community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. The United Nations defines disaster as “…the occurrence
of a sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society (or community).
According to Disaster Management Act 2005, Disaster means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any
area arising from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human
suffering or damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to, or degradation of environment, and is of such nature or
magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.
Hazard and disaster are closely related. A hazard is a natural event while the disaster is its consequences. A
hazard is a perceived natural event which threatens both life and property while a disaster is the culmination of such hazard.
A hazard becomes a disaster when it hits an area affecting the normal life system and a disaster is the product of a hazard
such as earthquake, landslide, Fire etc coinciding with a vulnerable situation, which might include communities, cities, town
or villages. A disaster occurs when hazard interacts with vulnerability. For example, if an earthquake (hazard) occurs, a
structurally safe building will withstand the shock (resistant), but a house/building (vulnerable) may collapse; creating a
disaster for the dwellers.

1.3 RISK
Risk is defines as the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interaction between natural or human
induces hazards and vulnerable condition. It is a measure of the expected losses due to hazard event of a particular
magnitude occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of particular hazardous
events and the losses each would cause. Acceptable Risk is the level of potential losses that a society or community
considers acceptable given existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental condition. The level
of risk depends upon nature of the hazard and vulnerability of elements which affected social/economic value of those
elements, which may be expressed by the notation
RISK ~ Hazard X Vulnerability / (Capacity).
R ~ H x V /C

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1.4 VULNERABILITY
It is a set of conditions resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors that increase the
susceptibility of a community to the effects of hazards. In other words, it is extent to which a community, structure, services
or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature,
construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area”. It is a concept which describes factors or
constraints of an economic, social, physical or geographic nature, which reduce the ability of a community to prepare for
and cope with the impact of hazards. Disasters affect population where there is physical, infrastructural, environmental or
socio-economic vulnerability. For a multi-hazard prone state, it is essential to ensure that vulnerability and risk reduction
aspects are taken into account for all developmental plans and programmes.
A more vulnerable group is defined as a group which has some special needs in a disaster and cannot
comfortably or safely access; and use the standard resources offered in disaster preparedness, relief and recovery.
Vulnerable Group includes young children, old aged, people with disabilities (physically and mentally challenged), women
like pregnant & lactating women, people with critical needs, poor, minority etc. The vulnerable groups are those that also
find it hardest to reconstruct their livelihoods following disaster

1.5 CAPACITY
It refers to physical, human and social capital inherent in a community. It is a combination of all the strengths
and resources available within a community, society or organisation that determine its resilience in the face of a disaster
catastrophe. It can also be defines as “resources, means and strengths which exist in households and communities and which
enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”. It may also be described as
capability. Capability is the ability to protect one's community, home & family, and re-establish one's livelihood i.e coping
mechanism to a disaster.

1.6 HAZARD ANALYSIS

It refers to prioritizing disasters based on its frequency and analysis of the estimated losses for a long period of
duration. This is an important activity as its forms the basis for preparedness and mitigation plans and it can be undertaken
by reviewing and analyzing the vital information like kind and nature of disaster and hazards, warning issued, damaged
caused, response mechanism, relief and rehabilitation process, traditional methods of coping, gaps in management and
lessons learnt.

1.7 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

The process of vulnerability analysis aims to highlight the weakness in the existing scenario of the area in
terms of human beings as well as infrastructure. It involves identifying the location of the more vulnerable population like
Children, old, handicapped, pregnant & lactating women, poor, minority etc and identifying the vulnerable infrastructure
like kutcha houses or weak structure, low lying areas, drinking water resources, communication lines, roads, livelihoods etc.

1.8 CAPACITY/RESOURCE ANALYSIS

Resources Analysis focuses on identifying locally available assets and resources that can be utilised for
building the capacities of the community during and after disaster. The local community has a lot of in built strength and
capacity for responding to disaster. Apart from government machineries and resources, it could be NGOs and individuals
with specific skill and knowledge. The process would involve identifying government institutions, safe houses and building,
elevated uplands and structure, health & medical facilities, skill human resources, volunteers etc. Thus assessment of
resources would involve two components:
a) Human resources assessment
b) Material Resources assessment.

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1.9 RISK ANALYSIS/ASSESSMENT
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to hazard event of a particular magnitude occurring in a given area
over a specific time period. The tool is based on determining the risk by analyzing the vulnerabilities and capacities of the
area related to each hazard. On the basis of analysis the risk is determined for a particular hazard in a ranking order.
Risk analysis is the systematic use of available information to determine the likelihood of occurrence of certain
events and the magnitude of their impact. It includes identifying the nature, extent and risk of threat, determining the
existence and degree of vulnerability, identifying the capabilities and available resources, determining acceptable level of
risk, cost benefit considerations etc. Risk assessment is a methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by
analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could pose a potentially threat
or harm to people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. The process of conducting a
risk assessment is based on a review of both the technical features of hazards such as their location, intensity, frequency
and probability; and environmental dimensions of vulnerability and exposure, while taking particular account of the coping
capabilities pertinent to the risk scenarios.

1.10 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Natural disasters like earthquake, landslide, cyclone, flood and volcanic eruption have always constituted major
problems in many parts of the world. With its relative immature topography, complex geologic and active tectonic
conditions, Mizoram is also vulnerable to various natural hazards. Rapid growth of population and urbanization with
unplanned anthropogenic activities in steep slopes, in areas with complex geologic structures and other hazardous areas
have increased the vulnerability of the people towards natural hazards. Most natural disasters are complex phenomena
caused by large sets of factors. Thus, prediction of disasters in space and time is a very difficult task. It requires acquisition
and analysis of various resources maps and historical data in spatial domain and non-spatial domains. In spite of these
constrains, several sound hazard investigations have been carried out which can be utilized along with vulnerability factors
for risk assessment of an area.
Like other districts of Mizoram, Lawngtlai district is also characterized by hilly terrain, high degree of slope,
soft sedimentary deposits and complex geologic structural disposition. Hence, it is vulnerable to all kinds of natural hazards,
be it landslide, earthquake, flood, cyclone and wind. Therefore, the probable natural hazards, the physical and societal
vulnerability need to be systematically analyzed and calculated for risk assessment of the area. Keeping all this in mind, the

State Executive Committee, Disaster Management & Rehabilitation on its meeting on 28th January, 2015 resolved that
Hazard, Risk and Vulnerabilty Analysis of Lawngtlai must be undertaken.
The analysis of hazards, vulnerability and risk assessment make use of recent sophisticated technology called
geospatial technology. Hence, modern technologies like Geographical information System (GIS), Global Positioning
Satellite (GPS) and Remote Sensing will form the basic components of the report. Advent of geospatial technology permits
swift and cost effective survey and management of natural disasters.

1.11 OBJECTIVES
The following are the main objectives of the projects:
1). Hazard mapping of major disasters like Landslide, Earthquake, cyclone and Flood including Chemical Hazards on 1 :
50,000 scale.
2). Generation of multi hazard map.
3). Physical, Environmental, Capacity and socio – Economic vulnerability mapping and analysis of the whole district with
emphasis on District Headquarters.
4). Risk assessment integrating hazard and vulnerability analysis.
5). Analysis on critical infrastructure and resources
3
Figure No. 1.1: Location Map of the Study Area i.e Lawngtlai District

4
 CHAPTER-2

PHYSICAL SETTINGS AND PROFILE

2.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT

Lawngtlai district is located to the south-western part of Mizoram between 22o 47’ 08.89” and 22o 26’ 32.65”
N Latitudes and 92o 31’ 03.29” and 92o 58’ 50.86” E Longitudes (Figure No. 1.1). It is bounded to the north by Lunglei
district, on the south by Myanmar and part of Bangladesh, on the east by Myanmar and Saiha district, and to the west by
Bangladesh. The total geographical area of Lawngtlai district is 2557 sq. Km, which accounts for 12.13 % of the total
geographical area of the state. Lawngtlai district falls in the Survey of India Topo sheet Nos. 84 B/9, 84 B/10, 84 B/11, 84
B/12, 84 B/13, 84 B/14, 84 B/15, 84 B/16, 84 F/1, 84 F/2, 84 F/3 and 84 C/9.

Administrative Sub – Divisions :

Chawngte, Sangau and Lawngtlai (Sadar) Sub-Divisions.
Rural Development Block :
Lawngtlai, Chawngte, Sangau and Bungtlang ‘S’
No. of Educational Institution:
Primary School - 189
Middle School - 85
High School - 32
Higher Secondary School - 03
Colleges - 02

Population of the District (2011 Census) :- 117,894 (10.74% of population of the State)
Male - 60,599
Female - 57,295
Sex ratio : 945: 1000
Density of Population : 46 person per sq. km
Rural Population : 82.33%
Urban Population : 17.67%
No. of household : 18,205 Nos
Literacy rate : 65.88% (Lowest in the state)

2.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Prior to 1998, Lawngtlai District was a part of undivided Chhimtuipui District comprising of Saiha and
Lawngtlai District. The History of Lawngtlai district as part of Mizoram dated back to the days of Lal’s (Chiefs).
On 21st February 1888 before down, Lai Chief Dokulha Chinzah attacked the survey team and killed Lt. Steward, two
English men and other army. Punitive expedition had to sent to punished the raid, ultimately Lawngtlai district came under
the control of British after the expedition of 1889.
The north Lushai Hills was placed under the control of the Chief Commissioner of Assam and the South
Lushai Hills under the control of the Lt. Governor, now Bangladesh. The eastern part of South Lushai Hills extension was

5
also cut off by the Chin Hills Regulation Act 1894, which were new embedded to Burma on April 1st 1989, the south Lushai
Hills was combined again with the north Lushai Hills and placed under the Chief Commissioner of Assam.
The Pawi – Lakher Regional Council was constituted by the Government of Assam, under the sixth scheduled,
the Pawi – Lakher Autonomous Region Rules, 1952 was enacted. After some years of administrative experience, the
government granted separate three district councils for Lais, Maras and Chakmas having its headquarters at Lawngtlai,
Saiha and Chawngte respectively on 2nd April, 1972. Meanwhile, Union Territory was also constituted in Mizoram and the
Pawi – Lakher Regional Council was automatically dissolved. The Pawi name was changed into Lai by the Sixth Scheduled
to the Constitution of India Amendment Act 1988 (No. 67 of 1988) subsequently, the name of the district was changed to
Lai Autonomous District Council on May, 1989. Till then, Lawngtlai District was part of the undivided Chhimtuipui
District having its headquarter at Saiha and Lawngtlai as one of the sub-division. On the 11th November, 1998 (vide :
Government of Mizoram Notification No. A. 60011/21/95-GAD, Dated Aizawl 11th November, 1998), the district was
created with its headquarters at Lawngtlai and now formed one of the eight districts of Mizoram state.
The name of Lawngtlai itself has a meaning ‘lawng’ means ‘ship’ and ‘tlai’ means ‘late’. In the olden days,
people used ship/boat to cross the Chhimtuipui river, so in order to cross that, they have to reach the river when the
ship/boat is there, hence, the meaning ‘we might be late for boat/ship’ i.e “Lawng kan tlai ang e”
In comparison with other districts in Mizoram, Lawngtlai District has certain uniqueness and peculiarity. There
are two autonomous district councils within the district viz. Lai Autonomous District (LAD) and Chakma Autonomous
District (CAD) with their headquarters at Lawngtlai and Chawngte respectively. Having separate autonomous legislature,
the Lais and the Chakmas administered their respective autonomous regions whereas Civil administration including all
kinds of criminal cases came under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Commissioner (DC), all cases trial able under customary
laws are vested within the jurisdiction of the autonomous district councils.

2.3 CLIMATE

The climate of Mizoram as a whole is controlled by its location, physiographic conditions, pressure regime in
the North West India and Bay of Bengal, warm and moist maritime tropical air masses from the Bay of Bengal, Local
Mountain and valley winds. In addition, the Chin Hills, Aracan Yoma Hill Tracts and Chittagong Hill Tracts also play an
important role in shaping the climatic condition of the state.
Lawngtlai district as a whole enjoys a moderate climate owing to its tropical location. It is neither very hot nor
too cold throughout the year. Yet the district is experiencing various weather conditions due to variation in altitudes. Eastern
part of the district i.e. Sangau Rural Development area, is higher in elevation than the midlle and western part of the district.
The highest mountain of Mizoram ‘Phawngpui’ is located in this area, and hence enjoys a cooler weather condition than the
middle areas where Lawngtlai, the capital of the district is situated. And again the western most part of the district i.e.
Chakma district Council areas being located on low altitudes enjoys still a warmer climatic condition than Lawngtlai areas.
And the district falls under the direct influence of the south west monsoon. As such the area receives an adequate amount of
rainfall which is responsible for a humid tropical climate characterized by short winter and long summer with heavy rainfall.
Depending on the variation in temperature and general weather conditions, four different types of seasons are
observed for the district. They are as follows:
The cold or winter season (Thlasik): This season starts from the month of December to first half of February.
This is the coldest season of the year. During this period rainfall is much less as compare to other seasons, and whatever
amount rainfall received is originated from North East Monsoon, generally known as the retreating monsoon. This season
is very pleasant with clear blue sky in the absence of cloud covering and all the people of Mizoram are in festive mood
since the most celebrated festival of the Mizos ‘Christmas’ occurs during this season.

6
 Spring season (Thal): This is the shortest season of the year. It starts from the second half of the February to
the first half of March. Temperature is mild during this period and the sky is clear and the Mizo people are accustomed to
build new houses during this season as there are no weather disturbances during the period.
Summer season / Rainy season (Fur): This is the longest season covering about seven months starting from
the second half of March till the first half of October. The early part of this season i.e. from second half of March till First
half of May is characterized by bright sunshine and clear sky with little or no cloud till it is disrupted by the coming of
Monsoon showers. May and June are the hottest months in the district and maximum insolation is received during this
season.
A study from the daily rainfall records reveals that the heavy outpour generally starts from the second quarter
of May and this heavy outpour is usually subsides in the first quarter of October. Rainfall during May, June, July, August &
September i.e. 5 months alone contributed 80.73 % of the total annual rainfall. This is the season when the cyclonic rains
are often felt. The temperature remains high, but is kept down to a considerable extent by the usual rains.
Autumn season (Favang): This season covers for a period generally starting from the second part of October
to November. The season is very pleasant and the summer rain already diminished. This is the season the Mizos are longing
for, since they have no undone jobs in their jhum fields, just waiting for the ripening of their paddies. People are in festive
moods. During this time one of Mizo festivals called ‘Mim kut’ was used to celebrate but now what we called ‘Thalfavang
kut’ takes the name instead and is celebrated with joy.

2.4 TEMPERATURE

General information about the temperature conditions of Lawngtlai district is made through the analysis of the
temperature data obtained from 71 RCC, BRTF, Lawngtlai, located within the township of Lawngtlai in the study area for a
period of 25 years since 1986– 2011 and is shown in Table 2.1 and Fig. 2.1. The district experience a warm summer and
yet due to the prevalence of monsoon showers; the temperature is kept down to a considerable extent.
The salient thermo-characteristic of Lawngtlai district is that temperature does not fluctuate much throughout
the year. The highest temperature is observed during the month of June. The temperature remains high, but thereafter, the
onset of Monsoon (Fur) brings down the temperature. May and June are the warmest months with mean daily maximum at
24.3oC and 24.54°C respectively. And the highest maximum temperature recorded was 38°C in the month of June, 1995.
The temperature started to fall down sharply from the month of November and it is minimized in December
and January. January is the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 23.52°C and the mean daily
minimum of 7.52°C. However, the lowest minimum temperature was recorded at 1°C in December 1991.

7
 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1986 26.0 8.0 29.0 8.0 29.0 10.0 29.5 16.0 31.0 17.0 32.0 17.0 31.5 16.0 30.0 16.0 32.0 15.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 11.0 28.0 7.0
1987 28.0 8.0 31.5 9.0 34.5 13.0 34.5 10.0 36.0 9.0 35.5 15.0 30.0 17.0 28.0 19.0 25.0 19.0 27.0 17.0 27.0 12.0 25.0 8.0
1988 20.0 7.0 23.0 10.0 29.0 14.0 33.0 16.0 30.0 17.0 30.0 18.0 28.0 18.0 25.0 19.0 26.0 18.0 25.0 17.0 23.0 12.0 26.0 9.0
1989 18.0 5.0 23.0 10.0 30.0 14.0 32.0 12.0 33.0 18.0 33.0 18.0 27.0 14.0 28.0 18.0 28.0 19.0 26.0 16.0 24.0 8.0 22.0 5.0
1990 23.0 4.0 25.0 9.0 29.0 5.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 14.0 30.0 17.0 28.0 16.0 28.0 17.0 29.0 16.0 28.0 13.0 28.0 10.0 22.0 6.0
1991 21.0 5.0 27.0 9.0 31.0 16.0 33.0 12.0 30.0 15.0 30.0 16.0 30.0 16.0 34.0 16.0 30.0 16.0 29.0 16.0 26.0 12.0 23.0 1.0
1992 20.0 4.0 24.0 9.0 33.0 12.0 35.0 20.0 36.0 18.0 37.0 20.0 32.0 21.0 30.0 17.0 29.0 14.0 29.0 14.0 27.0 8.0 23.0 4.0
1993 23.0 3.0 25.0 5.0 27.0 9.0 32.0 14.0 30.0 12.0 29.0 14.0 28.0 12.0 27.0 13.0 29.0 15.0 29.0 14.0 26.0 11.0 23.0 5.0
1994 24.0 6.0 27.0 8.0 31.0 13.0 36.0 13.0 34.0 19.0 31.0 15.0 31.0 16.0 30.0 15.0 32.0 17.0 30.0 14.0 26.0 10.0 21.0 8.0
1995 21.0 6.0 26.0 10.0 33.0 10.0 36.0 10.0 33.0 12.0 38.0 14.0 37.0 18.0 33.0 19.0 33.0 20.0 32.0 19.0 31.0 12.0 26.0 8.0
1996 27.0 9.0 27.0 11.0 33.0 14.0 34.0 15.0 34.0 15.0 33.0 18.0 31.0 19.0 31.0 18.0 36.0 12.0 31.0 16.0 29.0 12.0 26.0 8.5
1997 23.0 7.0 26.0 10.0 32.0 12.0 33.0 13.0 35.0 13.0 32.0 17.0 30.0 18.0 30.0 18.0 30.0 18.0 28.0 15.0 28.0 13.0 25.0 10.0
1998 24.0 9.0 26.0 11.0 30.0 12.0 32.0 15.0 33.0 18.0 30.0 19.0 30.0 19.0 28.0 19.0 30.0 19.0 30.0 18.0 28.0 15.0 25.0 10.0
1999 25.0 11.0 30.0 13.0 33.0 15.0 35.0 17.0 35.0 12.0 30.0 18.0 28.0 18.0 30.0 18.0 28.0 17.0 29.0 18.0 26.0 12.0 24.0 10.0
2000 25.0 11.0 27.0 11.0 32.0 15.0 33.0 18.0 32.0 19.0 33.0 18.0 33.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 31.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 28.0 14.0 25.0 10.0
2001 26.0 8.0 29.0 13.0 35.0 18.0 37.0 20.0 33.0 19.0 30.0 20.0 32.0 20.0 32.0 20.0 32.0 18.0 30.0 17.0 29.0 13.0 26.0 10.0
2002 23.0 10.0 31.0 10.0 35.0 16.0 35.0 16.0 34.0 20.0 31.0 19.0 30.0 10.0 31.0 18.0 30.0 17.0 30.0 15.0 28.0 14.0 23.0 10.0
2003 22.0 10.0 28.0 11.0 30.0 11.0 35.0 16.0 33.0 15.0 30.0 17.0 29.0 19.0 28.0 18.0 28.0 18.0 28.0 18.0 26.0 11.0 21.0 8.0
2004 21.0 8.0 27.0 8.0 31.0 12.0 30.0 12.0 33.0 16.0 30.0 16.0 30.0 17.0 31.0 18.0 28.0 17.0 29.0 16.0 26.0 10.0 23.0 10.0
2005 26.0 8.0 29.0 10.0 31.0 13.0 33.0 15.0 33.0 16.0 33.0 18.0 29.0 18.0 29.0 17.0 31.0 17.0 29.0 17.0 26.0 11.0 24.0 10.0
2006 24.0 9.0 30.0 13.0 33.0 20.0 33.0 18.0 39.0 16.0 30.0 17.0 30.0 18.0 30.0 18.0 30.0 18.0 30.0 17.0 28.0 13.0 23.0 9.0
2007 23.0 8.0 25.0 10.0 32.0 16.0 33.0 18.0 35.0 18.0 34.0 18.0 30.0 17.0 31.0 18.0 31.0 18.0 30.0 15.0 25.0 11.0 22.0 8.0
2008 22.0 7.0 23.0 7.0 26.0 7.0 32.0 15.0 35.0 18.0 36.0 20.0 32.0 17.0 30.0 16.0 30.0 17.0 30.0 18.0 28.0 11.0 22.0 10.0
2009 20.0 10.0 22.0 12.0 29.0 19.0 33.0 23.0 35.0 27.0 33.0 24.0 33.0 21.0 24.0 19.0 30.0 18.0 29.0 18.0 25.0 16.0 17.0 9.0
2010 24.0 12.0 26.0 18.0 32.0 22.0 33.0 23.0 34.0 22.0 33.0 17.0 33.0 18.0 36.0 19.0 30.0 17.0 32.0 17.0 29.0 13.0 22.0 14.0
2011 18.0 7.0 26.0 11.0 33.0 16.0 36.0 19.0 35.0 19.0 30.0 18.0 34.0 18.0 29.0 19.0 31.0 17.0 29.0 18.0 26.0 16.0 19.0 11.0

Average 23.0 7.7 26.6 10.2 31.3 13.6 33.4 15.6 33.5 16.7 32.1 17.6 30.6 17.3 29.7 17.8 30.0 17.2 29.2 16.3 27.0 12.0 23.3 8.4
Avg Max 23.0 26.6 31.3 33.0 33.5 32.1 30.6 30.0 30.0 29.2 27.0 23.3
Avg Min 7.7 10.2 13.6 15.6 16.7 17.6 17.3 17.8 17.2 16.3 12.0 8.4
Avg Mean 15.4 18.4 22.5 24.3 25.1 24.9 24.0 23.9 23.6 22.8 19.5 15.9

Table No. 2.1 : Average mean, maximum

maximum and minimum temperature of Lawngtlai district during 1986 - 2011

Figure No. 2.1 : Average mean, maximum and minimum temperature (in oC) of Lawngtlai district during 1986 - 2011

8
2.5 RAINFALL

The entire state of Mizoram is under the direct influence of South West monsoon; hence Lawngtlai district also
receives an adequate amount of rainfall during the monsoon season. The study of the available rainfall data reveals that the
heavy rainfall starts from the second part of May and ended in the second part of October. The average rainfall for
Lawngtlai district is 2314mm per annum and the highest average rainfall received during a particular month was 828.4 mm
recorded in July, 1997.
Precipitation is heavy during summer. This coincidence of the occurrence of south west monsoon with the
summer makes the climate favourable for inhabitants of the district since the temperature is kept down to a considerable
extent by the usual rains. Normally July and August are the rainiest months while December and January are the driest
months.
The monthly rainfall data for the district recorded for a period of twenty years i.e. 1986 – 2005 is shown in
Table 2.2 and the monthly average rainfall and maximum & minimum rainfall of the district is also shown in the graphical
form in Figure 2.2.

2.6 HUMIDITY

Humidity is a general term referring to the water vapour content of air at any one time and place. Of the various
components of atmosphere, water vapour constitutes only a small fraction varying from nearly zero to about 4 per cent by
volume. However, the meteorological significance of even this very small percentage of water in the air cannot be over-
emphasized. In fact, in the heat budget as well as in day to day weather changes that we observed, atmospheric moisture
plays a very important role.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the air’s water vapour content to its water vapour capacity and being directly
related to the rate of evaporation, it affects man’s comfort. Although the humidity data for Lawngtlai district could not be
tabulated in the report due to unavailability for the district, the humidity of Lawngtlai district is more or less the same with
the neighbouring districts where the average humidity does not fluctuate much throughout the year i.e. about 78 % and
hence the weather condition of different parts of the district are more or less the same. The higher the humidity value,
slower is the rate of evaporation. And hence, because of high relative humidity the rate of evaporation from the soil is
somewhat slow, and the vegetations get the benefits.

9
 LAWNGTLAI DISTRICT
RAINFALL DATA
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
1986 0 0 33 268 25 546 417 582 291 326 106 0 2594
1987 5 0 20 124 66 480 431 442 429 165 138 0 2300
1988 0 0 34 127 345 490 500 392 308 180 97 0 2473
1989 0 27 0 128 99 407 500 447 465 405 0 0 2478
1990 0 17 118 288 332 439 481 498 474 68 155 26 2896
1991 62 0 34 211 689 561 331 305 455 318 24 10 3000
1992 6 162 4 94 179 415 489 405 355 297 64 21 2491
1993 22 192 70 53 390 511 470 372 312 276 50 0 2718
1994 0 0 260 57 162 127 479 365 175 132 79 0 1836
1995 0 0 0 9 300 442 517 480 331 245 162 0 2486
1996 0 5 190 16 131 242 303 250 534 306 0 0 1977
1997 9 0 151 191 326 333 1070 225 300 42 0 30 2677
1998 12 3 62 60 673 412 830 432 385 76 1 0 2946
1999 0 0 2 20 468 642 421 399 325 404 32 49 2762
2000 10 5 20 203 611 518 261 524 297 222 80 0 2751
2001 0 0 0 74 311 424 312 361 348 233 81 0 2144
2002 13 0 41 55 698 701 892 377 253 74 99 0 3203
2003 0 0 42 27 462 916 323 269 365 367 0 0 2771
2004 0 0 0 525 234 577 554 233 202 115 0 0 2440
2005 0 0 89 160 140 457 416.4 582.1 302 217 97.7 0 2461.2
2006 0 0 0 35 461 557 481 265 149 153 35 0 2136
2007 0 35 11 86 423 519.5 525.5 421.1 579.5 195.5 36 0 2832.1
2008 121 18.5 12 0 162 314.5 419 340 327 158 0 0 1872
2009 0 0 12 123.2 181 439.9 401 552.7 562.3 151 48.1 0 2471.2
2010 0 0 0 33 261.4 423.9 352.3 482.2 271.2 170.3 32 14.7 2041
2011 6.5 6.5 21 66 388 436 376 153 394 42.6 3.9 0 1893.5

Average 10.3 18.1 47.2 116.7 327.6 474.3 482.8 390.5 353.4 205.3 54.6 5.8 2510.3

Table No. 2.2 : Average monthly rainfall (in mm) of Lawngtlai District during 1986 - 2011

Figure No. 2.2 : Average monthly rainfall (in mm) of Lawngtlai District during 1986 – 2011

10
2.7 WIND

The monsoon wind is the most important wind that prevails in Mizoram. During summer, the sub-tropical high
pressure belt and the thermal equator are displaced northward in response to the changing pattern of solar heating of the
earth. From the ocean, particularly from the north Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal, they move towards the land mass and
blow over the Asian continent. These are called South-West monsoon and they usually reach Mizoram during second half of
May and prevails up to the first half of October. The summer monsoon is characterized by highly variable weather with
frequent spells of drought and heavy rains. Besides this, the winter monsoon also prevails which is a gentle drift of air in
which the winds generally blow from the north east. This retreating monsoon causes sporadic rainfall especially in Mizoram
and other north eastern states producing sometimes heavy cyclonic rains.
As evidence from the earlier records, Mizoram state is vulnerable to impact of tropical cyclone which develop
in North Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal), and the cyclones of the Post Monsoon season (October to December) are more
intense than those of Pre-Monsoon season (April &May). Cyclone is associated with strong winds, torrential rains and
storms. The impacts of these cyclones could be devastating as it has often led to loss of properties and even lives. The
impact of cyclone has often led to damages to houses, power line cut-off, blockage of road, damages to crops and
plantations, loss of live stocks, etc. Generally these winds come from the north western part of the state as the winds
originate from the Bay of Bengal. Vulnerability Analysis of Cyclone in Mizoram has been conducted by State Remote
Sensing Centre, Mizoram, and in this report the cyclonic vulnerability has been classified as High, Medium and Low
classes. According to that report there are 139 villages/towns/wards falling in different classes of vulnerability in Lawngtlai
district. Out of this, sixteen villages (i.e. 11.51%) are falling in the high vulnerable areas; whereas forty four
villages/towns/wards (i.e. 31.65%) are in the medium class and the rest seventy nine villages/towns/wards (i.e. 56.84%) are
in the low vulnerability areas.

2.8 GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

The study area occupies the south-western part of the state and represents a monotonous sedimentary sequence
of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks of Surma Group. The sediments are mainly represented by sandstone, siltstone, shale
and their intermixtures in different proportions. The formations are folded into almost N – S trending doubly plunging
anticlines and corresponding synclines, and affected by longitudinal, oblique and transverse faults of varying magnitudes.
The Geological Survey of India has classified the sediments into different rock stratigraphic units based on the lithological
attributes and topographical variations of the area. An attempt has been made to classify the rocks into various rock
stratigraphic units, but lack of any characteristic rock type and absence of index fossils make it difficult to classify in detail.
Therefore, the sediments are roughly and tentatively classified into four rock units purely on the basis of lithological
assemblage, in the light of the previous works.
Topography: The general topography of the study area varies widely. While the eastern and central parts of
the district are characterized by a rather hilly terrain with a high and prominent relief, the western and south-western parts of
the district, on the other hand, is portrayed by comparatively low and less prominent ridges with several low-lying plains.
An important geomorphic feature within the district is the Chamdur valley plain, which is confined around Chamdur
village along the Tuichawng river. This valley continues along the same river valley from Parva village in the south to
Chawngte town in the north, thus stretching for a distance of about 65 km. The western side of this river valley is
characterised by low and undulating hill ridges of more or less uniform dimensions. The ridges are generally low-dissected,
linear and parallel. Several streams and rivulets made their way through these hillocks, thus forming a network of water
channels. The north-western side of the district is portrayed by a very prominent ridge named Phum Tlang ridge which

11
stretches for a distance of about 25 km. Another important ridge in the area described starts from New Jognasuri village and
continues towards north passing through Charluitlang village and ends just to the north of Vaseitlang village, whose total
length is about 24 km. The south-western boundary of the district runs along the top of a rather high and hilly ridge whose
height ranges from 800 metres to 100 metres.
The western boundary of the district is bounded by Kawrpui lui (Thega Khal) which flows inside the district
near Chhippui village. It flows towards north through a rather smooth terrain along the low and undulating hillocks till it
ultimately enters Lunglei district near Boranasuri village. The total length of the river within the district is about 95 km. A
very important river within the district is Tuichawng river, which starts from Rêng Tlang at the south-westernmost tip of the
district. The river initially flows through a rather rugged terrain amidst ravines and gorges before it finally enters the valley
plain area near Banduk Banga village. As it enters the plain area, the river is calm, smooth and exhibits several meanderings
on its way towards northern direction. It meanders through several important plain areas of the district, of which the famous
Chamdur valley plain deserves special mention. This valley plain spreads for a wide area hosting a network of streams and
river, and is extensively utilized for wetland rice cultivation. The Tuichawng river then continues towards north along a
more or less plain area till it reaches Chawngte town. It then flows through a rough and hilly terrain with a narrow river
channel before it flows out of the district near Uguthsuri village. The Tuichawng river forms the longest river within the
district with a total length of about 140 km.
The topography of the eastern side of the Tuichawng river is represented by parallel and linear ridges of
uniform dimension. The ridges are short and slender, and are traversed by several networks of streams. A very prominent
ridge named Varang Tlang stretches in the north-south direction for about 20 km. before it terminates near M. Kawnpui
village. It then continues towards north as Mualbu Tlang and ends near Chawngte lui in the north after passing through
Mualbu and Hmunlai villages with a total length of about 30 km. An important stream in the central part of the district is
Sekul lui which originates between Diltlang and Hmunnuam villages. It flows in the southern direction along the narrow
channel in between the parallel hill ridges till it is joined by Zocha lui which forms the southern boundary of the district
near Zochachhuah village. It then flows out of the district after flowing for a total distance of about 48 km. within the
district.
Towards the eastern side of Sekul lui, a very important ridge runs along the north-south direction from
Sabualtlang village in the south to the northern boundary near Chawngtelui village. This ridge extends through the entire
district from north to south and passes through Hmawngbu, Tuithumhnar, Hruitezawl, Ngengpuitlang, Bungtlang S and
Hmunnuam villages stretching for a total distance of about 52 km. To the east of this ridge flows Mengpui river which
enters the district from Lunglei district. It flows towards southern direction before it ultimately drains itself into the Tuipui
river (Koladyne) near Saizawh village. The total length of the river within the district is about 45 km.
The eastern side of the Mengpui river stretching from Saizawh village in the south to the northern boundary in
the north, and Kawlchaw village in the east is topographically rather distinct. It is characterised by a rather high relief with
no distinct ridgeline. The hills orient in different directions and steep slopes and escarpments are visible in many
places. Two important ridges, namely Khuangpui Tlang – Pawizahrual Mual and Paithar ridges, separated by Tuiphal lui,
run in the north-south direction. While the former stretches for about 10 km. after it terminates at Mampui Tlang near
Mampui village, Paithar ridge starts from Zote Tlang near Rulkual village and ends near Saikah village after it passes
through Paithar Tlang near Paithar village. Paithar Tlang is topographically important as it forms the second highest peak in
the district with a maximum elevation of 1466 metres. Tuiphal lui is an important stream in the area described with a total
length of about 30 km. within the district. It originates from Pawizahrual Mual near Mampui village and flows towards
south before it ultimately drains into the Mengpui river. The eastern boundary of the district is formed by the Tuipui river
(Koladyne) which flows for a distance of about 77 km. within the district.

12
 The north-eastern part of the district is uniquely characterised by a distinct topography with a predominantly
high altitude. The elevation of the hill ranges generally ranges from 1000 metres to 2000 metres. The highest peak within
the district is Phawngpui tlang (Blue Mountain) which rises to as high as 2157 metres, and forms the highest peak in the
whole of Mizoram. Two prominent ridges namely, Lungzarhtum – Cheural ridge with a length of about 30 km., and
Phawngpui - Sangau ridge whose length is about 23 km., almost run parallel to each other in the north-south direction
separated by Darzo lui. Darzo lui made its source at the foothills of Phawngpui Tlang and flows in the northern direction
before making a left turn after Ralzo lui joins it. It then flows in the north-west direction forming the northern boundary of
the district till it empties itself into the Tuipui lui. The total length of Darzo lui is about 30 km. within the district.
The hill ridges of Phawngpui tlang and its surroundings are characterised by many spectacular scarps and
steep slopes. Besides, minor scarps and steeply sloping hills are distributed in various parts of the district. These scarps are
generally very steep, and made up of hard rock units. The spurs are mainly running in east – west directions. The spurs on
the eastern side of the main ridge are relatively long and gentler than the spurs on the western side.
Geomorphic classes: The main geomorphic classes within the study area include Structural Hills, Valley Fills
and Flood Plains. In addition to these, the western part of the district extending from south-western to north-western parts is
characterized by linear ridges of uniform dimensions. These are taken together as Linear Ridge, which form another
important geomorphic unit. Structural Hill constitutes the main geomorphic class and dominates the study area. Structural
Hill, as the name implies, is of structural origin, associated with folding, faulting and other tectonic processes. Structural
Hill is further divided into three classes, namely - High Structural Hills, Medium Structural Hill and Low Structural Hill on
the basis of their respective heights with reference to the mean sea level.
Valley Fill is of fluvial origin characterised by the unconsolidated sediments deposited by streams or rivers in
an elongated narrow fluvial valley. The Valley Fill is found mainly along the major rivers such as the Tuichawng, Kawrpui
lui, Mengpui lui, Tuiphal lui, Chawngte lui Sekul lui and Tuipui river, and along their tributaries. Besides, it is also found in
between the hillocks along the western flank of the district. Flood Plain is formed by fine sediments, such as gravel, sand
and silt which are deposited along a relatively flat and low-lying plain as a result of fluvial action (inundation of the rivers)
along the major rivers such as Tuichawng, Kawrpui lui and Mengpui lui. Hence, it is predominantly and exclusively found
along the major rivers.
Linear Ridge forms another important geomorphic unit which is characterized by low-dissected, undulating,
parallel and linear ridges of uniform heights and dimensions. It is exclusively found along the western and sothern parts of
the district in addition to the northern parts around Hmunnuam and Diltlang villages. In the western flank of the district, the
Linear Ridge stretches from Silosora village in the south to Borapansuri village in the north, while in the southern area, it
stretches from Tuisentlang village to M. Kawnpui and Ngengpuitlang villages.
Structure: The structural elements noticed within the study area are both primary and secondary in nature. The
rocks of the area exhibit various types of primary sedimentary structures which are useful in understanding the environment
of deposition. The sediments show prominent primary bedding. Laminated bedding is common in some cases. Bedding is
the most common sedimentary structure observed in the rocks of the study area. The thickness of bedding varies from few
centimetres to more than a metre. Flaser and lenticular bedding are common structures observed in sandstone unit. Cross
bedding is also observed in certain sandstone units. Both planar and trough type cross bedding are noticed within the fine
grained sandstone unit. Ripple marks are another important primary structures observed in the rocks. They are preserved at
many places especially where the fine sediments dominated. Linguoid, rhomboidal and parallel crested ripples occur in
close association at number of places. Besides, longitudinal wavy ripples and interference types are also most common.
Another interresting primary structure observed within the study area is solution cavities developed in
calcareous sandstone at a cave near Mampui village. The cavities range in size from a few milimeter to inches in diameter.

13
It is believed that the cavities are formed by the action of water on the calcareous material (sandstone). The structure is most
common in underground caves where the condition for forming the structure is most favourable.
The secondary structures include folds, faults, lineaments and joints. The thick sedimentary sequences of the
area have been folded into a number of anticlines and corresponding synclines. The beds generally trend N-S to roughly
NNW-SSE and dip on either side from 20° to 65° with local variations at the vicinity of faults. The axial trace of the
synclines follows the prominent river valleys and their corresponding axial traces of anticlines passes through the ridges
(sometimes along the flanks of the ridges). Generally, the anticlines are having sharp crests while the corresponding
synclines are relatively having broader troughs. At certain places, the strike of the beds is obliterated because of faulting.
The joints are generally tight and widely spaced except in the shale bands where they are closely spaced.
The area has been affected by a number of faults of varying magnitude. They are mostly transverse/oblique in
disposition, except Mengpui lui Fault which is longitudinal in disposition. The prominent faults noticed within the district
include Saizawh lui – Sekul lui - Tuichawng Fault, which cuts across the district in the middle; Tuichawngtlang Fault which
cuts across Tuichawngtlang village in the southern part of the district; Parva lui Fault located in the south-west of the
district; Sekul lui Fault located near Ngengpuitlang and M. Kawnpui villages; Luipui lui Fault located in between R.
Vanhne and Rulkual villages; Saikah lui Fault near Saikah village; Servapui lui – Chengkawl lui Fault which cuts across
Lawngtlai town; and Hmawngbuchhuah Fault in the southern part of the district. The prominent faults in the north-east part
of the district are represented by Siachang lui Fault near Siachangkawn village and Darzo lui Fault located between Cheural
and Sentetfiang villages. Besides these, there are several minor faults within the study area.
An interesting secondary structures observed within the study area includes the local folding observed between
Rulkual and R. Vanhne villages. The fold in the area is chevron fold in nature, and developed due to faulting as a result of
which subsequent drag fold is developed in the same area. The chevron folds are associated with well developed axial plane
cleavage. The innerlimb angle of the fold roughly measures 130o while the fold axis is in the range of 2o to N 5o W, and the
axial plane swerves from N 4o W to 70o W in the area described.
Lithology: The Surma Group of rocks is represented in the study area by Lower, Middle and Upper Bhuban
Formations. Besides, the occurrence of Barail Group of rocks is inferred, especially in the north-eastern part of the district
around Phawngpui tlang and its surroundings. The Lower Bhuban Formation is represented by banded sandstone, pebble
conglomeratic sandstones, interbanded siltstone and sandstone. They are mostly confined to the eastern part of the district.
The Middle Bhuban Formation is mainly a thinly bedded sequence with sandstone–shale/siltstone ratio of about 50 : 50,
with mudstone. Sandstone are fine to very fine grained, ash to bluish grey in colour, compact and hard, thinly bedded; rarely
yellowish brown medium grained and friable. The Upper Bhuban sandstone is medium to fine grained, light grey, greenish
grey or light pink to red in colour. It is moderately hard and compact, and in general, thickly bedded. The Lower and
Middle Bhuban group of rocks occupies the core of the large regional anticlinal folds, flanked on either side by the rocks of
Upper Bhuban Formation towards the down dip direction.
In addition to these, recent alluvium deposits are observed and mapped, and have been classified into two
classes, viz., Gravel, Sand & Silt, and Clayey Sand. Gravel, Sand and Silt are found along the major rivers, viz., Tuichawng,
Tuipui lui, Mengpui and Kawrpui lui. Clayey Sand deposits are found scattered all over the area along small streams. They
are more confined to the western flank of the district.
Economic Minerals: The study area, as a whole is void and empty as far as the content of economic mineral
deposits is concerned. No major mineral deposits of economic interest are found within the study area. Hard sandstone,
suitable for simple masonry and road ballasts constitute the only minor mineral of economic significance within the study
area. The sandstones within the study area are bluish-ash to khaki-coloured, hard, compact and massive. They are being
used as road metals and for building construction materials. They are extensively mined at Thingfal, Chawnhu, Saikah,

14
Paithar, Mampui, Diltlang and M. Kawnpui areas. In addition to these, minor quarrying operations have been taken up in
various places of the district.
The Geology of Lawngtlai District is shown in Figure No. 2.3 and Geomorphology of Lawngtlai District is
shown in Figure No. 2.4.

2.10 LAND USE AND LAND COVER

The major land use/land cover classes within the district can be broadly categorized into built-up land,
agricultural land/horticultural land, forests, bamboo forest, forest plantations, shifting cultivation, scrubland and river/water
body.
Built-Up Land: Built-up land includes settlement, recreational, commercial areas, quarries, isolated
government builds etc. Lawngtlai district has 153 villages and the autonomous district headquarters – Lawngtlai and
Chawngte (Kamalanagar). Compared to other districts in Mizoram, Lawngtlai district has its own uniqueness and
peculiarity. There are two Autonomous District Councils within the district. The two-in-one district comprises the Lai
Autonomous District Council (LADC) and the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) with their headquarters at
Lawngtlai and Kamalanagar respectively. Lawngtlai and Kamalanagar are the headquarters for all government departments
and educational institutions of their respective administrative regions i.e., LADC and CADC. Having separate autonomous
Legislature, the Lais and the Chakmas administer their respective autonomous regions. Besides these villages, the district
also houses certain small settlements/hamlets especially to the western fringes of the district close and within CADC. Built-
up land covers an area of 14.39 Sq. km, which accounts for 0.57% of the total area of the district. The urban region covers
an area of 1.77 Sq.km that accounts for 0.07% and the rural region cover an area of 12.62 Sq.km, which accounts for 0.50%
of the total area of the district.
Agriculture Land: Agriculture land comprises those areas, which are permanently used for crop cultivation.
This class of land has been divided into Kharif crop land and Agricultural/Horticultural Plantation.
Forest: The forest cover type of Lawngtlai district is mainly tropical wet evergreen forest mixed with semi
evergreen and tropical moist deciduous forests comprising mainly of bamboo. The forests found to the western fringes of
the district near Bangladesh and within the CADC jurisdiction are mostly of deciduous type with patches of grasslands
intermingled whereas the forest type to the eastern fringes along the Myanmar border is of Montane sub-tropical forest
comprising of hardwood species. Sub-tropical forests are also found at high altitude places near Mampui, Saikah, Rulkual,
S.Diltlang, Hmunnuam and S.Bungtlang villages. The vegetation consists of a mixture of several species. The district is
endowed with two biodiversity rich sanctuary/national park called Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary located near Hmunnuam
and S.Diltlang villages; and Phawngpui National Park located near Hmunnuam and Thaltlang villages.
The total area of the Ngengpui Wildlife sanctuary is around 110 Sq. km and ranges in altitude from 200 to
about 1200 meters. Some of the finest patches of tropical rain forests in Mizoram with mature Dipterocarpus (Thingsen) are
found in this sanctuary. The terrain is undulating to hilly, with a series of parallel north-south ridges, well drained by
numerous streams with rocky as well as silted stream beds. Some notable bird species recorded in this Important Bird Area
are the White-cheeked Partridge (Rung bek-var), Great Hornbill (Vapual), Oriental Pied Hornbill (Vahai), Great Slaty
Woodpecker (Thlohsai) and a variety of raptors. The sanctuary is rich in mammals, reptiles and amphibian fauna. It has all
the typical mammals found in North-east India such as Hoolock Gibbon (Hauhuk), Phayre’s Leaf Monkey (Dawr), Slow
Loris (Sahuai), Otter (Sahram), Flying squirrel (Vahluk/Biang) and a small population of Elephants (Sai) and Gaur
(Ramsial).
The Phawngpui National Park, with an area of about 50 Sq km. is situated in the eastern part of the district
adjacent to Myanmar. Phawngpui peak (2157 meters), the highest peak in Mizoram is located within this Park. Most of the

15
Park is covered with sub-tropical broadleaf and tropical evergreen forests. Though the Park is a small protected area, yet it
supports a very rich bird life with more than 125 species recorded so far. The important species include Blyth’s Tragopan
(Vanga), Dark-rumped Swift (Pengleng dum), Grey Sibia (Vasir), Striped Laughing Thrush (Vazar), Brown-capped
Laughing Thrush (Vazar), etc. The site falls in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Area. Other key fauna include the Leopard
(Keite), Hoolock gibbon (Hauhuk), Serow (Saza), Goral (Sathar), Asiatic Black Bear (Savawm), Stump-tailed Macaque
(Zawngmawt), etc. The park is also home to a diverse collection of orchids. Depending on the density of the canopy, the
forests have been divided into Dense/closed, Medium dense and less dense forest.
Shifting Cultivation: The primary occupation of all villagers continues to be agriculture largely of the
primitive type of jhum cultivation. The people have traditionally been accustomed to the primitive methods of jhum
cultivation or Shifting cultivation and still a majority of villagers practice this environmentally destructive practice of
cultivation. In the area selected for jhum, whether it is bamboo or trees, the jungle is cut down and left to dry. When
thoroughly dried, it is set on fire to kill all insects and render the weeds sterile and the ashes serve as valuable manure.
Originally, the jhumming cycle was for about eight to ten years, but gradually now it has shrunk to four or five years.
However, even after so many years of development, the agriculture is largely of the subsistence type with very little attempt
to grow surplus, even though the agro climatic conditions are highly favourable for horticulture, floriculture and agriculture.
Shifting cultivation area can be classified into current shifting cultivation and abandoned shifting cultivation.
Scrub Land: Scrub lands are those lands that are frequently disturbed by biotic factors and other human
activities; as a result these areas usually have thin vegetative cover and in some cases are void of vegetation. These areas are
mostly dominated by grass species like Saccharum longisetosum, Imperata cylindrica, Scleria levis, Cynodon dactylon etc.
and herbs like Eupatorium odoratum, Artemissia vulgaris, Mikania micrantha etc. They are found along roadsides,
abandoned river valley areas and on high altitude rugged/rocky terrains. Large patches of scrub land are found near Silsuri,
Chhotapansuri, Kamalanagar, Borkolok, Vaseikai, Chhotaguisuri, Balosora, Devasora ‘S’, Parva, Mampui, Vanhne ‘R’,
Sihtlangpui, Kawlchaw W, Rawlbuk, Vawmbuk, Bualpui Ng, Lungzarhtum villages and around Lawngtlai town in notably
large areas to the western and southern part. The vast river valley areas along the banks of R.Tuichawng (from Kamalanagar
to Chamdur villages) has notably large stretches of grasslands which has been classed under scrub land as these areas are
mostly dominated by scrub/grass species, a resultant secondary vegetative succession of abandoned jhums and wet rice
cultivation. These areas can otherwise be called wastelands. The CADC has also taken up several afforestation and
wasteland reclamation projects in these valley areas to recoup and reclaim these wastelands for productive use. Prominent
large grasslands are also found within the Phawngpui National Park alongside the pine plantations and Rhododendron trees.
The soil cover in these high altitude areas are exceptionally thin which favors the growth of other scrub species like
Parthenium sps. etc. Scrub land covers an area of 110.63 Sq.km, which accounts for 4.33% of the total area of the district.
The Land use/ Land cover Map of Lawngtlai District is shown in Figure No. 2.5.

2.11 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Lawngtlai district is drained by both the north flowing rivers like Kawrpui, Tuichawng and Chawngte rivers
and the south flowing rivers like Ngengpui river, Sekul river and Chhimtuipui river. Besides these there are a good number
of perennial streams and rivulets of various patterns and length. Important perennial streams include Tuiphal lui, Servapui
lui and Sekul lui in the middle part of the district, Fangfar lui, Dil lui, Ngunlinga lui, Tuichawng lui and Kawrpui lui etc in
the western part of the district. The other important perennial stream in the eastern part of the district are Hnahchang lui,
Darzo lui, Siachang lui and Tuisumpui lui. Most of these streams and rivulets are ephemeral in nature. Since the drainage
system for a particular area is governed mainly by the natural drainage course and topography, therefore, the drainage
system of Lawngtlai district has been studied with the help of satellite imageries and the Survey of India topographical
maps. Different types of drainage patterns have been found within the study area such as dendritic to sub-dendritic patterns

16
in the eastern and central part of the district where as Trellis and angulated drainage patterns are also found in the western
part of the district and the topography is young and the soils are highly erosional in character. The streams are youthful
stage with deep courses and its soils do not show much diversity, they are highly erosional in character. The total length of
perennial streams and non-perennial streams are 2227.7 kilometers and 8823.4 kilometers. The Drainage Map of Lawngtlai
District is shown in Figure No. 2.6.

2.12 SLOPE

Lawngtlai district is uniquely characterized by several hill ridges running almost parallel to one another, most
of which roughly runs from north to south. Hill ridges in the study area include many hilltops, several of which occupy
prominent locations. Several main hill ridges, viz. Sabualtlang – Diltlang via Hmawngbu, Tuithumhnar, Ngengpuitlang,
Bungtlang S and Hmunnuam villages; New Jognasuri – Vaseitlang via Charlui village; Varang Tlang ridge in the south;
Phum Tlang ridge in the north-west; Lungzarhtum – Cheural ridge and Phawngpui ridge in the north-east run from north to
south. Hill ridges of the western side of the study area are relatively short, linear and parallel. The length of these hill ridges
varies widely, and the hill ridges are often terminated by valleys and river plains.
An important feature within the study area is the presence of several important plain areas. Of these, the
famous Chamdur plain located in the south-west of the district deserves special mention. This valley plain spreads for a
wide area hosting a network of streams and river, and is extensively utilized for wetland rice cultivation. Few plain areas of
small dimensions in between the hills and along the river banks are also noticed in various parts of the study area. These
plain areas are exclusively confined along the Tuichawng river valley in the western part of the district. Majority of the
plain areas located along major rivers and streams within the district, except the Chamdur plain, are found to be unsuitable
for cultivation, and are seldom utilized for Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC). Hence, Wetland Rice Cultivation is not much
popular within the study area.
The general topography of the north-eastern part of the district around Phawngpui tlang and its surroundings is
represented by steep slopes and cliffs. The eastern part of the district is represented in general, by higher and prominent
ridges. In addition, these scarps and cliffs are also distributed along Paithar ridge and its surroundings. In general, it is found
that the eastern and north-eastern part of the of the study area are more characterized by these scarps and cliffs. The western
flank of the study area bordering Bangladesh, Kawrpui lui and Tuichawng river valleys, on the other hand, are characterized
by gently sloping and low-lying hills. The rest of the study area, especially the eastern and the north-eastern parts consist of
a rather rugged hilly ridges consisting of many narrow valleys and small streams. Narrow valleys separate some of the hill
ridges and few of them have gentle to steep slopes. Some of these steep slopes rise abruptly in few places and occupy
spectacular places within the district. The hillside slopes range from mostly gentle to steep, and escarpments are also visible
in several places of the study area. Besides, the hills of the eastern and north-eastern parts of the study area are larger in
terms of areal extend than the western and central parts of the study area. It may be roughly summarized that the eastern and
north-eastern parts of the district are steeper as compared to the western parts. Area having 0 to 3% slope covers a total area
of 79.61 sq. km constituting to 3.11% slope of the total area. Area having 3 to 10 % slope covers a total area of 385.26 sq.
km constituting to 15.07% slope of the total area. Area having 10 to 15% slope covers a total area of 19.26 sq. km
constituting to 0.75% slope of the total area. Area having 15 to 25% slope covers a total area of 129.84 sq. km constituting
to 5.08% slope of the total area. Area having 25 to 35% slope covers a total area of 290.51 sq. km constituting to 11.36%
slope of the total area. Area having 35 to 50% slope covers a large area of 749.04 sq. km constituting to 29.29% slope of
the total area. Area designated as 50 to 70% slope covers a large area of 558.74 sq. km constituting to 21.85% slope of the
total area. Area having 70 to 100% covers an area of 269.37 sq. km constituting to 10.53% slope of the total area. Area
having more than 100% slope covers a rather small area of 75.47 sq. km, which constitutes to 2.95% slope of the total area.
17
Area having 35 to 50% slope predominantly covers the largest area followed by slope having 50 to 70% slope. Area having
10 to 15% slope has the smallest area followed by area having more than 100% slope. The Slope Map of Lawngtlai District
is shown in Figure No. 2.7.

2.13 ASPECT

The slope aspects of the hills within the study area are more or less evenly distributed. Areas within the study
area having no aspect or relatively flatland occupy an area of 177.36 sq. km constituting to 6.94% of the total study area.
The aspect of the area has been conveniently divided into nine (9) slope facets. The statistics of the aspect data reveals that
the total area having North aspect is 216.24 sq. km contributing to 8.46% of the total area. The total area having Northeast
aspect is 314.96 sq. km., contributing to 12.32% of the total area. The total area having East aspect is 421.11 sq. km
constituting to 16.47% of the total area. The total area having Southeast aspect is 263.51 sq. km constituting to 10.31% of
the total area. The total area having South aspect is 212.10 sq. km constituting to 8.29% of the total area. The total area
having Southwest aspect is 315.88 sq. km constituting to 12.35% of the total area. The total area having West aspect is
386.43 sq. km constituting to 15.11% of the total area. The total area having Northwest aspect is 249.51 sq. km constituting
to 9.76% of the total area. Aspectless areas or areas having no aspect comprise of 177.36 sq. km constituting to 6.94% of the
total area.
Aspect having the largest area is the East aspect followed by West aspect. This can be accounted duly because
of the fact that the hill ridges mainly run from north to south in their formation trend. Northeast aspect is often considered
most suitable for agriculture development, establishing orchards, farms and other residential areas. Few places within the
area would not be utilized for cultivation, as it has already been used for built-up land, populated areas and for other
purposes. As majority of the area is reserved to be under forest, it has to be left untouched as such. The vast remaining areas
could be, however, utilized effectively according to the need and constraints prevalent within their respective areas. Aspect
covering the least area is flatland followed by south aspect. Few major rivers, viz., Tuichawng, Kawrpui lui, Mengpui and
Tuipui (Koladyne) rivers have influenced, to some extent, the topography of the study area in the formation of flatlands.
The Aspect Map of Lawngtlai District is shown in Figure No. 2.8.

2.14 ALTITUDE

The altitude of Lawngtlai district can be described to have uncommon features in their existence. While many
places include high altitudes, several areas fall under low altitude area. Lawngtlai district is particularly important as far as
the altitude is concerned. This is because Phawngpui tlang, the highest peak in the whole of Mizoram is located in the north-
eastern part of the district near Lungpher village with a maximum height of 2157 metres. The lowest elevation within the
study area, on the other hand, is represented by Kawrpuilui river valley in the western flank of the district bordering
Bangladesh, where the elevation reaches to as low as 40 metres.
The north-eastern part of the study area is particularly important in terms of altitude. The hills around
Phawngpui tlang and its surroundings are characterized by high altitude. Of these, mention may be made of Sangau tlang
(1384 metres), Pangkhua tlang (1088 metres), Baneh tlang (1380 metres), Cheural tlang (1143 metres), Thaltlang (1690
metres), Vaphei tlang near Tialdawngilung village (1504 metres), Lungzarhtum (1514 metres), Hmunsang tlang (1113
metres), Lungtian tlang (1252 metres) and Lungchen tlang (1693 metres). Phawngpui tlang and its hill ranges around
Thaltlang, Sentetfiang, Archhuang, Lungpher, Lungtian and Cheural villages are the prominent topographic features within
the district.

18
 Another important topographic feature within the district is Paithar tlang located near Paithar and R. Vanhne
villages in the eastern part of the district. It rises to a maximum height of 1466 metres, while the nearby Zote tlang, located
near Rulkual village rises to an elevation of 1164 metres. The peak of Lungtat tlang ridge, located between Saikah village
and Lawngtlai town reaches to a height of about 1020 metres, while the nearby Chawnhu tlang located near Chawnhu
locality within the town extends upto an altitude of 1136 metres. Other prominent elevations worth mentioning within the
eastern part of the district are Thingkah tlang (1133 metres), Pui tlang (1157 metres), Nuam tlang (1100 metres), Thlan
tlang (1060 metres) and Khuangpui tlang (925 metres).
The altitude of the central and western side of the district is rather low. The altitude generally ranges from as
low as 40 metres to 1000 metres. A prominent topographic feature in the area is represented by Mualbu ridge located to the
west of Samang ridge and Diltlang village. The peak of this ridge, located in the middle reaches to 1106 metres high. The
ridge gradually decreases in height towards north and south direction. Another prominent feature in the area is Phum tlang
ridge which stretches towards north-south direction in the north-west part of the district. The peak is located near Rajmandal
village which reaches to a height of 720 metres.
In the south-western part of the district bordering Bangladesh, the district boundary runs along the ridge
whose height generally ranges from 800 metres to 1000 metres. The highest peak is named Bara Taung which is located
just within the district, and measures 1003 metres high. The altitude of the rest of the district is fairly uniform, and no other
prominent topographic feature worth mentioning is present.
On the whole, it may be roughly concluded that the north-eastern and the eastern parts of the study area around
Phawngpui tlang, Baneh tlang, Vaphei tlang, Lungtian tlang, Lungchen tlang, Hmunsang tlang, Paithar tlang, Zote tlang,
Chawnhu tlang, Pui tlang and their surrounding areas are comparatively higher in elevation than the rest of the study area.

19
Figure No. 2.3 : Geology of Lawngtlai District.

20
Figure No. 2.4 : Geomorphology Map of Lawngtlai District.

21
Figure No. 2.5 : Land use/ Land Cover Map of Lawngtlai District.

22
Figure No. 2.6 : Drainage Map of Lawngtlai District

23
Figure No. 2.7 : Slope Map of Lawngtlai District
24
Figure No. 2.8 : Aspect Map of Lawngtlai District.
25
 .

Figure No. 2.9 : Transport Network and Settlement Map of Lawngtlai District

26
 CHAPTER - 3

HAZARDS

Hazards are potentially damaging physical events, natural phenomenon or human activity that may cause the
loss of life, injury, property damages, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards could be
single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. They are part of the environment in which we live and do not
discriminate between people or countries. In fact, these hazards are of global phenomenon and Mizoram is also
experiencing either one or more of these hazards at a regular interval.

Lawngtlai district is prone to natural hazards like landslide, earthquake, wind & cyclone and flood. Various
geological and geophysical settings, climatic, meteorological and hydrological condition of the area induces the
occurrence of these natural hazards. Anthropogenic processes such as developmental activities i.e, construction of
buildings, roads and other infrastructures can influence the natural forces to manifest as hazards. The natural hazards
which are prevalent within Lawngtlai district are analysed as follows:

3.1 LANDSLIDE

Mizoram, being a hilly terrain, is prone to landslides. Every year a number of landslides are reported from
various localities. These cause a lot of problem to public, resulting in loss of life and property, disruption of
communication network, and also cause economic burden to the society. Landslide is primarily attributed to high slope
and relief, immature geology, neo-tectonic activity, heavy rainfall and unplanned and improper land use practice.
Landslide incidents are more prominent during the rainy/monsoon season as the soil structure gets soften by heavy and
continuous downpour, especially in high degree of slope. There can be many factors that make an area vulnerable to
landslides, both induced by human activities as well as inherent natural composition of the soil. However, in most cases,
the former factor is a contributing factor, especially in areas where development activities are higher and drainage
facilities are neglected.

Landslide is one of the natural disasters, which involves sliding of mass of earth or rock down the slope along
a definite zone or surface. Landslides attain specific significance because of their widespread occurrence resulting in great
loss to public due to both direct and indirect consequences. Their occurrence becomes more vexatious because of its
unpredictability in both time and space. Hence, due attention should be given in combating this natural hazard.
Preparation of Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) map is one of the first steps in this direction.

Landslide Hazard Zonation may be defined as a technique of classifying an area into zones of relative
degrees of potential hazards by ranking various causative factors operative in a given area based on their influence in
initiation of landslides. Thus, the LHZ of an area aims at delineating the landslide potential zones and ranking them in
order of the degree of hazard from landslides. LHZ maps are very helpful for planners, engineers, etc, in identifying and
delineating unstable hazard-prone areas, selecting viable sites for carrying out developmental schemes and evolving
database for the risk analysis of landslides in the area.

The study area i.e., Lawngtlai district is characterized by the presence of several lineaments, both major and
minor faults oriented in different directions, and steep slopes. The lithology is mainly represented by soft sedimentary
rocks, such as shale, silty shale, sandstone and their admixture in varying proportions. Besides, loose and unconsolidated
27
sediments form a dominant composition on the exposed surface, particularly in built-up areas. This, together with the
aforesaid factors makes it susceptible to landslides. Therefore, for the safety of life and property, we need to overcome the
problem of this geo-hazard and hence hazard zonation is necessary for the district.

3.1.1 Methodology and Data used

Landslide Hazard Zonation map is prepared based on the integration of data acquired from various geo-
environmental thematic databases. Of the several methods, Qualitative method is found suitable and has been employed
for carrying out LHZ mapping. A qualitative approach essentially depends on expert opinion in dividing an area into
different zones of varying landslide susceptibility. The methodology involves several steps which includes detailed
geological survey of the area from satellite imagery, SOI topographic maps and also from the ground. It is well known
that the occurrence of landslide is mainly governed by the geo-environmental factors of the terrain. As such, these geo-
environmental parameters, viz., lithology, geological structures like lineaments and faults, soil type, drainage density,
geomorphology, slope and land use/land cover were first mapped from satellite imagery and other ancillary data using
visual interpretation techniques. Geological features like faults, lithology and lineaments were extracted from satellite
imagery using basic principles of image interpretation involving color, tone, texture, pattern, shape, size and association.
The different thematic layers are then subsequently integrated using Arc Info GIS Software. The table indicating the
weightage value (on the scale of 1-10) of parameters for landslide is shown in Table No. 3.1.

Parameter Category Weight

Sandstone 4
Siltstone & Shale 8
Lithology
Shale & Siltstone 9
Crumpled Shale 10
Heavy Vegetation 3
Light Vegetation 5
Land Use / Land
Scrubland 6
Cover
Barren land 7
Built-up 8
0 - 15 1
15-25 3
25-30 4
Slope Morphometry 30-35 5
(in degrees) 35-40 6
40-45 7
45-60 8
> 60 5
Structure (Faults Length of Buffer distance
8
and Lineaments) on either side
High Structural Hill 4
Medium Structural Hill 3
Geomorphology
Low Structural Hill 2
Valley Fill 0
Table No. 3.1 : Ratings for parameters and categories for landslide zonation

28
 Each individual thematic layer is carefully analysed so as to establish its relation to landslide susceptibility.
For example, in lithology layer, the crumpled shale unit offers more chance of slope failure than the hard and compact
sandstone unit. Similarly, areas located within the vicinity of fault zones and other geological structures are more
vulnerable to landslides and other mass movements. For this, areas of 100 m on both sides of all the lineaments including
faults are buffered. Likewise, due considerations are given for the relation between landslides and other thematic layers. In
addition, proximity to road cutting, location of both old and active landslides, dip amount and dip direction of the rock
beds are also considered. Combining all the above controlling parameters by giving different weightage value for all the
themes, the final map is derived in a GIS environment on 1:50,000 scale. The map is then classified into Very high, High,
Moderate, Low and Very low hazard zones. The area statistics of the landslide hazard zones of Lawngtlai district is given
in Table No 3.2. The Landslide Hazard Zonation map of Lawngtlai district and Lawngtlai town is shown in Figure No 3.1
and Figure No 3.2 respectively.

Hazard Class Area (sq. km) Area (%)

Very High 221.82 8.67
High 446.76 17.47
Moderate 1084.30 42.41
Low 597.00 23.35
Very Low 188.67 7.38
Water Body 18.51 0.72
TOTAL 2557.10 100.00

Table No. 3.2 : Area statistics of LHZ of Lawngtlai District

3.1.2 Landslide Hazard Zonation

Very High Hazard Zone: This zone is highly unstable and is at a constant threat of landslides, especially
during and after an intense spell of rain. This is because the area forms steep slopes with loose and unconsolidated
materials. Besides, it includes areas located near faults and tectonically weak zones. It also includes areas where
unplanned quarrying, road cutting and other human activities are extensively undertaken. The vegetation is generally
sparse. The exposed rocks are characterized by numerous bedding and joint planes which facilitate the chance of sliding
down along the slope. Therefore, it is best to avoid this zone as far as possible, except if unavoidable. This zone
constitutes an area of 221.82sq. km and forms 8.67% of the total district area.

High Hazard Zone: It includes areas where the probability of sliding debris is at a high risk due to
weathered rockand soil debris covering steep slopes which when disturbed are prone to landslides. Most of the pre-
existing landslides fall within this category. This zone comprises areas where the slope aspect and dip direction of the
rocks, which are usually very steep, (about 450 or more) are parallel to each other. This makes them susceptible to slide
along the slope. Several lineaments, fractured zones and fault planes also traverse the high hazard zone. Areas which
experience constant erosion by streams because of the soft nature of the lithology and loose overlying soil, fall under this
class. Vegetation is generally either absent or sparse. Owing to the above reasons, this zone is also geologically unstable
and should be avoided. This zone occupies a fairly large area i.e, about 446.76sq. km which is 17.47% of the total district
area.

29
 Moderate Hazard Zone: This zone is generally stable, though it may contain unstable zones in some areas.
Moreover, seismic activity and continuous heavy rainfall may reduce its stability. Though this zone may include areas
such as cliffs that have steep slopes (more than 45 degree), the orientation of the rock bed and absence of overlying loose
debris and human activity make them less hazardous. In general, this zone comprises areas that have moderately dense
vegetation, moderate slope angle and relatively compact and hard rocks. This zone is predominantly high in terms of areal
extend. It spreads over an area of about 1084.30sq. km and occupies 42.41% of the total district area.

Low Hazard Zone: This includes areas where the combination of various controlling parameters is unlikely
to adversely influence the slope stability. In other words, this zone comprises areas where the chance of slope failure is
low or unlikely to occur. Vegetation is relatively dense, though some areas may not have vegetative cover. Although some
of the areas may be covered with soft and unconsolidated sediments, the slope angles are generally low, about 30 degrees
or below. This zone extends over an area of about 597.0sq. km and forms 23.35% of the total district area.

Very Low Hazard Zone: This zone mainly comprises vegetative areas and is located away from human
settlement. As such, it is assumed to be free from present and future landslide hazards. The dip and slope angles of the
rocks are fairly low. Although the lithology may comprise soft rocks and overlying soil debris in some areas, the chance
of slope failure is minimized by low slope angle and vegetation present within its vicinity. This zone covers an area of
about 188.67sq km and forms 7.38% of the total district area.

Apart from the various hazard classes, some areas are covered by water bodies which are not included in the
hazard classes. Such water bodies cover an area of 18.51sq. km which is 0.72% of the total district area.

3.2 EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The
occurrence of earthquake is a global phenomenon. They are generated due to the accumulation of stress within rocks
which results in movements along the faults that have evolved through geological and tectonic processes. Earthquakes
produce various effects to the area they act upon. The effect of the vibration produced by earthquake usually leads to
destruction of structures such as buildings, bridges and dams. Amongst the natural hazards, earthquake is the most
devastating phenomenon resulting in disruption of public property and loss of human life. Earthquake can also trigger
landslides and those that take place under the ocean can sometimes cause Tsunami.

North-east India, including Mizoram is seismically one of the six most active regions of the world. The
region has been placed in Zone V, the highest level of seismic hazard potential, according to the Seismic Zonation Map of
India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in 2002. As such, the region has experienced 18 large earthquakes (M
≤ 7) during the last hundred years including the devastating earthquakes of Shillong (M = 8.1) in 1897 and Assam (M =
8.7) in 1950. Besides, several hundred small and micro earthquakes have also been recorded in the region. The high
seismicity in the region is attributed to the collision tectonics between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate in the north
and subduction tectonics along the Indo-Myanmar range (IMR) in the east. Subduction is still continuing in the IMR,
which is evident from the intermediate to deep focused earthquakes in this range. Incidentally, maximum seismic activity
has also been recorded in this range.

30
Figure No. 3.1: Landslide Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai District

31
Figure No. 3.2: Landslide Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai Town

32
 Mizoram lies to the southern end of the Purbanchal Himalayan range. Tectonically, the region is related to
the eastward subduction of the Indian plate along the Arakan Yoma suture during Eocene time and the subsequent
development of the Indo-Burman Orogenic belt. It is a part of the Neogene Surma Basin comprising a belt of elongated
folds having sub-meridional trend and arcuate shape with westward convexity. The fold belt is elongated in the N-S
direction almost parallel to the suture zone of the Arakan Yoma subduction. Structural complexity and also the intensity
of deformation gradually increase from west to east. Several lineaments and faults of varying lengths criss-cross the area.
Most of these are local in nature and are not important from the seismological viewpoint. However, a strike-slip Mat fault
orienting in NW-SE direction in the central part of Mizoram is found to be tectonically active, and research is going on to
understand the nature and rate of the movement.

Till now, there has not been any record of significant tremors of high intensity within Mizoram. Earthquakes
of low intensity, on the other hand, have been felt from time to time. Those occurring within Mizoram were generally of
low to moderate in terms of magnitude, and no damage and casualties have been reported. The latest event recorded in the
State took place on April 19, 2011 near Sakawrdai village with a magnitude of 4.5 on the Richter scale. No disastrous
effects have been reported. The Cachar earthquake of March 21, 1869 (M = 7.8) was known to produce some significant
effects within Mizoram. Similarly, although no fatalities were reported, the tremors produced by earthquake that occurred
in the Indo-Myanmar border near Manipur on August 6, 1988 (M = 7.5) were felt from the southern part of Mizoram. The
more recently seismic event that occurred near Imphal, the capital city of Manipur on 4th January, 2016 produced
vibrations almost across the entire state, and surely did startle most of the people of the state. It should be kept in mind
that, although no disastrous effects were reported within Mizoram so far, the chance of confronting earthquakes of high
intensity cannot be ruled out completely. This is because the subduction tectonic activity still continues to operate in the
region where known and concealed seismogenic faults are in close proximity to Mizoram.

There has been a phenomenal increase in the population density and development programmes, particularly
in Lawngtlai town, and gradual progress in other towns within the district. Lawngtlai town has witnessed a gradual growth
of unplanned multi-storied buildings in haphazard manner in the recent years. The same pattern is likely to happen in
future to townships in other parts of the district, where building codes and bye-laws are not strictly enforced. This has
resulted into increasing vulnerability of human population and physical structures to earthquakes. Thus, it becomes
essential to assess the status of seismicity in the district, at least to some extent. One of the first steps in this direction is
preparation of Seismic Hazard Zonation map. This will provide a sound database for earthquake disaster mitigation.

3.2.1. Methodology and Data used

The effects of earthquake spreads in all directions from the point of origin to a certain extent of area,
irrespective of political boundaries. As such, one cannot be exclusively confined to a specific area of interest while
assessing a seismic hazard of that particular area. Keeping this in view, seismic hazard analysis of Lawngtlai district is
done using Probabilistic approach with a wider perspective, considering the regional seismotectonics of north-east India
and past earthquake incidences in the region. Consequently, Seismic Hazard Zonation map for the entire Mizoram is first
prepared, from which the Hazard Zonation map for the district is finally generated.
Seismic hazard zonation is defined as the technique of classifying an area into zones of relative degrees of
potential seismic hazards. It involves the quantitative estimation of ground shaking hazards at a particular area. Seismic
hazards can be analysed either by the older and traditional deterministic approach or by the newer and emerging
Probabilistic approach. While the uncertainties in earthquake size, location and time of occurrence are explicitly
considered in the probabilistic method, the deterministic method, on the other hand, concentrates on a particular

33
earthquake scenario capable of producing maximum credible earthquake (MCE). The fundamental difference between
deterministic and probabilistic analyses is that deterministic analysis does not consider the probability associated with the
earthquake hazard, whereas probabilistic analysis incorporates the hazard probability. Probabilistic and deterministic
analyses play mutually supportive roles in earthquake risk mitigation. A proper probabilistic analysis must include all
credible deterministic scenarios. A deterministic scenario must be rational enough to be included in a probabilistic
analysis, to give rationality to determinism. A good earthquake risk mitigation study will use both analyses to the
maximum benefit.
The earthquake catalogue and database makes the first essential input for the delineation of seismic source
zones and their characterisation. A catalogue encompassing for a period of 248 years (from 1762 to 2010) for an area
within 21o to 26o N latitude and 90o to 96o E longitude is prepared. An earthquake catalogue data from historical to recent
times using three temporal categories were compiled -(1) Since 1964, the modern instrumentation-based data are
available, (2) 1900–1963, encompasses the era of early instrumental data and (3) pre-1900 include pre-instrumental data
based primarily on historical and macro-seismic information. In the present analysis, the minimum magnitude was
assigned as 4.0 for all the source zones because it is the lower level of magnitude which would cause hazard of a
significant level. Several catalogues of historical and instrumental seismicity of the studied region have been analysed to
delineate and characterise the seismogenic source zones. The earthquake catalogue for our study has been prepared by
extracting data from different sources, such as International Seismological Centre (ISC), United States Geological Survey
(USGS), India Meteorological Department (IMD) and from several sources compiled by NEIST, Jorhat. The tectonic
setting of north-east India and surroundings by Evans (1964) and by Krishnan (1960) combined together is found to be
most comprehensive for the present study, and has been used.

A seismicity map thus plotted on the tectonic map of NE India shows maximum concentration of seismic
activity in the eastern part along the Indo-Myanmar border. This area has been traversed by Kabaw Fault and the Indo-
Burmese arc which further extends towards Mishmi and Lohit thrusts in the north. Another concentration has been
observed within Manipur state, where the northward extension of Tapu thrust and active local faults traverse the area. It
has also been noticed that the activity has been concentrated around the Indo-Bangla border near Assam and Meghalaya,
where the strike slip Dauki fault and Sylhet fault are in close proximity. Some seismic activities has also been observed
along Kopili lineament, along the southern tip of Naga-Disang thrusts, and also within Mizoram.

Delineation of source zones: The delineation of seismic source zones are primarily guided by the occurrence
of large earthquakes, planar distribution of all earthquakes above certain level of magnitude, neotectonic activity and
regional tectonic frame work. Based on these factors, twenty four rectangular source zones have been delineated in the
map. The recurrence relation is computed for each source model based on parameters that characterize the seismicity of
the region. This information is used as input to the algorithm for computation of seismic hazard viz. minimum and
maximum magnitude for the specified time period and parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’ in the earthquake frequency magnitude
relationship using maximum likelihood method Log N = a - bM for the same time period.

Attenuation Relation: The attenuation relation given by Esteva and Villaverde (1973) has been found
suitable for the loose and unconsolidated sediments of Mizoram belonging to Neogene age. The equation is given by:

Yc = b1eb2M(R = b4)-b3

where Yc is in cms−2, b1 = 5600, b2 = 0.8, b3 = 2, b4 = 40 and SIGMA = 0.64 (in terms of natural logarithm).

34
 Seismic hazard computation: Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment method is applied in this study for
computing the peak ground acceleration (PGA) for 10% probability of exceeding in 100 years at locations defined in the
grid of 0.25o x 0.25o. Twenty four (24) source zones identified in study area have different geotectonic environments and
lithological variations. To compute the seismic hazard of Lawngtlai district and its adjoining areas, seismic parameters for
each source like a-value, b-value, attenuation relation, depth, minimum and maximum magnitude, boundary and area of
source zone and type of fault have been written in ASCII format to be used by Haz. 81 (developed by Dojcinvoski and
Mihailov, 2001) and SEISRISK-III (developed by Bender and Perkins, 1987) softwares. PGA value over the grid is
contoured to obtain a Seismic Hazard Map. A contour interval of 0.2 g is chosen, presuming that the paucity of historical
earthquake data would not permit resolution better than 0.2 g.

3.2.2 Earthquake Hazard Zonation

The Seismic Hazard map of Lawngtlai district shows latitudinal variations in hazard level. The hazard level is
maximum in the eastern part and gradually decreases towards the western part of the district. The hazard level depicted in
the eastern part is of the order of 0.38g for 10% probability of exceedance in 100 years. In the western part of the district,
the hazard level is 0.32 g and below for 10% probability of exceedance in 100 years. In the Seismic Zoning map of India,
Zone II, III, IV and V have been respectively assigned hazard factor of MSK intensity of VI (or less), VII, VIII and IX (or
above) with the corresponding zone factors designated as 0.10 g, 0.16 g, 0.24 g, and 0.36 g respectively. When the PGA
values within the district is compared with that of the zone factors of the Seismic Zone map of India, it has been found
that all part of the district falls within Zone IV, the second highest seismic zone in the country. However, it has been
understood in recent times that the variation of seismic hazard could be large even at local levels implying a need to
incorporate the site conditions such as site response, surface geology, geomorphology, soil, topography, etc. along with
geotechnical secondary hazard factors leading to seismic micro-zonation.

There are three different hazard classes characterised by different peak ground acceleration (PGA) values
which are classified on the basis of 0.02 g interval. 0.36-0.38 g class covers the eastern part of the district including
Sangau area.It constitutes an area of 550.98 sq km and forms 21.55% of the total district area. 0.34-0.36 g class occupies
1482.71sq km which is 57.98% of the total district area. 0.32-0.34 g class spreads over an area of about 523.41sq km and
occupies 20.47% of the total district area. If an earthquake with higher magnitude occurs, there can be slight damage in
structures of good design. Considerable damage would occur in normal buildings with a possibility of partial collapse. It
may also induce heavy damage in poorly built structures. Brick buildings easily receive moderate to extremely heavy
damage. The effect can be highly destructive within urban areas of the district.

The different seismic hazard classes and their respective area coverages are given in Table No. 3.3 and
Seismic Hazard map of Lawngtlai district is shown in Figure No. 3.3 (a) and that of Lawngtlai Town in Figure No. 3.3 (a).

PGA Value (g) Area (sq. km.) Area (%)

0.36 – 0.38 550.98 21.55
0.34 – 0.36 1482.71 57.98
0.32 – 0.34 523.41 20.47
TOTAL 2557.10 100.00

Table No. 3.3: Area Statistics of Earthquake hazard zones of Lawngtlai District
35
Figure No. 3.3(a): Earthquake Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai District
36
Figure No. 3.3(b) : Earthquake Hazard Zonation Map of Lawngtlai Town

37
3.3 WIND AND CYCLONE

Wind and cyclone hazard mapping is done due to the fact that not only cyclone but also damage caused by
monsoon wind is prevalent in Lawngtlai district as the whole State is under the spell of both South West monsoon and
North East monsoon every year.

The name 'Cyclone' was first coined by Henry Paddington at Calcutta in 1848. It was derived from the Greek
word 'Kyklos' which signifies among other things - the coil of a snake. Cyclone is a violent storm, resembling a whirlpool,
occupying a circular or nearly circular area of low pressure. A cyclone begins to form when moist air heated by the sun
rises from the surface of the warm tropical seas and is funneled upwards in a natural updraft. As this moist air rises, it
cools and condenses into rain. This condensation feeds back into the air large amount of heat, which adds to the force of
the storm’s updraft and which strokes the power of the cyclone. Air continues to spiral up, and hot moist air rushes in
from all sides to replace it and to feed the updraft. The winds spiral around an “eye”, an area of calm and light rains a few
kilometers across. The cyclone itself may be between 100 and 200 km (60-125 miles) in diameter with a vertical depth of
11-19 km (7-12 miles). Cyclones are low-pressure systems or depressions around which the air circulates in an anti-
clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, but in a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. Since both the
Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea lie in the tropical region of northern hemisphere, cyclone in this region moves in
counter clockwise direction. The Indian sub-continent often experiences Tropical Cyclones, which are more destructive
than their temperate region counterpart 'Temperate Cyclones'.

The general characteristics of Cyclone may be summarized as follows :

a) Cyclones are formed and developed over seas/oceans.
b) Their isobars are usually complete circle.
c) The pressure gradient is steep.
d) The wind speed often exceeds 120 km/h and may even exceed 250 km/h.
e) They are associated with heavy rainfall.
f) They are usually more common in summer than in winter.
g) The difference of the densities of air masses does not contribute to the energy of the cyclone. Its energy is the
latent heat of condensation.
h) They develop over large bodies of warm water, and lose strength if they move over land - 'Landfall'.
i) Tropical cyclones cannot survive over land for long due to increased surface friction and loss of the warm ocean
as the source of energy.

3.3.1. Methodology and Data used

ESRI World Map was used for deriving buffered coastline. IRS -1D Panchromatic (Stereo) satellite data was
used for derivation of contours from which slope-aspect map and altitudes were derived. As mentioned earlier, available
records on cyclonic damages for Lawngtlai district are collected from District Disaster Management Plan of Lawngtlai
District. Data from Cyclone Risk Assessment System, MOSDAC (Indian Space Research Organization), IMD (Indian
Meteorological Department) are also incorporated along with other scientific literatures.

Lawngtlai district is classified into various zones of relative degrees of wind and cyclone hazard by ranking
of various factors operative in a given area and based on their influence. There are three main parameters considered viz.,

38
distance from the coastline, aspect and elevation. The buffered distance from the coastline is taken as 60 km intervals,
assuming that the nearest coastline is around that figure and the whole State is covered by three classes viz., 0 -120, 121 -
180 and above 180 km. Each of them is given weightage of 3, 2, and 1 respectively. The second parameter is slope-aspect
where slopes are divided into two classes taking 180˚ from NW to SE quadrant into one class and the rest into another
class. The first class is given weightage value of 2 along with flatland and water bodies and the latter class is given
weightage 1. The third parameter is altitude which is divided into three classes 0-500, 500-800 and above 800m and they
are given weightage value of 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The three main parameters mentioned are given an influence of 2:1:1
ratio in percentage. The table indicating the weightage value of parameters for wind and cyclone is shown below:

Influence
Parameter Category Weight
(%)
0-120 Km 3
Distance from
50 121-180 Km 2
the coastline
> 180 Km 1
NW - SE quadrant 2
Slope Aspect 25
Other 1
0-500 m 1
Elevation
25 501-800 m 2
(from MSL)
> 800 m 3

Table No. 3.4: Weightage value of parameters for wind and cyclone

3.3.2 Wind and Cyclone Hazard Zonation

As already mentioned, BMTPC Vulnerability Atlas of India depicts Mizoram within single class in a very
small scale map i.e., Very High Damage Risk Zone. Therefore, it is necessary for this project on HRVA (Hazard Risk
Vulnerability Analysis) to further divide the whole State including Lawngtlai district into various wind and cyclone
susceptibility zones. For this particular study (HRVA), other parameters like distance from the coastline, slope-aspect and
altitude data are considered along with other data like damage report. The final output is validated with damage reports
wherever practicable.

Wind and Cyclone Hazard classes of Lawngtlai district is divided into Very high, High and Moderate zones.

Very High Hazard Zone: This zone occurs mostly within the southern part of the district, closer to the
coastline and comprising high elevated areas with NW-SE slope aspect. Very high hazard zone covers an area of 1362.78
sq. km which is 53.29% of the total district area. Occurrence of high wind velocity and cyclone is more prevalent during
monsoon period.

High Hazard Zone: This zone also occurs mostly within the southern part of the district within 120-180 Km
distance from the coastline. It comprises elevation ranging from 501-800 m from MSL with NW-SE slope aspect. High
hazard zone extends over 979.30 sq. km which comprises 38.30% of the total district area.

39
 Moderate Hazard Zone: This zone covers maximum district area stretching from Lawngtlai town to north
and eastern tips of the district. Moderate hazard zone covers 215.02 sq. km which constitutes 8.41% of the total district
area.
The area statistics of Wind and Cyclone hazard zones of Lawngtlai district is shown in Table No. 3.5 and the
hazard map is shown in Figure No. 3.4 (a) and that of Lawngtlai Town in Figure No. 3.4 (b) .

Hazard Class Area (Sq. Km) Area (%)

Very High 1362.78 53.29
High 979.30 38.30
Moderate 215.02 8.41
TOTAL 2557.10 100.00

Table No. 3.5 : Area Statistics of Wind and Cyclone hazard zones of Lawngtlai District

3.4 FLOOD

In Mizoram, as a whole, floods occur in river valleys, when the flow exceeds the capacity of the river
channel, particularly at bends or meanders. Compared to other hazards like Landslides and Cyclones, the damage caused
by floods within the district is the least. Floods often cause damage to homes, public places and crop lands if they are
found in natural flood plains of rivers. In Lawngtlai district, several villages are lying in close proximity to the river and
hence drowning often happens due to unplanned activities close by the river. This happens especially during the monsoon
period. In general, most significant damages occur only to the crops and erosion of cropland lying in the fluvial flood
plains of Chhimtuipui, Tuichawng and Kawrpui rivers. From the records of flood incidents in the district, it can be seen
that incidents are more or less connected with location of the villages close to water bodies (rivers). Villages close to the
major rivers mentioned above are often vulnerable to damages caused by flood.

3.4.1 Methodology and Data used

To study the flood prone areas of Lawngtlai district, all the important rivers in Lawngtlai district were
mapped with the help of Survey of India Toposheets and two seasons satellite imagery of IRS LISS III at 1:50,000 scale.
Each of the river regimes were delineated from the Survey of India Topo-sheets and then incorporated with the satellite
imagery. The level of river water regime at lean period and peak period were first delineated. Flood prone areas were then
delineated using the following parameters: Elevation of flood plain from the water regime, slope, nearness to the river and
past incidences

3.4.2 Flood prone area

The study indicates that the occurrence of flood is confined only in flood plain along the main rivers during
peak monsoon period. Therefore, these small areas along the rivers are categorised as flood prone areas and the remaining
areas as non-flood prone areas. Flood prone areas cover 8.20 sq.km, i.e. 0.32% of the district area. The flood prone area
coverage is shown in Table No. 3.6 and the corresponding flood prone area map of Lawngtlai district is shown in Figure
No. 3.5

District Area Water Regime (Sq. km) Flood Prone Area (Sq. km)
2557.10 12.80 8.20

Table No. 3.6 : Area Statistics of Flood prone areas of Lawngtlai Distri
40
Figure No. 3.4(a) : Wind & Cyclone Hazard Map of Lawngtlai District

41
Figure No. 3.4(b) : Wind & Cyclone Hazard Map of Lawngtlai Town

42
Figure No. 3.5 : Flood Prone Area Map of Lawngtlai District
43
3.5 Cloudburst

Cloudburst may be defined as an extreme form of rainfall, sometimes mixed with hail and thunder. Rain from
a cloudburst is usually of the shower type with a fall rate ≥ 100mm (3.94inches)/hour. The rainfall may be less than this
rate but if it rained continuously for a longer duration, it can have serious consequences. This kind of phenomena was
recorded in 1929 – where it rained continuously from 1 – 10 June, 1929 resulting in large no. of Landslide all over
Mizoram, thus the year 1929 was known as Minpui Kum (Year of Landslide).
In May, 1995, in Saiha and Lawngtlai District, extensive rain was recorded for many days as shown in Table
No. 3.7, commencing from 2nd May with maximum rainfall recorded on 16th and 17th May which cause landslide as the
soil get saturated. This caused large scale destruction of houses and blockade of roads to both Saiha and Lawngtlai towns.
194 houses were totally damaged and 14 people lost their lives in Lawngtlai District. Heavy landslide totally disrupted
internal town communication in Saiha and Lawngtlai. No vehicle could initially move including light vehicles. As such,
Saiha and Lawngtlai towns were cut off from the rest of the State for more than a week. Apart from destruction to
properties/assets, the incessant rains and soil erosion has caused heavy loss to standing crops and also damage to
permanent cultivable land including terrace/WRC and horticulture crops. The extensive damages within a short span of
time might have been triggered by heavy continuous downpour with earthquake measuring magnitude 5.8 richter scale
having epicenter in nearby Myanmar in the early hours of 17th May, 1995 as recorded in Central Seismological
Observatory at Shillong..
Sl.No. Recorded date Rainfall in mm
1. May 02, 1995 3.8
2. May 06, 1995 2.6
3. May 08, 1995 3.6
4. May 10, 1995 6.6
5. May 11, 1995 47.5
6. May 12, 1995 3.4
7. May 13, 1995 4.6
8. May 14, 1995 8.6
9. May 15, 1995 19.4
10. May 16, 1995 164.0
11. May 17, 1995 196.0
12. May 18, 1995 80.6
13. May 20, 1995 3.6
14. May 22, 1995 39.4
15. May 29, 1995 11.2
16 May 31, 1995 77.4
Table No. 3.7: Rainfall Data during May 1995.

44
3.6 FIRE INCIDENCE

Every year, the district has witnessed both forest and house fires. While the house fire is mostly destructive,
the forest fire, on the other hand, is not much destructive or hazardous as it occurs away from human settlement. The fire
incidence recorded during 2012 to 2015 in Lawngtlai district have been collected from Director, Fire & Emergency
Services. As per the records, as much as 79 fire incidences have been recorded during this period wherein the property
damage and property salvage have been amounted to Rs. 444.08 lakhs and Rs. 38.08 lakhs respectively. The fire incidence
recorded during 2012 to 2015 within the district is presented in Table No. 3.8.

Sl. Date of Place of Incident Live Property Property

Injured
No. Incident House Fire Forest Fire Lost Damage Salvage
1 6.1.2012 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
2 26.1.2012 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
3 13.2.2012 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
4 20.2.2012 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
5 23.2.2012 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
6 24.2.2012 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
7 26.3.2012 Vawmbuk 0 0 0 Rs.0
8 31.3.2012 Lawngtlai Bazar 0 0 0 Rs.14.03 lakhs Rs.14.03 lakhs
9 27.8.2012 6 Houses at Chawngte 0 0 0 Rs.400 lakhs Rs.0
10 23.12.2012 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
11 28.12.2012 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
12 16.1.2013 Electric Veng 0 0 0 Rs.15,000 Rs.5 lakhs
13 24.1.2013 Bazar Veng 0 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
14 25.1.2013 Vengpui 0 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
15 26.1.2013 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
16 6.2.2013 0 Lawngtlai-III 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
17 24.2.2013 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
18 25.2.2013 0 AOC Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
19 28.2.2013 0 Lawngtlai-IV 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
20 28.2.2013 0 Saikah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
21 19.3.2013 Chawngte P 0 0 2 Rs.0 Rs.0
22 8.3.2013 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
23 8.3.2013 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
24 8.3.2013 0 Electric Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
25 8.3.2013 0 Electric Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
26 8.3.2013 0 Electric Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
27 8.3.2013 0 Electric Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
28 6.3.2013 Bazar Veng 0 0 0 Rs.10,000 Rs.50,000
29 4.3.2013 0 Council Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
30 1.3.2013 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
17 Houses at Nghalim
31 3.5.2013 0 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
Lui
32 15.9.2013 Bazar Veng 0 0 4 Rs.1,20,000 Rs.0
33 24.2.2014 AOC Veng 0 0 0 Rs.15.95 lakhs Rs.3.5 lakhs
34 29.3.2014 0 AOC Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
35 22.3.2014 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
36 28.3.2014 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
45
Sl. Date of Place of Incident Live Property Property
Injured
No. Incident House Fire Forest Fire Lost Damage Salvage
37 29.3.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
38 29.3.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
39 20.3.2014 0 Lawngtlai - III 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
40 18.3.2014 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
41 10.3.2014 0 College Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
42 8.3.2014 0 Electric Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
43 8.3.2014 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
44 8.3.2014 0 Lawngtlai - III 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
45 10.4.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
46 12.4.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
47 12.4.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
48 13.4.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
49 13.4.2014 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
50 14.4.2014 0 Council Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
51 15.4.2014 0 AOC Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
52 19.4.2014 0 College Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
53 22.4.2014 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
54 24.4.2014 0 AOC Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
55 24.4.2014 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
56 26.4.2014 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
57 26.4.2014 0 AOC Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
58 26.4.2014 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
59 4.2.2015 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
60 14.2.2015 0 Lawngtlai 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
61 20.2.2015 0 Central Godown 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
62 24.2.2015 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
63 28.2.2015 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
64 13.3.2015 Sentetfiang 0 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
65 19.3.2015 0 Council Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
66 21.3.2015 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
67 22.3.2015 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
68 18.3.2015 0 33KV substation 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
69 17.3.2015 0 Council Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
70 1.3.2015 0 Bazar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
71 6.3.2015 0 71RCC 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
72 9.3.2015 0 71RCC 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
73 13.3.2015 0 Thingkah 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
74 14.3.2015 0 Dinthar Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
75 15.3.2015 0 Council Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
76 16.3.2015 0 Vengpui 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
77 12.5.2015 Lawngtlai 0 0 0 Rs.12.6 lakhs Rs.15 lakhs
78 2.6.2015 Bazar Veng 0 0 0 Rs.5,000 Rs.5,000
79 28.11.2015 0 AOC Veng 0 0 Rs.0 Rs.0
TOTAL 34 64 0 6 4,44,08,100.00 38,08,000.00

Table No. 3.8 : Fire Incidences within Lawngtlai District during 2012-15
46
3.7 RECORDS OF PREVIOUS DISASTERS IN THE DISTRICT

Within the district, no major disaster has been mentioned for the last 27 years, except an incident of massive
cloud burst on 16th and 17th May, 1995 leading to massive loss of life and properties. This has triggered several
landslides and flash floods in various parts of the district. Few records of cyclonic storm surge and fire incidences have
also taken place within this period. The records of previous disasters in the district as mentioned in the District Disaster
Management Plan - 2015 are given in Table No. 3.9.

Type of Year of
Location Effects
Disaster Occurrence
College Veng,
1989 Area damaged and 9 lives lost
Lawngtlai Town
Chanmary Veng, 25 dwelling houses swept away
1990
Lawngtlai Town and 2 lives lost
Landslide
194 dwelling houses swept
away. 617 dwelling houses
1995 Entire Town
partially destroyed,14 lives lost
and 3 persons injured
Kolodyne river washed away 20
Kawlchaw W
dwelling houses
Bailey’s Bridge over Ngengpui
Flood 1995 Ngengpuikai
river washed away
Kamalanagar, 30 dwelling houses washed
Chawngte away
650 dwelling houses in the
1982 Entire District
district destroyed
Cyclone Hundreds of dwelling houses in
2014 Entire District different part of the district
destroyed
June 1990 Vaseitlang – I 12 houses destroyed
March 1991 Parva – III 18 houses destroyed
Kamalanagar, 36 shops and 20 dwelling
1997
Chawngte houses razed down
Fire Kamalanagar 30 shops and 10 dwelling
2000
bazar, Chawngte houses destroyed.
2004 Kawlchaw W 20 dwelling houses destroyed
Due to long spell of dry
2014
Entire District weather, forest fire ravaged a
(forest fire)
huge area of agricultural land

Table No. 3.9 : Records of previous disasters within Lawngtlai District

3.8 MULTI-HAZARD MAPPING

An integral part of disaster risk reduction undertaken by this project is the Geographic Information System
(GIS) - based multi-hazard mapping. The process of multi-hazard mapping integrates different hazard related information
for specific areas to convey a composite picture of natural hazards in varying magnitude, frequency and areas affected. In

47
this particular project, hazards like landslide, earthquake, wind & cyclone and flood which are natural hazards are studied
and maps are produced through the integration of spatial data and local knowledge. The availability of reliable multi-
hazard maps are important risk assessment tools providing relevant information essential for community planning and
decision making especially in disaster preparedness and mitigation.

When an area is exposed to more than one hazard, a Multi-hazard map helps the planning team to analyze all
of them for vulnerability and risk. By facilitating the interpretation of hazard information, it increases the likelihood that
the information will be used in the decision-making process. In either the planning of new development projects or the
incorporation of hazard reduction techniques into existing developments, the Multi-hazard map can play an important
role. The main purpose of Multi-hazard map is to integrate in one map the different hazard-related information for a study
area to produce a composite map of the natural hazards of varying magnitude, frequency, and area of effect. A Multi-
hazard map may also be referred to as a 'composite', 'synthesized', and 'overlay' hazard map. One area may suffer the
presence of a number of natural hazards. Using individual maps to convey information on each hazard can be troublesome
and confusing for planners and decision-makers because of their numbers and their possible differences in area covered,
scales, and detail. However, the multi-hazard map is not used for risk analysis. Instead, risk analysis is done using
individual hazard map separately.

3.8.1 Methodology and Data used

For preparing Multi-hazard map, the four different hazard maps previously prepared namely - landslide,
earthquake, wind & cyclone and flood maps are combined and different influence values are given on the basis of
frequencies of their occurrence and intensity of their effect. Weightage values in each classes for all the hazards are
assigned on the scale of 1-5. The highest score i.e. 5, is assigned to Very high hazard class, High hazard class is assigned 4
and so on. This method of assigning weightage values is carried out for all the hazards.

The assignments of influence and weightage values for the different hazards and different classes in each
hazard is done in accordance to their assumed or expected importance as well as apriori knowledge of the experts for
deriving Multi-hazard map. The frequency and impact of each hazards are analysed as follows:

Landslide: Landslide is the most frequently occurring hazard within the district. Every year landslide
incidences are reported from various parts of the district. Hence, landslide is given the highest score in terms of frequency.
On the impact scale of high to low, landslide in the district is given moderate as its occurrence is usually localised but
scattered throughout the district.

Earthquake: Frequency of earthquake hazard is given low as there is no significant incidence recorded.
However, as the entire district falls within seismic zone V, the impact of this particular hazard will be high.

Wind & Cyclone: The frequency of this hazard is moderate as its incidences are quite common but does not
occur annually. The impact of Wind & Cyclone hazard is also moderate as the entire district does not come under its
influence.

Flood: The frequency and impact of this particular hazard is low as it is not prevalent and confined to small
areas along major river banks.

48
 Based on the frequency and impact of each hazards, priorities of the hazards are also given and the same is
taken in consideration for analysis. The influence is given in percentage. Landslide is assigned 40%, Earthquake is given
35% on the influence scale, Wind & Cyclone is assigned 20%, while flood is assigned only 5%. The map prepared is then
classified into High, Moderate and Low multi-hazard zones. Relative priorities of the four natural hazards, their influence
and weightage is given in Table No. 3.10.

Influence
Hazards Frequency Impact (in Hazard Class Weight
percentage)
Very High 5
High 4
Landslide High Moderate 40 Moderate 3
Low 2
Very Low 1
Earthquake Low High 35 Very High 5
Very High 5
Wind &
Moderate Moderate 20 High 4
Cyclone
Moderate 3
Flood Low Low 05 Prone area 5

Table No. 3.10: Relative priorities of the natural hazards, their influences and Weightages

The area statistics of Multi-hazard zones of Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 3.11 and the
corresponding Multi-hazard map of Lawngtlai district is shown in Figure No. 3.6.

Hazard Class Area (sq. km) Area (%)

High Hazard 630.28 24.65
Moderate Hazard 1138.54 44.52
Low Hazard 769.79 30.10
Water Body 18.50 0.72
TOTAL 2557.10 100.00

Table No. 3.11 : Area Statistics of Multi-hazard Zones of Lawngtlai District

49
Figure No. 3.6 : Multi-hazard Map of Lawngtlai District

50
 CHAPTER 4

VULNERABILITY AND RISK ANALYSIS

4.1 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

It is a concept which describes factors or constraints of an economic, social, physical or geographic nature,
which reduce the ability of a community to prepare for and cope with the impact of hazards. Disasters affect population
where there is physical, infrastructural, environmental or socio-economic vulnerability. For a multi-hazard prone state, it is
essential to ensure that vulnerability and risk reduction aspects are taken into account for all developmental plans and
programmes. Hazard maps without vulnerability analysis are not meaningful for effective decision making. A small hazard
in a densely populated location may cause disaster many times greater than that at sparsely populated area.

4.2 Physical vulnerability indicator

Physical vulnerability is determined by conditions of housing, infrastructure and other physical factors. In this
analysis, house/building type is considered as the main indicator. House type’s data are collected from all the villages and
town within the district. BMTPC (Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council) classification divides different
house types into category A, category B, category C and category X. Category A refers to buildings made of field-stone, un-
burnt bricks and clay. Category B refers to ordinary brick building, buildings of the large block, prefabricated type and half-
timbered structures. Semi-concrete buildings are included within this category and are mainly found in urban areas.
Category C refers to well built wooden structures. Category X comprises all the other houses which are made up of other
materials not covered in category A, B and C. The materials are generally light and mainly comprises of bamboo, thatch and
grass.

However, for the present analysis, the type of houses were categorized following indigenous house type and
accordingly they were termed RCC, RCC structures mixed with Assam type, Assam type buildings and Kutcha houses. The
data collected are analyzed and depending on the percentage of the house type, habitations were classified into High,
Moderate and Low vulnerable classes for each hazard type.

Quality and design specifications of houses as well as materials used for housing have a bearing on the
vulnerability of houses to landslide, earthquakes, high wind and floods. The concrete and semi-concrete houses account for
16.94%, and are vulnerable to receive severe damage in MSK IX of earthquake intensity. Since, there was no building
regulation to be followed prior to the introduction of the Mizoram Urban & Regional Development Act (MURD Act) in
1990; most of the private concrete buildings are considered to be vulnerable to earthquake hazard. The fact that there were
no proper stringent building regulations prior to introduction of MURD Act could have resulted in the construction of
buildings with low grade building materials like cement, steel, stones, etc. With time, such constructions have gone through
the process of wearing out and in an event of any disaster, maybe more vulnerable to naturally occurring hazards. Assam
type with well built wooden structures with GI roof and tile wall is another type. The other house type is a kutcha type with
thatch roof and bamboo wall. These suffer little to moderate damage in earthquake, and do not pose threat to life as much as
the other house types. Table showing level of damage risk (vulnerability to natural hazards) of house types as per the
classification is given below:

51
 Level of vulnerability under
House Type
Earthquake Wind &
Landslide Flood
zone V Cyclone
A RCC Very High Low Low Low

B RCC structure mixed with Assam type High Moderate Moderate Low

C Assam Type buildings

Moderate High High Moderate
(Well built wooden structures)
X Kutcha
Low Very High Very High Very High
(thatch roof & bamboo wall & floor)

Statistics of detailed house type of Lawngtlai district as per Census 2011 data is given in Table No. 4.1(a). Different House
types of various Village Council area of Lawngtlai town are given in Table No. 4.1 (b). House type maps of Lawngtlai
District is shown in Figures No. 4.1a. House type maps of Lawngtlai Town is shown in Figures No. 4.1(b) and 4.1 (c).
Total Material of Roof
num Han
Total/ Mac Bur Sto G.I./M
Material of ber Grass/Thatch/ d
Rural/ Plastic/ hine nt ne/ etal/As Any
wall of Bamboo/Woo mad Concrete
Urban Polythene made Bric Slat bestos other
house d/Mud etc. e
Tiles k e sheets
holds Tiles
Total All Material 22,89 12,746 68 7 20 12 122 9,251 657 11
4
Total Grass/thatch/b 15,13 12,370 38 3 8 - 41 2,675 - 4
amboo etc.
Total Plastic/ 9
219 112 19 1 1 - 11 75 - -
Polythene
Total Mud/unburnt 22 - - - - - 1 17 4 -
brick
Total Wood 487 19 2 - 1 1 12 451 - 1
Total Stone not 18 - - - - - - 15 3 -
packedpacked
Total Stone with 9 1 - - - - 2 5 1 -
with mortar
Total G.I./ 5,817 222 9 3 8 5 19 5,493 53 5
metal/asbestos
Total Burnt brick 630 16 - - 2 5 34 330 242 1
Total Concrete 534 3 - - - 1 2 174 354 -
Total Any other 19 3 - - - - - 16 - -

Rural All Material 19,03 12,428 58 7 14 6 74 6,305 139 8

Rural Grass/thatch/b 9
14,76 12,266 37 3 8 - 36 2,410 - 4
Rural amboo etc.
Plastic/ 4
190 109 18 1 - - 8 54 - -
Rural Polythene
Mud/unburnt 15 - - - - - 1 13 1 -
Rural brick
Wood 423 18 2 - - 1 12 389 - 1
Rural Stone not 10 - - - - - - 9 1 -
Rural packedpacked
Stone with 6 1 - - - - - 4 1 -
Rural with mortar
G.I./ 3,320 28 1 3 4 2 15 3,255 9 3
Rural metal/asbestos
Burnt brick 139 3 - - 2 3 1 95 35 -
Rural Concrete 153 - - - - - 1 60 92 -
Rural Any other 19 3 - - - - - 16 - -

Urban All Material 3,855 318 10 - 6 6 48 2,946 518 3

Urban Grass/thatch/b 375 104 1 - - - 5 265 - -
Urban amboo etc.
Plastic/ 29 3 1 - 1 - 3 21 - -
Urban Polythene
Mud/unburnt 7 - - - - - - 4 3 -
Urban brick
Wood 64 1 - - 1 - - 62 - -
Urban Stone not 8 - - - - - - 6 2 -
Urban packedpacked
Stone with 3 - - - - - 2 1 - -
Urban with mortar
G.I./ 2,497 194 8 - 4 3 4 2,238 44 2
Urban metal/asbestos
Burnt brick 491 13 - - - 2 33 235 207 1
Urban Concrete 381 3 - - - 1 1 114 262 -
Urban Any other - - - - - - - - - -

Table No. 4.1(a) : Statistics of house type of Lawngtlai district as per Census 2011
52
 RCC &
RCC& Assam type
Total Assam Assam Kutcha Assam Assam type
Village Houses
RCC RCC %
type type %
Kutcha
% type
Assam type & Kutcha
& Kutcha%
mixed % mixed
mixed
1 A.O.C 264 9 3.41 158 59.85 24 9.091 73 27.65 NIL 0.00

2 Bazar 395 152 38.48 49 12.41 NIL 0.000 194 49.11 NIL 0.00

3 Chandmary 811 210 25.89 237 29.22 7 0.863 357 44.02 NIL 0.00

Chandmary
4 243 4 1.65 77 31.69 3 1.235 140 57.61 19 7.82
-II

5 Chawnhu 177 21 11.86 141 79.66 1 0.565 11 6.21 3 1.69

College
6 430 100 23.26 80 18.60 3 0.698 247 57.44 NIL 0.00
Veng

Council
7 231 52 22.51 118 51.08 NIL 0.000 50 21.65 11 4.76
Veng

Electric
8 236 22 9.32 98 41.53 2 0.847 88 37.29 26 11.02
Veng

Lawngtlai -
9 498 150 30.12 100 20.08 NIL 0.000 248 49.80 NIL 0.00
III

10 Thingkah 254 16 6.30 150 59.06 14 5.512 63 24.80 11 4.33

11 Vengpui 607 263 43.33 145 23.89 3 0.494 196 32.29 NIL 0.00

TOTAL 4146 999 1353 57 1667 70

Table No. 4.1(b) : Statistics of house type of Lawngtlai Town

53
Figure No. 4.1(a) : House Type Map of Lawngtlai District
54
Figure No. 4.1(b): RCC structure mixed with Assam type houses map of Lawngtlai Town.

55
Figure No. 4.1(c) : Assam type mixed with Kutcha houses map of Lawngtlai Town

56
4.3 Socio-economic vulnerability indicators

The term social vulnerability reflects the degree to which societies or socio-economic groups are affected by
stresses and hazards, whether brought about by external forces or intrinsic factors – internal and external – that negatively
impact the social cohesion of a municipality (United Nations Development Programme, 2000). For the purpose of this
analysis, vulnerability is also defined as the ability of an individual within a household to recover from a natural hazard
impact. The factors which are taken into consideration for societal vulnerability analysis are population density, sex ratio
(male-female ratio), elders' population, children's population, literacy rate, average number of pregnant women and number
of Low Income families and number of physically challenged people in the District.

4.3.1 Population:
A more vulnerable group is defined as a group which has some special needs in a disaster and cannot
comfortably or safely access; and use the standard resources offered in disaster preparedness, relief and recovery.
Vulnerable Group includes young children, old aged, people with disabilities (physically and mentally challenged), women
like pregnant & lactating women, people with critical needs, poor, minority etc. The vulnerable groups are those that also
find it hardest to reconstruct their livelihoods following disaster

a) Population Density -The number of persons living in one sq km. of an area is termed as population density. The
population density of Lawngtlai district as a whole is 46 (Census 2011). Population data are collected from all the villages
and town within the district and the density is calculated. After analysing the data, population density is then divided as
High, Moderate and Low density. Areas having higher population density are considered more vulnerable to disaster then
those which are having low density. The statistics of vulnerability based on population density of Lawngtlai district is given
in Table No. 4.2 and the map is shown in Figure No 4.2(a) and Lawngtlai town in Figure No 4.2(b).

b) Total Population - The total population within each village or town is recorded and depending on the number of the total
population they are divided into the three classes of vulnerability. Areas with higher total population are considered more
vulnerable to disaster than those which are having low population. The statistics of population density of Lawngtlai district
given in Table No. 4.3 and the map is shown in Figure No 4.3 (a) Lawngtlai town in Figure No 4.3(b).

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class No. of habitations %

1 High 27 16.88
2 Moderate 28 17.50
3 Low 105 65.62
Total 160 100.00
Table No. 4.2 : Vulnerability statistics based on population density of Lawngtlai district

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class Population No. of habitations %

1 High >1000 25 15.63
2 Moderate 500 - 1000 52 32.50
3 Low <500 83 51.88
Total 160 100.00
Table No. 4.3 : Vulnerability statistics based on total population of Lawngtlai district

57
 House- Popula Fe- Sex Av. Child Litera El- Pop.
Name hold tion Male male Ratio LIG preg ren cy ders density
Adubangasora 47 248 124 124 1000.00 28 11 66 61 3 90.30
Ajasora 125 680 361 319 883.66 52 28 138 220 7 182.76
Ajasora II 95 548 283 265 936.40 38 18 113 135 4 120.86
Ajasora III 48 239 117 122 1042.74 22 8 45 78 2 85.37
Archhuang 107 599 306 293 957.52 68 22 130 420 0 15.28
Bajeisora 163 831 436 395 905.96 97 30 139 392 3 325.70
Balisora 162 762 386 376 974.09 88 28.2 189 107 3 95.07
Betbonya 86 440 219 221 1009.13 32 14.5 77 214 10 159.03
Bilosora 74 421 214 207 967.29 57 12.4 113 86 3 135.47
Boganpara 122 576 300 276 920.00 55 15 107 270 2 50.92
Bondukbangsora 126 628 313 315 1006.39 50 16.2 147 61 10 32.41
Boraguisuri 97 547 284 263 926.06 22 12.5 136 85 0 246.58
Boraituli 63 264 130 134 1030.77 23 8.25 54 161 4 23.61
Borakabakhali 88 442 223 219 982.06 35 13.5 75 223 2 20.93
Borapansury I 288 1367 726 641 882.92 140 18 202 643 2 188.12
Borapansury II 265 1262 644 618 959.63 130 15 205 736 8 115.58
Borkolok 123 550 290 260 896.55 40 12 96 198 10 113.78
Boronasury 37 189 99 90 909.09 18 5 30 78 6 113.96
Bortuli 17 89 44 45 1022.73 8 3 12 53 4 25.67
Bualpui NG ‘E’ 156 796 418 378 904.31 85 18 123 607 17 298.41
Bualpui NG ‘W’ 244 1207 613 594 969.00 125 17 197 953 15 44.51
Bungkawn ‘S’ 61 306 155 151 974.19 28 8 66 40 7 197.93
Chamdur ‘P’ I 62 316 166 150 903.61 32 8 54 231 0 217.13
Chamdur ‘P’ II 48 196 97 99 1020.62 26 5 41 53 1 50.69
Chamdurtlang I 105 546 294 252 857.14 58 15 96 214 1 64.74
Chamdurtlang II 31 144 75 69 920.00 17 6 24 11 0 12.96
Chaminisora 26 122 61 61 1000.00 15 5 29 22 3 40.49
Charluitlang 24 108 58 50 862.07 13 5 20 68 1 32.62
Chawngte ‘P’ 301 1443 700 743 1061.43 148 20 248 994 12 867.27
Chawngtelui 83 439 234 205 876.07 37 13 100 226 1 27.33
Chawntlangpui 81 354 181 173 955.80 37 8 83 259 0 70.17
Cheural 204 1060 528 532 1007.58 115 20.5 221 727 13 46.88
Chhippui(Fultuli) 72 348 188 160 851.06 38 10 77 59 2 49.55
Chhotaguisuri I 70 345 182 163 895.60 32 9 58 178 3 106.09
Chhotaguisuri II 53 273 138 135 978.26 20 8 48 29 4 20.25
Chhotapansury 150 796 424 372 877.36 86 15 170 222 4 32.46
Chikhurlui 61 343 167 176 1053.89 32 7 73 36 4 6.69
Damdep I 1
(New Jognasuri I) 166 878 435 443 1018.39 78 32 150 303 66.77
Damdep II 2
(New Jognasuri II) 73 417 210 207 985.71 35 12 101 276 25.14
Damlui 138 674 337 337 1000.00 54 17 180 91 0 490.01
Darnamtlang 57 286 146 140 958.90 30 9 70 151 2 17.03
Devasora 174 863 447 416 930.65 66 11.25 186 317 2 209.75
Devasora ‘S’ 134 844 429 415 967.37 19 14 199 68 17 47.74
Diltlang ‘S’ 218 1194 628 566 901.27 132 76.5 177 945 5 15.16
Dumzau I 95 457 230 227 986.96 52 14 106 229 1 152.50
Dumzautlang 77 371 199 172 864.32 40 10 94 71 3 134.42
Dursora 45 214 110 104 945.45 22 8 50 66 3 8.90
Fangfarlui 59 319 169 150 887.57 25 11 80 24 0 40.69
Fungkah 2 17 10 7 700.00 1 2 4 7 4 0.50
Futsora 39 235 115 120 1043.48 17 5 49 66 2 27.20
Futsury 131 627 337 290 860.53 53 14 150 218 1 237.30
Geraguluksora 84 371 193 178 922.28 37 8 75 117 7 32.18
Gerasury 42 199 99 100 1010.10 24 5 44 110 1 105.05
Gobabsuri 40 178 91 87 956.04 26 5 39 22 2 37.31
Golasuri 126 679 342 337 985.38 48 15 162 271 404.41
Gulsingbabsora 78 324 179 145 810.06 36 10 75 121 1 37.68
Hmawngbu 180 895 436 459 1052.75 97 14 195 606 7 18.11
Hmawngbuchhuah 97 389 190 199 1047.37 58 8 76 105 1 112.89
Hmunlai 85 507 235 272 1157.45 42 15 101 383 2 20.71
58
 Hmunnuam 96 533 259 274 1057.92 52 15 132 339 2 39.01
Hruitezawl 159 700 358 342 955.31 76 18 153 242 2 360.90
Jamersury(Serlui) 126 576 298 278 932.89 46 15 122 121 1 20.35
Jaruldulbasora 98 523 286 237 828.67 18 13 134 304 12 151.10
Jarulsury 163 858 458 400 873.36 94 23 98 174 1 85.66
Jognasuri 223 1106 604 502 831.13 134 25 229 283 6 326.95
Kakichhuah 108 449 244 205 840.16 58 14 106 115 0 150.79
Kamalanagar IV 248 1377 728 649 891.48 141 35 211 888 4 1998.87
Kamlanagar I 8
(Chawngte C I) 298 1415 767 648 844.85 180 50 394 1607 5335.17
Kamlanagar II
(Chawngte C II) 505 2714 1362 1352 992.66 168 53 248 1477 11 6200.28
Kamlanagar III 5
(Chawngte C III) 381 2199 1122 1077 959.89 125 38 246 651 1015.07
Kamtuli 111 598 329 269 817.63 18 21 109 96 7 42.54
Karlui 276 1226 652 574 880.37 112 29 255 254 2 952.10
Kawlchaw ‘W’ 93 419 216 203 939.81 48 14 88 307 0 70.55
Kawrthindeng 140 654 333 321 963.96 60 18 175 374 3 114.19
Kukurduleya 98 481 249 232 931.73 48 14 93 197 0 56.56
Kurbalavasora 176 743 372 371 997.31 69 17 136 278 1 52.87
Laitlang 40 182 87 95 1091.95 24 9 37 92 3 25.53
Lawngtlai (NT) 3910 20830 10659 10171 954.22 1126 110 3122 16939 156 164.67
Liapha 17 70 39 31 794.87 12 5 21 13 3 10.71
Lokhisuri 103 491 268 223 832.09 42 14 100 134 0 56.95
Longpuighat 262 1265 635 630 992.13 118 28 222 601 6 343.59
Ludisora 56 278 143 135 944.06 33 8 62 49 2 35.35
Lunghauka 93 528 275 253 920.00 53 15 113 235 2 157.03
Lungpher 265 1295 637 658 1032.97 131 40.25 228 972 13 73.52
Lungtian 259 1551 773 778 1006.47 149 62.5 327 1106 23 34.60
Lungzarhtum 171 793 410 383 934.15 71 21.33 110 596 7 27.87
M.Kawnpui 178 864 452 412 911.50 32 11 80 110 4 71.45
Mainababsora I 80 454 238 216 907.56 37 12 102 148 3 39.45
Mainababsora II 90 469 252 217 861.11 108 43.25 164 744 10 3.12
Mampui 182 964 483 481 995.86 58 15 139 123 4 43.11
Mandirasora 99 600 302 298 986.75 38 11 81 241 3 52.14
Mautlang 71 368 186 182 978.49 65 14 84 79 1 17.84
Montola 81 426 200 226 1130.00 38 13 83 230 1 17.37
Mualbu ‘L’ 73 367 197 170 862.94 88 77.25 172 473 4 6.50
Nagdarasora 58 306 161 145 900.62 29 10 62 159 0 44.17
Nalbanya 80 417 213 204 957.75 42 14 90 118 1 374.92
New Chhippui 46 228 120 108 900.00 28 10 55 41 2 39.71
Ngengpuikai 137 712 362 350 966.85 64 15 168 334 2 39.09
Ngengpuitlang 117 501 256 245 957.03 60 14 107 316 7 16.51
Nghalimlui 196 976 506 470 928.85 80 18 212 468 3 150.23
Ngharum 43 218 102 116 1137.25 21 8 52 73 3 14.27
Ngunlingkhua 72 348 178 170 955.06 38 11 91 146 1 57.97
Old Bajeisora 35 221 114 107 938.60 28 7 52 34 0 262.21
Pablakhali 14 72 36 36 1000.00 12 2 19 24 4 42.12
Paithar 142 675 323 352 1089.78 76 61 109 521 2 27.12
Pandawnglui 88 456 245 211 861.22 33 11 65 117 3 5.59
Pangkhua 240 1350 678 672 991.15 124 20 284 924 4 57.96
Parva I 276 1516 805 711 883.23 30 30 331 252 8 103.45
Parva II 79 456 259 197 760.62 26 18 100 168 3 66.16
Parva III 59 266 123 143 1162.60 33 11 54 138 1 16.65
Peglababsora 26 127 64 63 984.38 17 8 28 50 4 68.09
Rajmandal II 66 296 162 134 827.16 31 9 41 51 2 117.39
Rawlbuk 115 501 257 244 949.42 58 15 93 388 2 17.37
Rengashya 127 693 351 342 974.36 34 25 168 43 2 28.50
Rulkual 75 406 214 192 897.20 60 15 46 341 7 11.89
S.Bungtlang 435 2186 1128 1058 937.94 156 19 397 1579 17 49.23
Sabualtlang 67 414 209 205 980.86 36 12 110 98 2 11.57
Saibawh 181 925 472 453 959.75 74 14 228 170 6 66.11
Saikah 109 553 279 274 982.08 54 15 99 359 2 51.70
59
 Saikhawthlir 44 225 119 106 890.76 29 14 57 25 1 41.53
Saizawh ‘E’ 107 450 233 217 931.33 44 16 126 161 3 7.74
Sakeilui I 52 241 123 118 959.35 27 10 52 60 1 818.09
Sakeilui II 76 388 207 181 874.40 35 14 71 138 0 1104.66
Sangau ‘E’ 239 1272 636 636 1000.00 131 35 282 821 6 39.50
Sangau ‘W’ 488 2590 1291 1299 1006.20 201 28 473 1946 4 95.97
Sekulh 37 174 94 80 851.06 25 8 51 23 1 32.44
Sentetfiang 63 309 147 162 1102.04 32 11 91 132 0 171.31
Siachangkawn 163 828 414 414 1000.00 79 25.75 168 605 6 309.89
Sihtlangpui 124 630 354 276 779.66 59 14 76 505 3 70.63
Silbanga 41 185 101 84 831.68 17 8 37 21 4 206.59
Silosora 56 272 139 133 956.83 45 10 63 47 1 93.41
Silsury 121 573 303 270 891.09 58 11 101 260 6 116.34
Simeinasora 43 215 122 93 762.30 28 9 55 68 1 22.40
Simeisuri 52 254 121 133 1099.17 22 10 69 38 5 86.58
Songrasury 64 368 174 194 1114.94 31 14 85 192 6 28.24
Sumsilui 244 1267 646 621 961.30 141 77.25 275 328 4 1014.50
Thaltlang 78 416 211 205 971.56 41 14 86 284 13 16.82
Tialdawngi Lung 75 387 204 183 897.06 35 10 94 248 5 9.03
Tongasora 25 149 83 66 795.18 18 8 42 79 2 30.16
Tuichawngtlang 132 626 318 308 968.55 70 13 152 342 2 13.60
Tuidangtlang 71 339 190 149 784.21 40 12 112 88 0 99.86
Tuikhurlui 81 437 226 211 933.63 50 14 93 93 4 162.37
Tuisentlang 144 726 366 360 983.61 76 17 195 251 5 141.35
Tuithumhnar 85 554 339 215 634.22 46 19 89 437 4 10.48
Udalthana I 165 786 395 391 989.87 80 20 167 190 10 48.86
Udalthana II 206 1091 549 542 987.25 110 28 251 244 8 219.25
Ugudasury 59 305 165 140 848.48 28 12 74 79 3 32.80
Ugudasury ‘S’ 189 992 518 474 915.06 87 20 208 265 4 115.69
Ugulsury 133 652 340 312 917.65 58 14 127 238 1 73.95
Ulusury 83 425 232 193 831.90 50 11 100 144 3 223.50
Vanhne ‘R’ 55 334 165 169 1024.24 20 10 72 261 1 34.89
Vartek 44 217 112 105 937.50 25 8 39 159 0 8.12
Vartekkai 62 317 181 136 751.38 35 13 71 215 1 524.47
Vaseikai 170 823 420 403 959.52 73 17 166 141 4 119.74
Vaseitlang I 75 431 248 183 737.90 40 18 88 142 5 63.11
Vaseitlang II 89 396 210 186 885.71 37 13 83 166 3 60.55
Vathuampui 232 1254 641 613 956.32 124 26 245 909 5 21.42
Vawmbuk 236 1234 612 622 1016.34 132 26.5 249 883 12 48.13
W.Saizawh 92 482 238 244 1025.21 51 14 75 324 2 35.38
Zochawchhuah 72 333 177 156 881.36 40 13 71 88 3 14.22
10223 22483 785
22984 117894

Table No. 4.4 : Household, Total Population, Elder, Children, Low income Group, Literacy, Pop Density

60
Figure No. 4.2(a) : Population density map of Lawngtlai district

61
Figure No 4.2(b) : Population Density Map of Lawngtlai Town
62
 F
i
g
Figure No. 4.3 (a) : Total population map of Lawngtlai district

63
Figure No 4.3(b) : Population Map of Lawngtlai Town

64
Figure No. 4.3 (c) : Total Household Map of Lawngtlai Town

65
4.3.2 Sex-ratio:
Sex-ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The sex-ratio of Lawngtlai district as a whole is
945 females per 1000 males (Census 2011). Male and female population of all the villages and town within Lawngtlai
district are collected and the ratio is then calculated. After analysing the data in Table No. 4.4, sex-ratio is divided into
High, Moderate and Low classes. Areas having female population 1000 and above per 1000 males are assigned high sex-
ratio class. Those which are having sex-ratio 850-1000 are assigned moderate class while the areas having sex-ratio below
850 are assigned low class. Since, females are considered more vulnerable to disaster; areas having higher sex-ratio will be
more vulnerable in case of disaster. The vulnerability statistics based on sex-ratio of Lawngtlai district is given in Table
No. 4.5 and the map is shown in Figure No. 4.4.

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class Sex Ratio No. of habitations %

1 High >1000 36 22.50
2 Moderate 900 – 1000 103 64.37
3 Low <900 21 13.13
Total 160 100.00

Table No. 4.5 : Vulnerability statistics based on sex-ratio of Lawngtlai district

66
Figure No. 4.4: Sex ratio map of Lawngtlai district

67
4.3.3 Elders' population:
A population with age group of 70 years and above are categorised under elders' population. Numbers of elders
are recorded from all the villages and town within the district as per Electoral Roll 2015 as shown in Table No 4.4 which
shows that there are 785 senior citizen out of 1,17,894 total population i.e elders constitute only 0.66 % of the population in
Lawngtlai District.
The percentage to the total is calculated. Base on this calculation, villages and town are divided into High,
Moderate and Low classes of elders' population. The age group of 70 years and above lack physical strength and mobility
and are thus considered more vulnerable. Therefore, areas having high elders' population will be more vulnerable to disaster
than those which are having low elders' population. The statistics of elders' population of Lawngtlai district given in Table
No. 4.6 and the map is shown in Figure 4.5.

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class Elder Population No. of habitations %

1 High >2 14 8.75
2 Moderate 1–2 27 16.88
3 Low <1 119 74.37
Total 160 100.00

Table No. 4.6 : Vulnerability statistics based on elders’ population of Lawngtlai district

68
Figure No. 4.5: Elders’ population map of Lawngtlai district

69
4.3.4 Children's population:
Children below the age of 6 years are considered in children's population. 2011 Census data were used for
analyzing children’s population as shown in Table No 4.4 which shows that there are 22,483 children out of 1,17,894 total
population i.e children constitute 19.08 % of the population in Lawngtlai District.
The data are analyzed and the villages are divided into High, Moderate and Low classes of children's
population. Areas having high children's population are considered more vulnerable to disaster. Statistics of children's
population is given in Table No. 4.7 and the map is shown in Figure No. 4.6.

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class Children % No. of habitations %

1 High >20% 105 65.62
2 Moderate 15 – 20 42 26.25
3 Low <15 13 8.13
Total 160 100.00

Table No. 4.7 : Vulnerability statistics based on children’s population of Lawngtlai district

70
Figure No. 4.6: Children’s population map of Lawngtlai district

71
4.3.5 Literacy rate:
Literacy rate is the percentage of literates to population aged 7 years and above. The literacy rate of Lawngtlai
district is 65.88 (Census 2011). The literacy rate within Lawngtlai district is collected and according to that all the villages
and town are divided into High, Moderate and Low classes. The literacy rate have a positive impact on vulnerability
analysis as the areas having high literacy rate are considered less vulnerable to disaster than those which are having low
literacy rate. Statistics of literacy rate classes for Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.8 and the map is shown in Figure
No. 4.7.

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class Literacy % No. of habitations %

1 High <50% 98 61.24
2 Moderate 50 – 70% 37 23.13
3 Low >70 25 15.63
Total 160 100.00

Table No. 4.8 : Vulnerability statistics based on literacy rate of Lawngtlai district

72
Figure No. 4.7: Literacy rate map of Lawngtlai district

73
4.3.6. Average numbers of pregnant women:
During pregnancy, women are more vulnerable towards any kind of natural hazards. Therefore, number of
pregnant women in any village and habitation is an important factor for analyzing the vulnerability of an area. The data is
collected from HMIS, National Health Mission, Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram Report to Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare, Gov’t of India during 2011 – 12 to 2015 – 2016 (upto September 2015 ) is given in Table No.
4.10. These were further categorized to incorporate in analyzing the vulnerability parameter. According to the average
numbers of pregnant women all the villages were divided into High, Moderate and Low classes. Statistics vulnerability
based on numbers of pregnant women for Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.9 and the map is shown in Figure No.
4.8.

Sl. No. Vulnerability Class No. of Pregnant women No. of habitations %

1 High >20 36 22.50
2 Moderate 10 – 20 89 55.62
3 Low <10 35 21.88
Total 160 100.00

Table No. 4.9 : Vulnerability statistics based on average pregnant women of Lawngtlai district

74
 2015 - 16 Average during
PHC/ SHC Sub Centre 2011 - 12 2012 - 13 2013 - 14 2014 - 15 (upto 2015 Sept) 2011- 12 to 2014-15
Borapansury PHC
Borapansury
Borapansury SC 66 62 62 70 39 65.00
PHC
Jarulsury SC 19 29 27 51 12 31.50
Bualpui NG PHC
BualpuiNg PHC Bualpui SC 33 50 71 53 25 51.75
Lungzarhtum SC 17 22 25 12 21.33
Bungtlang S Bungtlang S PHC
PHC Bungtlang S Adik
Bungtlang S PHC
Bungtlang S SC 108 123 77 90 59 99.50
Chamdur Pilot Proj 69 25 35 40 22 42.25
BungtlangS SC SC
Diltlang 79 96 55 76 46 76.50
PHC
M. Kawnpui SC 83 77 82 67 27 77.25
Mautlang SC 15 22 4 3 11.00
Tuithumhnar SC 323 68 15 3 11 102.25
Vathuampui SC 84 95 28 44 30 62.75
Chawngte C SC 183 241 245 282 141 237.75
Chawngte CHC
Chawngte P 102 73 129 90 34 98.50
Hmunlai SC 38 23 23 31 13 28.75
Chawngte CHC Lungrang S SC 43 37 48 44 21 43.00
Rualalung SC 34 21 26 10 6 22.75
Saizawh SC 49 42 75 51 30 54.25
Sumsilui SC 80 77 71 81 33 77.25
Zehtet Clinic 29 23 27 11 26.33
Lawngtlai DH LAWNGTLAI DH
Lawngtlai MC
College Veng SC 120 202 237 270 104 207.25
Kawlchaw SC 54 57 82 59 24 63.00
Khawmawi SC 19 39 63 50 33 42.75
Lawngtlai SC 156 194 206 167 91 180.75
Lawngtlai MC
Mampui SC 98 29 22 24 8 43.25
Phaithar SC 74 43 66 61 19 61.00
Thingkah SC 114 148 190 154 83 151.50
Christian Hospital
Lawngtlai
Lairam Christian
S.Medical
Lungphercentre
PHC
S. Lungpher S. Lungpher SC 45 40 36 40 22 40.25
PHC Siachangkawn SC 24 25 38 16 5 25.75
Vawmbuk SC 45 24 30 7 36 26.50
Sangau PHC
Cheural SC 22 27 15 18 16 20.50
Lungtian SC 68 61 71 50 18 62.50
Sangau PHC
Pangkhua SC 55 45 41 40 14 45.25
Rawlbuk Clinic 14 17 18 11 15 15.00
Sangau SC 96 104 136 131 49 116.75
Vaseitlang MC
Ajasora SC 3 29 26 35 14 23.25
Damdep SC 11 88 7 22 23 32.00
Vaseitlang MC
Devasora SC 2 15 10 18 8 11.25
Parva SC 122 122.00
Vaseitlang SC 17 50 18 90 17 43.75
Grand Total 2462 2449 2433 2376 1293 2563.91

Table No. 4.10 : Numbers of Pregnancies in Lawngtlai District during 2011-2012 to 2015 – 2016 ( upto Sept 2015 )

75
Figure No. 4.8: Average pregnant women map of Lawngtlai district

76
4.3.7 Economy:
The vulnerability of an area is also determined by its economic structures. An analysis of the vulnerability of the socio-
economic factors and the capability of the community to cope with disasters, will give an understanding to the development and
disaster managers to plan for risk reduction against future hazards. Within the villages of Lawngtlai district, the age old system of
farming - jhum cultivation is still prevalent. At present the district's economy continues to be characterised by poverty,
unemployment, low per-capita income and inadequate socio-economic development. However, in some towns and villages of the
district, large percentages of the residents are engaged in Government services and other commercial services. Type of houses also
reflects the economy of an area, and as far as Lawngtlai district is concerned, the dominant materials used for construction of houses
are GI/Metal and asbestos sheet, the second prominent materials are grass/thatch/bamboo and wood which shows the poor economic
condition of the district.
Low Income Group: Households having BPL (Below Poverty Line) ration cards are issued 35 kgs of rice monthly at
the rate of Rs.6.5 per kg. The poorest among the BPL families are selected and issued AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana) ration cards
that targeted those who couldn’t have 2 square meals a day. Households having this card are issued 35 kgs of rice at the rate of Rs. 3
per kg.
BPL and AAY data is collected from the office of District Civil Supply Officer, Lawngtlai, Government of Mizoram (
as shown in Table No. 4.12 and 4.11 ) which were utilized to create what is termed as ‘Low Income group’. As per Table No. 4.12,
there were 10,223 Low income families out of 22,984 families in the whole district i.e 44.48% and in Lawngtlai Town, there were
1814 Low income families out of 4146 families i.e 43.75 %.
The percentile of this Low Income Group from each habitation was calculated. All the villages were divided into High,
Moderate and Low classes according to the percentage of low income group present. Areas having high percentage of low income
group are considered more vulnerable while those with low percentage of low income group are considered less vulnerable in case of
disaster. Based on their economy, each village within the district are categorised into High, Moderate and Low economic
vulnerability classes. Statistics of economic vulnerability classes for Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.10 and the map is
shown in Figure No. 4.9 (a) and that of Lawngtlai Town in Figure No. 4.9 (b).
Sl. No. Vulnerability Class No. of habitations %
1 High 78 48.75
2 Moderate 60 37.50
3 Low 22 13.75
Total 160 100.00

Table No. 4.10 : Vulnerability statistics based on economy of Lawngtlai district

Village/Locality No of BPL Family No of AAY Family No of BPL + AAY
Lawngtlai 1 – A& B 64 202 266
Bazar Veng 36 117 153
Council Veng 36 272 308
Lawngtlai III 28 99 127
Lawngtlai IV 50 192 242
Chandmary II 34 50 84
College Veng 56 145 201
Electric Veng 20 114 134
AOC 32 95 127
Chawnhu 26 30 56
Thingkah 44 72 116
Total 426 1388 1814
Table No. 4.11 : Retailer wise Number of BPL and AAY Family within Lawngtlai town

77
 AAY+BPL
Sl. No. Name Population No. of Household LIG%
(Low Income Group)
1 Adubangasora 248 47 28 60
2 Ajasora 680 125 52 42
3 Ajasora II 548 95 38 40
4 Ajasora III 239 48 22 46
5 Archhuang 599 107 68 64
6 Bajeisora 831 163 97 60
7 Balisora 762 162 88 54
8 Betbonya 440 86 32 37
9 Bilosora 421 74 57 77
10 Boganpara 576 122 55 45
11 Bondukbangsora 628 126 50 40
12 Boraguisuri 547 97 22 23
13 Boraituli 264 63 23 37
14 Borakabakhali 442 88 35 40
15 Borapansury I 1367 288 140 49
16 Borapansury II 1262 265 130 49
17 Borkolok 550 123 40 33
18 Boronasury 189 37 18 49
19 Bortuli 89 17 8 47
20 Bualpui NG ‘E’ 796 156 85 54
21 Bualpui NG ‘W’ 1207 244 125 51
22 Bungkawn ‘S’ 306 61 28 46
23 Chamdur ‘P’ I 316 62 32 52
24 Chamdur ‘P’ II 196 48 26 54
25 Chamdurtlang I 546 105 58 55
26 Chamdurtlang II 144 31 17 55
27 Chaminisora 122 26 15 58
28 Charluitlang 108 24 13 54
29 Chawngte ‘P’ 1443 301 148 49
30 Chawngtelui 439 83 37 45
31 Chawntlangpui 354 81 37 46
32 Cheural 1060 204 115 56
33 Chhippui(Fultuli) 348 72 38 53
34 Chhotaguisuri I 345 70 32 46
35 Chhotaguisuri II 273 53 20 38
36 Chhotapansury 796 150 86 57
37 Chikhurlui 343 61 32 52
38 Damdep I (New Jognasuri I) 878 166 78 47
39 Damdep II (New Jognasuri II) 417 73 35 48
40 Damlui 674 138 54 39
41 Darnamtlang 286 57 30 53
42 Devasora 863 174 66 38
43 Devasora ‘S’ 844 134 19 14
44 Diltlang ‘S’ 1194 218 132 61
45 Dumzau I 457 95 52 55
46 Dumzautlang 371 77 40 52
47 Dursora 214 45 22 49
48 Fangfarlui 319 59 25 42
49 Fungkah 17 2 1 50
50 Futsora 235 39 17 44
51 Futsury 627 131 53 40
52 Geraguluksora 371 84 37 44
53 Gerasury 199 42 24 57
54 Gobabsuri 178 40 26 65
55 Golasuri 679 126 48 38
56 Gulsingbabsora 324 78 36 46
57 Hmawngbu 895 180 97 54
58 Hmawngbuchhuah 389 97 58 60
59 Hmunlai 507 85 42 49
60 Hmunnuam 533 96 52 54

78
 AAY+BPL
Sl. No. Name Population No. of Household LIG%
(Low Income Group)
61 Hruitezawl 700 159 76 48
62 Jamersury(Serlui) 576 126 46 37
63 Jaruldulbasora 523 98 18 18
64 Jarulsury 858 163 94 58
65 Jognasuri 1106 223 134 60
66 Kakichhuah 449 108 58 54
68 Kamalanagar I (Chawngte C I) 1415 248 141 57
69 Kamalanagar II (Chawngte C II) 2714 298 180 60
70 Kamalanagar III (Chawngte C III) 2199 505 168 33
67 Kamalanagar IV 1377 381 125 33
71 Kamtuli 598 111 18 16
72 Karlui 1226 276 112 41
73 Kawlchaw ‘W’ 419 93 48 52
74 Kawrthindeng 654 140 60 43
75 Kukurduleya 481 98 48 49
76 Kurbalavasora 743 176 69 39
77 Laitlang 182 40 24 60
78 Lawngtlai (NT) 20830 3910 1126 29
79 Liapha 70 17 12 71
80 Lokhisuri 491 103 42 41
81 Longpuighat 1265 262 118 45
82 Ludisora 278 56 33 59
83 Lunghauka 528 93 53 57
84 Lungpher 1295 265 131 49
85 Lungtian 1551 259 149 58
86 Lungzarhtum 793 171 71 42
88 Mainababsora I 454 80 32 40
89 Mainababsora II 469 90 37 41
90 Mampui 964 182 108 59
91 Mandirasora 600 99 58 59
92 Mautlang 368 71 38 54
93 Montola 828 81 65 80
94 Mualbu ‘L’ 367 73 38 52
87 Mualbu Kawnpui 864 178 88 49
95 Nagdarasora 306 58 29 50
96 Nalbanya 417 80 42 53
97 New Chhippui 228 46 28 61
98 Ngengpuikai 712 137 64 47
99 Ngengpuitlang 501 117 60 51
100 Nghalimlui 976 196 80 41
101 Ngharum 218 43 21 49
102 Ngunlingkhua 348 72 38 53
103 Old Bajeisora 221 35 28 80
104 Pablakhali 72 14 12 86
105 Paithar 675 142 76 54
106 Pandawnglui 456 88 33 38
107 Pangkhua 1350 240 124 52
108 Parva I 1516 276 30 11
109 Parva II 456 79 26 33
110 Parva III 266 59 33 56
111 Peglababsora 127 26 17 65
112 Rajmandal II 296 66 31 47
113 Rawlbuk 501 115 58 50
114 Rengashya 693 127 34 27
115 Rulkual 406 75 60 80
116 S.Bungtlang 2186 435 156 36
117 Sabualtlang 414 67 36 54
118 Saibawh 925 181 74 41
119 Saikah 553 109 54 50

79
 AAY+BPL
Sl. No. Name Population No. of Household LIG%
(Low Income Group)
120 Saikhawthlir 225 44 29 66
121 Saizawh ‘E’ 450 107 44 41
122 Sakeilui I 241 52 27 52
123 Sakeilui II 388 76 35 46
124 Sangau ‘E’ 1272 239 131 55
125 Sangau ‘W’ 2590 488 201 41
126 Sekulh 174 37 25 68
127 Sentetfiang 309 63 32 51
128 Siachangkawn 828 163 79 48
129 Sihtlangpui 630 124 59 48
130 Silbanga 185 41 17 41
131 Silosora 272 56 45 80
132 Silsury 573 121 58 48
133 Simeinasora 215 43 28 65
134 Simeisuri 254 52 22 42
135 Songrasury 368 64 31 48
136 Sumsilui 1267 244 141 58
137 Thaltlang 416 78 41 53
138 Tialdawngi Lung 387 75 35 47
139 Tongasora 149 25 18 72
140 Tuichawngtlang 626 132 70 53
141 Tuidangtlang 339 71 40 56
142 Tuikhurlui 437 81 50 62
143 Tuisentlang 726 144 76 53
144 Tuithumhnar 554 85 46 54
145 Udalthana I 786 165 80 48
146 Udalthana II 1091 206 110 53
147 Ugudasury 305 59 28 47
148 Ugudasury ‘S’ 992 189 87 46
149 Ugulsury 652 133 58 44
150 Ulusury 425 83 50 60
151 Vanhne ‘R’ 334 55 20 36
152 Vartek 217 44 25 57
153 Vartekkai 317 62 35 56
154 Vaseikai 823 170 73 43
155 Vaseitlang I 431 75 40 53
156 Vaseitlang II 396 89 37 42
157 Vathuampui 1254 232 124 53
158 Vawmbuk 1234 236 132 56
159 W.Saizawh 482 92 51 55
160 Zochawchhuah 333 72 40 56
1,17,894 22,984 10,223

Table No. 4.12 : Number of BPL and AAY Family with number of Household and Population within Lawngtlai District

80
Figure No. 4.9 (a): Low Income Group map of Lawngtlai District.

81
Figure No. 4.9 (b) : Low Income Group Map of Lawngtlai Town

82
4.3.8 People with Physically Disability:
Natural and man-made disasters tend to have a disproportionate impact on people with disabilities (PWD). This
issue is recognised and addressed by Article 11 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
which states that “States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including
international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and
safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and
the occurrence of natural disasters."
There is limited research knowledge, but many anecdotal reports, on what happens when disasters impact
people with disabilities. Individuals with disabilities may be greatly affected by natural disasters. Those with physical
disabilities can be at risk when evacuating if assistance is not available. Individuals with cognitive impairments may
struggle with understanding instructions that must be followed in the event a disaster occurs. Those who are blind, hearing
impaired, etc. may have difficulty communicating during the emergency. All of these factors can increase the degree of
variation of risk in disaster situations with disabled individuals.
Some research studies have found discrimination against individuals with disabilities during all phases of the
disaster cycle. The most common limitation is that people cannot physically access buildings or transport, as well as access
disaster-related services. The exclusion of these individuals is caused in part by the lack of disability-related training
provided to emergency planners and disaster relief personnel.
The numbers of People with Physical Disability within Lawngtlai District is collected from Directorate of
Social Welfare, Government of Mizoram based on Identity Card Issued and Cases Identify in various Certification Camp as
shown in the Table No. 4.13 which indicated that there were 290 only physically challenged people in the whole district..

Orthopedically Mentally Visually Hearing

Villages/Area Handicapped retarded impaired impaired Total
Multiple
Ngengpuikai 2 2
Kawlchaw ‘W’ 1 1
Hruitezawl 1 1
Ngengpuitlang 1 1
Lawngtlai Town 9 1 1 11
S.Bungtlang 37 33 11 27 108
Sangau 37 35 27 28 127
Lungtian 2 1 3
Cheural 1 1 2
Bualpui NG ‘W’ 2 2
Thaltlang 1 1
Pangkhua 1 1 2
Vathuampui 1 7 0 2 1 11
Vaseikai 1 3 10 4 18
Total 91 78 51 66 4 290

Table No. 4.13: Numbers of People with Physical Disability within Lawngtlai District.

83
4.4 RISK ANALYSIS

The probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (deaths, injuries, damaged property, disrupted
livelihoods, economic activity or environmental damage) resulting from interaction between natural hazards and vulnerable
conditions is referred as Risk. Risk assessment is the function of two broad parameters- a) Hazard Analysis b) Vulnerability
Analysis. The Risk factor is derived by integrating Hazard Analysis and Vulnerability Analysis.

The process of conducting a risk assessment is based on a review of both the technical features of hazards such
as their location, intensity, frequency and probability; and also the analysis of the physical, social, economic and
environmental dimensions of vulnerability and exposure, while taking particular account of the coping capabilities pertinent
to the risk scenarios. The elements at risk are the population, properties, infrastructure, economic activities and others. Risk
map is prepared by overlaying physical and socio-economic vulnerability maps on the hazard map and based on the
combination of different classes from these thematic maps, the district is divided into High risk, Moderate risk and Low risk
zones.

4.5 RISK BASE ON LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY

Landslide hazard zones are well distributed in all parts of the district. Location of settlement area with respect
to hazard zones is taken into account for risk analysis. Risk analysis based on landslide hazard and vulnerability is done
using the landslide hazard zones and physical and socio-economic vulnerabilities. As the physical and socio-economic
vulnerabilities are categorized into three classes, the landslide hazard zones are also categorised into high, moderate and low
classes. Numerical scores ranging from 1 to 3 are assigned to the different classes of landslide hazard and at the same time
numerical scores are also given to different vulnerability classes. From these parameters, the final risk score is calculated
using Raster Calculator in ARC-INFO GIS software. Table showing risk factors and their numerical scores are shown
below.

Parameter Category Weight

High 3
Landslide hazard Moderate 2
Low 1
High 3
Physical vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1
High 3
Socio-economic vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1

Villages and town within the district are then categorized in to high, moderate and low risk zones. Statistics of
risk based on landslide and vulnerability of Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.14 and the corresponding map is
shown in Figure No. 4.10 (a) and that of Lawngtlai town in Figure No. 4.10 (b)

The risks involved in Landslide disaster include loss of human lives, partial or complete damage of houses in
some areas. Disruption of power supply, drinking water supply and communication network in some areas will also be some
of the major impacts of landslide disaster. Road transport network may be disrupted in many places which in turn will affect
supply of food and other daily necessities. The impact also contributes to the physical deterioration of land and
downgrading of land value.

84
 Landslide Landslide Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Hazard*Vulnerability
Hazard Hazard Weightage Class Weightage Risk Class
Weightage Class
Sangau ‘E’ 3 High 22 High 66 3 High
Pangkhua 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Vawmbuk 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Lungpher 3 High 20 High 60 3 High
Siachangkawn 3 High 20 High 60 3 High
Sangau ‘W’ 3 High 19 Moderate 57 3 High
Paithar 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Thaltlang 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Lawngtlai (NT) 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Liapha 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Saizawh ‘E’ 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Mualbu L 3 High 16 Low 48 3 High
S.Bungtlang 3 High 16 Low 48 3 High
Saikah 3 High 16 Low 48 3 High
Tialdawngi Lung 3 High 16 Low 48 3 High
Cheural 2 Moderate 23 High 46 3 High
Lungtian 2 Moderate 22 High 44 3 High
Ajasora 2 Moderate 21 High 42 3 High
Rulkual 3 High 14 Low 42 3 High
Vanhne ‘R’ 3 High 14 Low 42 3 High
Bualpui NG ‘E’ 2 Moderate 20 High 40 2 Moderate
Udalthana I 2 Moderate 20 High 40 2 Moderate
Bualpui NG ‘W’ 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 38 2 Moderate
Damdep I
(New Jognasuri I) 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 38 2 Moderate
Lunghauka 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 38 2 Moderate
Ngengpuitlang 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 38 2 Moderate
Sentetfiang 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 38 2 Moderate
Archhuang 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Chikhurlui 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Diltlang ‘S’ 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Dumzautlang 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Hmunnuam 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Jarulsury 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Montola 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Saibawh 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 36 2 Moderate
Boganpara 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Chhippui(Fultuli) 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Dumzau I 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Gobabsuri 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Jamersury(Serlui) 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Laitlang 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
New Chhippui 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Ngharum 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Sabualtlang 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Saikhawthlir 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Silosora 2 Moderate 17 Low 34 2 Moderate
Fungkah 2 Moderate 16 Low 32 1 Low
Geraguluksora 2 Moderate 16 Low 32 1 Low
Sekulh 2 Moderate 16 Low 32 1 Low
Tuidangtlang 2 Moderate 16 Low 32 1 Low
W.Saizawh 2 Moderate 16 Low 32 1 Low
Boraituli 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Bortuli 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Chawngtelui 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Darnamtlang 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Hmunlai 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Kawlchaw ‘W’ 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Lungzarhtum 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Nagdarasora 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low
Rawlbuk 2 Moderate 15 Low 30 1 Low

85
 Landslide Landslide Risk
Vulnerability Vulnerability
Location Hazard Hazard Hazard*Vulnerability
Weightage Class Weightage Risk Class
Weightage Class

Charluitlang 2 Moderate 14 Low 28 1 Low

Tuithumhnar 2 Moderate 14 Low 28 1 Low
Chawntlangpui 2 Moderate 13 Low 26 1 Low
Pandawnglui 2 Moderate 13 Low 26 1 Low
Rajmandal II 2 Moderate 13 Low 26 1 Low
Sihtlangpui 2 Moderate 13 Low 26 1 Low
Sumsilui 1 Low 24 High 24 1 Low
Udalthana II 1 Low 24 High 24 1 Low
Jognasuri 1 Low 23 High 23 1 Low
Karlui 1 Low 23 High 23 1 Low
Chawngte ‘P’ 1 Low 22 High 22 1 Low
Longpuighat 1 Low 22 High 22 1 Low
Bajeisora 1 Low 21 High 21 1 Low
Kamalanagar II
(Chawngte C II) 1 Low 21 High 21 1 Low
Kamalanagar IV 1 Low 21 High 21 1 Low
Parva I 1 Low 21 High 21 1 Low
Balisora 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Bondukbangsora 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Damlui 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Futsury 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Hruitezawl 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Kamalanagar I
(Chawngte C I) 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Tuisentlang 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Ugudasury ‘S’ 1 Low 20 High 20 1 Low
Adubangasora 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Borapansury I 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Borapansury II 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Chaminisora 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Chhotapansury 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Devasora 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Devasora ‘S’ 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Golasuri 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Hmawngbu 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Kamalanagar III
(Chawngte C III) 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Nalbanya 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Nghalimlui 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Pablakhali 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Sakeilui I 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Silsury 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Vaseikai 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Vathuampui 1 Low 19 Moderate 19 1 Low
Ajasora II 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Betbonya 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Bilosora 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Boraguisuri 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Borkolok 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Bungkawn ‘S’ 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Chamdurtlang I 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Kakichhuah 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Kawrthindeng 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Mampui 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Mandirasora 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Ngengpuikai 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Old Bajeisora 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Peglababsora 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Rengashya 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Silbanga 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Simeisuri 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Tuichawngtlang 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Tuikhurlui 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low
Ulusury 1 Low 18 Moderate 18 1 Low

86
 Landslide Landslide Risk
Vulnerability Vulnerability
Location Hazard Hazard Hazard*Vulnerability
Weightage Class Weightage Risk Class
Weightage Class

Boronasury 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low

Chamdur ‘P’ II 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Gerasury 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Hmawngbuchhuah 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Jaruldulbasora 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Kamtuli 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Mualbu Kawnpui 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Ngunlingkhua 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Parva III 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Sakeilui II 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Songrasury 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Ugulsury 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Vartekkai 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Vaseitlang I 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Zochawchhuah 1 Low 17 Low 17 1 Low
Dursora 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Fangfarlui 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Futsora 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Kurbalavasora 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Lokhisuri 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Ludisora 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Mainababsora II 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Mautlang 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Vaseitlang II 1 Low 16 Low 16 1 Low
Ajasora III 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Chamdur ‘P’ I 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Chamdurtlang II 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Damdep II (New
Jognasuri II) 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Gulsingbabsora 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Kukurduleya 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Mainababsora I 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Simeinasora 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Tongasora 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Ugudasury 1 Low 15 Low 15 1 Low
Borakabakhali 1 Low 14 Low 14 1 Low
Chhotaguisuri I 1 Low 14 Low 14 1 Low
Chhotaguisuri II 1 Low 14 Low 14 1 Low
Parva II 1 Low 14 Low 14 1 Low
Vartek 1 Low 13 Low 13 1 Low

Table No. 4.14: Risk based on landslide hazard of Lawngtlai district

87
Figure No. 4.10 (a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Landslide Hazard of Lawngtlai District.

88
Figure No. 4.10 (b): Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Landslide Hazard of Lawngtlai Town.

89
4.6 RISK BASED ON EARTHQUAKE AND VULNERABILITY

It has been found that the entire district falls within seismic zone V, the highest seismic zone in the country.
Therefore, in earthquake hazard zonation, Lawngtlai district is categorized into a single class i.e. high hazard zone. For
earthquake and vulnerability based risk analysis, separate physical vulnerability map is prepared as the vulnerability of
house type under earthquake hazard is different from those of the other hazards. Hence, concrete and semi-concrete
buildings are considered highly vulnerable to earthquake hazard within Lawngtlai district. On the other hand, Assam type
buildings and other houses made of bamboo, thatch, grass and other light materials are considered less vulnerable to
earthquake hazard. These factors are taken into consideration while analyzing the risk. Numerical scores ranging from 1 to 3
are assigned to different classes within physical and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The single earthquake hazard class is
then combined with different classes of both physical and socio-economic vulnerabilities using Raster Calculator in ARC-
INFO GIS software to assign High, Moderate and Low risk zones. Table showing risk factors and their numerical scores are
shown below.

Parameter Category Weight

Earthquake hazard High 3

High 3
Physical vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1
High 3
Socio-economic vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1

Statistics of risk based on Earthquake and vulnerability of Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.15 and the
corresponding map is shown in Figure No. 4.11(a) and that of Lawngtlai Town in Figure No. 4.11 (b)

Since the entire district falls in seismic zone V, there is a probability of magnitude 7 to 8 earthquake
occurrence. The impact may induce loss to thousands of human lives as well as casualties, particularly in urban areas. Well
built concrete houses may suffer partial damage. However, many private concrete buildings may suffer partial or total
destruction. The other impacts may range from disruption of power supply, drinking water supply and telecommunication
network. Road transport network may suffer a setback as many of the bridges within the district may be partially or
completely damaged. Industrial sectors may suffer major setback due to loss of power supply. If this happens, many
economic activities will also be hindered. In rural areas, the dominant house types are wooden structures. Hence, they may
only suffer little to moderate damage during an earthquake, and do not pose threat to human lives as compared to the other
house types.

90
 Earthquake Earthquake
Hazard Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Weightage Risk Class

Sumsilui 3 High 24 High 72 3 High

Udalthana II 3 High 24 High 72 3 High
Cheural 3 High 23 High 69 3 High
Jognasuri 3 High 23 High 69 3 High
Karlui 3 High 23 High 69 3 High
Chawngte ‘P’ 3 High 22 High 66 3 High
Kamalanagar I (Chawngte C I) 3 High 22 High 66 3 High
Longpuighat 3 High 22 High 66 3 High
Lungtian 3 High 22 High 66 3 High
Sangau ‘E’ 3 High 22 High 66 3 High
Ajasora 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Bajeisora 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Kamalanagar II (Chawngte C II) 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Kamalanagar IV 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Pangkhua 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Parva I 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Vawmbuk 3 High 21 High 63 3 High
Kamalanagar III (Chawngte C
III) 3 High 20 High 60 3 High
Liapha 3 High 20 High 60 3 High
Balisora 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Bondukbangsora 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Bualpui NG ‘E’ 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Damlui 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Futsury 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Hruitezawl 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Lungpher 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Siachangkawn 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Tuisentlang 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Udalthana I 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Ugudasury ‘S’ 3 High 20 High 60 2 High
Adubangasora 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Borapansury I 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Borapansury II 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Bualpui NG ‘W’ 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Chaminisora 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Chhotapansury 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Damdep I (New Jognasuri I) 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Devasora 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Devasora ‘S’ 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Golasuri 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Hmawngbu 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Lunghauka 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Nalbanya 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Ngengpuitlang 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Nghalimlui 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Pablakhali 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Sakeilui I 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Sangau ‘W’ 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Sentetfiang 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Silsury 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Vaseikai 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Vathuampui 3 High 19 Moderate 57 2 Moderate
Ajasora II 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Archhuang 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Betbonya 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Bilosora 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Boraguisuri 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Borkolok 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Bungkawn ‘S’ 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Chamdurtlang I 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Chikhurlui 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate

91
 Earthquake Earthquake
Hazard Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Weightage Risk Class
Diltlang ‘S’ 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Dumzautlang 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Hmunnuam 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Jarulsury 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Kakichhuah 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Kawrthindeng 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Mampui 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Mandirasora 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Montola 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Ngengpuikai 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Old Bajeisora 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Paithar 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Peglababsora 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Rengashya 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Saibawh 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Silbanga 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Simeisuri 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Thaltlang 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Tuichawngtlang 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Tuikhurlui 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Ulusury 3 High 18 Moderate 54 2 Moderate
Boganpara 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Boronasury 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Chamdur ‘P’ II 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Chhippui(Fultuli) 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Dumzau I 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Gerasury 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Gobabsuri 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Hmawngbuchhuah 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Jamersury(Serlui) 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Jaruldulbasora 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Kamtuli 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Laitlang 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Lawngtlai (NT) 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Mualbu Kawnpui 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
New Chhippui 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Ngharum 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Ngunlingkhua 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Parva III 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Sabualtlang 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Saikhawthlir 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Saizawh ‘E’ 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Sakeilui II 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Silosora 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Songrasury 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Ugulsury 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Vartekkai 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Vaseitlang I 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Zochawchhuah 3 High 17 Moderate 51 2 Moderate
Dursora 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Fangfarlui 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Fungkah 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Futsora 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Geraguluksora 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Kurbalavasora 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Lokhisuri 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Ludisora 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Mainababsora II 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Mautlang 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Mualbu L 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
S.Bungtlang 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Saikah 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Sekulh 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low

92
 Earthquake Earthquake
Hazard Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Weightage Risk Class
Tialdawngi Lung 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Tuidangtlang 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Vaseitlang II 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
W.Saizawh 3 High 16 Low 48 1 Low
Ajasora III 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Boraituli 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Bortuli 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Chamdur ‘P’ I 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Chamdurtlang II 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Chawngtelui 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Damdep II (New Jognasuri II) 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Darnamtlang 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Gulsingbabsora 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Hmunlai 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Kawlchaw ‘W’ 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Kukurduleya 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Lungzarhtum 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Mainababsora I 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Nagdarasora 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Rawlbuk 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Simeinasora 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Tongasora 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Ugudasury 3 High 15 Low 45 1 Low
Borakabakhali 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Charluitlang 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Chhotaguisuri I 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Chhotaguisuri II 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Parva II 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Rulkual 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Tuithumhnar 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Vanhne ‘R’ 3 High 14 Low 42 1 Low
Chawntlangpui 3 High 13 Low 39 1 Low
Pandawnglui 3 High 13 Low 39 1 Low
Rajmandal II 3 High 13 Low 39 1 Low
Sihtlangpui 3 High 13 Low 39 1 Low
Vartek 3 High 13 Low 39 1 Low

Table No. 4.15: Risk based on earthquake hazard of Lawngtlai district

93
Figure No. 4.11 (a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Earthquake Hazard of Lawngtlai District.

94
Figure No. 4.11 (b) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Earthquake Hazard of Lawngtlai Town

95
4.7 RISK BASED ON WIND & CYCLONE AND VULNERABILITY

Risk analysis is done by combining wind & cyclone hazard and physical and socio-economic vulnerabilities.
Numerical scores are assigned to the different classes of cyclone hazard zonation and different classes of both physical and
socio-economic vulnerabilities. In term of physical vulnerability totown wind & cyclone hazard, concrete and semi-concrete
buildings are considered less vulnerable. Building made up of timbers, asbestos and other light materials are considered
more vulnerable totown wind & cyclone hazard. These parameters are taken into consideration in risk analysis. As the
physical and socio-economic vulnerabilities are categorised into high, moderate and low classes, wind & cyclone hazard
zones are also categorised into the same classes. Numerical scores ranging from 1 to 3 are assigned to the different classes
of wind & cyclone hazard and at the same time numerical scores are also given to different vulnerability classes. From these
parameters the final risk score is calculated using Raster Calculator in ARC-INFO GIS software. Villages and town within
the district are then divided into High, Moderate and Low risk zones. The table showing risk factors and their numerical
scores are given below:

Parameter Category Weight

High 3
Wind & Cyclone hazard Moderate 2
Low 1
High 3
Physical vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1
High 3
Socio-economic vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1

Statistics of risk based on cyclone and vulnerability of Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.16 and the
corresponding map is shown in Figure No. 4.12 (a) and that of Lawngtlai Town in Figure No. 4.12 (b).
Since, the entire state falls within Very high wind hazard zone as per BMTPC classification, there can be loss
of human lives and casualties due to this hazard. Particularly in rural areas, majority of the houses are made up of timber, GI
sheets, asbestos tiles and other lightweight materials. Hence, the impact will be partial or complete damage to houses and
loss of human lives in many villages. Agriculture sector may suffer major setback due to loss of paddy cultivation and other
cash crops. The impacts of wind & cyclone hazard, like other hazards, also include disruption of power supply and
telecommunication network.

96
 Cyclone
Cyclone Hazard Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Weightage Risk Class
Damlui 3 High 20 High 72 3 High
Bajeisora 3 High 21 High 72 3 High
Mualbu Kawnpui 3 High 17 Low 69 3 High
Saizawh ‘E’ 3 High 17 Low 69 3 High
Archhuang 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 66 3 High
Ngengpuitlang 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 66 3 High
Rawlbuk 3 High 15 Low 66 3 High
Borkolok 3 High 18 Moderate 66 3 High
Pandawnglui 3 High 13 Low 63 3 High
Borakabakhali 3 High 14 Low 63 3 High
Ngunlingkhua 3 High 17 Low 63 3 High
Sabualtlang 3 High 17 Low 63 3 High
Tuikhurlui 3 High 18 Moderate 63 3 High
Karlui 3 High 23 High 63 3 High
Ngharum 2 Moderate 17 Low 60 3 High
Charluitlang 3 High 14 Low 60 3 High
Rulkual 3 High 14 Low 60 3 High
Ludisora 3 High 16 Low 60 3 High
Boganpara 3 High 17 Low 60 3 High
Boraguisuri 3 High 18 Moderate 60 3 High
Sangau ‘W’ 3 High 19 Moderate 60 3 High
Udalthana I 3 High 20 High 60 3 High
Ajasora 3 High 21 High 60 3 High
Kamalanagar IV 3 High 21 High 60 3 High
Chawntlangpui 2 Moderate 13 Low 57 3 High
Dumzau I 2 Moderate 17 Low 57 3 High
Silbanga 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 57 3 High
Lunghauka 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 57 3 High
Boraituli 3 High 15 Low 57 3 High
Bortuli 3 High 15 Low 57 3 High
Mainababsora I 3 High 15 Low 57 3 High
Futsora 3 High 16 Low 57 3 High
Kurbalavasora 3 High 16 Low 57 3 High
Mautlang 3 High 16 Low 57 3 High
Mualbu L 3 High 16 Low 57 3 High
Parva III 3 High 17 Low 57 3 High
Mandirasora 3 High 18 Moderate 57 3 High
Paithar 3 High 18 Moderate 57 3 High
Nghalimlui 3 High 19 Moderate 57 3 High
Sakeilui I 3 High 19 Moderate 57 3 High
Vathuampui 3 High 19 Moderate 57 3 High
Lungtian 3 High 22 High 57 3 High
Jognasuri 3 High 23 High 57 3 High
Sekulh 2 Moderate 16 Low 54 3 High
Rajmandal II 3 High 13 Low 54 3 High
Chhotaguisuri I 3 High 14 Low 54 3 High
Chhotaguisuri II 3 High 14 Low 54 3 High
Tuithumhnar 3 High 14 Low 54 3 High
Chamdur ‘P’ I 3 High 15 Low 54 3 High
Gulsingbabsora 3 High 15 Low 54 3 High
Kukurduleya 3 High 15 Low 54 3 High
Geraguluksora 3 High 16 Low 54 3 High
S.Bungtlang 3 High 16 Low 54 3 High
Jaruldulbasora 3 High 17 Low 54 3 High
Liapha 3 High 17 Low 54 3 High
Silosora 3 High 17 Low 54 3 High
Diltlang ‘S’ 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Dumzautlang 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Ngengpuikai 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Saibawh 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Simeisuri 3 High 18 Moderate 54 3 High
Borapansury I 3 High 19 Moderate 54 3 High
Chaminisora 3 High 19 Moderate 54 3 High
97
 Cyclone
Cyclone Hazard Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Weightage Risk Class
Devasora ‘S’ 3 High 19 Moderate 54 3 High
Bondukbangsora 3 High 20 High 54 3 High
Futsury 3 High 20 High 54 3 High
Lungpher 3 High 20 High 54 3 High
Tuisentlang 3 High 20 High 54 3 High
Parva I 3 High 21 High 54 3 High
Chhippui(Fultuli) 2 Moderate 17 Low 51 3 High
Vartekkai 2 Moderate 17 Low 51 3 High
Kakichhuah 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 51 3 High
Montola 2 Moderate 18 Moderate 51 3 High
Hmawngbu 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 51 3 High
Bualpui NG ‘E’ 2 Moderate 20 High 51 3 High
Pangkhua 2 Moderate 21 High 51 3 High
Parva II 3 High 14 Low 51 3 High
Chamdurtlang II 3 High 15 Low 51 3 High
Kawlchaw ‘W’ 3 High 15 Low 51 3 High
Chamdur ‘P’ II 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Hmawngbuchhuah 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Lawngtlai (NT) 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Saikhawthlir 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Vaseitlang I 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Zochawchhuah 3 High 17 Low 51 3 High
Rengashya 3 High 18 Moderate 51 3 High
Adubangasora 3 High 19 Moderate 51 3 High
Devasora 3 High 19 Moderate 51 3 High
Kamalanagar III
(Chawngte C III) 3 High 19 Moderate 51 3 High
Nalbanya 3 High 19 Moderate 51 3 High
Vaseikai 3 High 19 Moderate 51 3 High
Sangau ‘E’ 3 High 22 High 51 3 High
Udalthana II 3 High 24 High 51 3 High
Hruitezawl 2 Moderate 20 High 48 2 Moderate
Cheural 2 Moderate 23 High 48 2 Moderate
Tialdawngi Lung 3 High 16 Low 48 2 Moderate
Tuidangtlang 3 High 16 Low 48 2 Moderate
W.Saizawh 3 High 16 Low 48 2 Moderate
Boronasury 3 High 17 Low 48 2 Moderate
Ugulsury 3 High 17 Low 48 2 Moderate
Ajasora II 3 High 18 Moderate 48 2 Moderate
Betbonya 3 High 18 Moderate 48 2 Moderate
Chikhurlui 3 High 18 Moderate 48 2 Moderate
Hmunnuam 3 High 18 Moderate 48 2 Moderate
Kawrthindeng 3 High 18 Moderate 48 2 Moderate
Damdep I
(New Jognasuri I) 3 High 19 Moderate 48 2 Moderate
Siachangkawn 3 High 20 High 48 2 Moderate
Sumsilui 3 High 24 High 48 2 Moderate
Ugudasury 2 Moderate 15 Low 46 2 Moderate
Sihtlangpui 2 Moderate 13 Low 45 2 Moderate
Chawngtelui 2 Moderate 15 Low 45 2 Moderate
Lungzarhtum 2 Moderate 15 Low 45 2 Moderate
Jamersury(Serlui) 2 Moderate 17 Low 45 2 Moderate
Bualpui NG ‘W’ 2 Moderate 19 Moderate 45 2 Moderate
Vanhne ‘R’ 3 High 14 Low 45 2 Moderate
Hmunlai 3 High 15 Low 45 2 Moderate
Lokhisuri 3 High 16 Low 45 2 Moderate
Mainababsora II 3 High 16 Low 45 2 Moderate
Gerasury 3 High 17 Low 45 2 Moderate
Sakeilui II 3 High 17 Low 45 2 Moderate
Songrasury 3 High 17 Low 45 2 Moderate
Chamdurtlang I 3 High 18 Moderate 45 2 Moderate
Mampui 3 High 18 Moderate 45 2 Moderate
Balisora 3 High 20 High 45 2 Moderate
Kamalanagar I
(Chawngte C I) 3 High 20 High 45 2 Moderate

98
 Cyclone
Cyclone Hazard Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability Risk
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Weightage Risk Class
Fungkah 2 Moderate 16 Low 42 2 Moderate
Ajasora III 3 High 15 Low 42 2 Moderate
Nagdarasora 3 High 15 Low 42 2 Moderate
Fangfarlui 3 High 16 Low 42 2 Moderate
Tuichawngtlang 3 High 18 Moderate 42 2 Moderate
Ulusury 3 High 18 Moderate 42 2 Moderate
Chhotapansury 3 High 19 Moderate 42 2 Moderate
Ugudasury ‘S’ 3 High 20 High 42 2 Moderate
Vawmbuk 3 High 21 High 42 2 Moderate
Damdep II (New Jognasuri
II) 3 High 15 Low 40 1 Low
Kamtuli 3 High 17 Low 40 1 Low
Thaltlang 3 High 18 Moderate 39 1 Low
Borapansury II 3 High 19 Moderate 39 1 Low
Darnamtlang 3 High 15 Low 38 1 Low
Gobabsuri 3 High 17 Low 38 1 Low
Bilosora 3 High 18 Moderate 38 1 Low
Old Bajeisora 3 High 18 Moderate 38 1 Low
Vartek 2 Moderate 13 Low 36 1 Low
New Chhippui 3 High 17 Low 36 1 Low
Jarulsury 3 High 18 Moderate 36 1 Low
Silsury 3 High 19 Moderate 36 1 Low
Saikah 2 Moderate 16 Low 34 1 Low
Dursora 3 High 16 Low 34 1 Low
Laitlang 3 High 17 Low 34 1 Low
Peglababsora 3 High 18 Moderate 34 1 Low
Longpuighat 3 High 22 High 34 1 Low
Vaseitlang II 3 High 16 Low 32 1 Low
Golasuri 3 High 19 Moderate 32 1 Low
Pablakhali 3 High 19 Moderate 32 1 Low
Simeinasora 3 High 15 Low 30 1 Low
Bungkawn ‘S’ 3 High 18 Moderate 30 1 Low
Kamalanagar II (Chawngte C
II) 3 High 21 High 30 1 Low
Tongasora 3 High 15 Low 26 1 Low
Sentetfiang 3 High 19 Moderate 26 1 Low
Chawngte ‘P’ 3 High 22 High 26 1 Low

Table No. 4.16 : Risk based on wind & cyclone hazard of Lawngtlai district

99
Figure No. 4.12 (a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Cyclone Hazard of Lawngtlai District.

100
Figure No. 4.12 (a) : Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Cyclone Hazard of Lawngtlai Town.
101
4.8 RISK BASED ON FLOOD AND VULNERABILITY

Risk analysis is done based on flood hazard and physical and socio-economic vulnerabilities. Scores are assigned to the
flood prone areas, non-flood prone areas and different physical and socio-economic vulnerability classes. From these
parameters, the final risk score is calculated using Raster Calculator in ARC-INFO GIS software. Infact, most of the
settlement areas of the villages and town are not located at flood hazard zone. However, a few of the low lying areas within
the jurisdiction of some villages and town are prone to flood. Therefore, villages and town within the district are categorized
into Low risk zones and No risk zones. Table showing risk factors and their numerical scores are shown below.

Parameter Category Weight

Prone area 3
Flood hazard
No flood zone 0
High 3
Physical vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1
High 3
Socio-economic vulnerability Moderate 2
Low 1

Statistics of risk based on flood hazard and vulnerability of Lawngtlai district is given in Table No. 4.17 and the
corresponding map is shown in Figure No. 4.13.

The risks involved in flood hazard in the present study are mainly loss of paddy cultivation and other crops. As the
district area is a hilly terrain, the flood hazard is negligible as compared to plain areas in other parts of the country. It also
has less significance as compared to other hazards and may not create setback to daily life in the district.

102
 Flood Hazard Flood Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Flo_risk_wt
Sumsilui 3 High hazard 24 High 72 3
Udalthana II 3 High hazard 24 High 72 3
Jognasuri 3 High hazard 23 High 69 3
Karlui 3 High hazard 23 High 69 3
Longpuighat 3 High hazard 22 High 66 3
Bajeisora 3 High hazard 21 High 63 3
Kamalanagar II
(Chawngte C II) 3 High hazard 21 High 63 3
Kamalanagar IV 3 High hazard 21 High 63 3
Parva I 3 High hazard 21 High 63 3
Balisora 3 High hazard 20 High 60 3
Damlui 3 High hazard 20 High 60 3
Kamalanagar I
(Chawngte C I) 3 High hazard 20 High 60 3
Adubangasora 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Chaminisora 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Devasora 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Golasuri 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Kamalanagar III
(Chawngte C III) 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Nalbanya 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Nghalimlui 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Sakeilui I 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Vaseikai 3 High hazard 19 Moderate 57 3
Ajasora II 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Betbonya 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Borkolok 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Mandirasora 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Simeisuri 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Tuikhurlui 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Ulusury 3 High hazard 18 Moderate 54 3
Jamersury(Serlui) 3 High hazard 17 Low 51 3
Parva III 3 High hazard 17 Low 51 3
Sakeilui II 3 High hazard 17 Low 51 3
Vartekkai 3 High hazard 17 Low 51 3
Futsora 3 High hazard 16 Low 48 3
Saikah 3 High hazard 16 Low 48 3
Ajasora III 3 High hazard 15 Low 45 3
Kawlchaw ‘W’ 3 High hazard 15 Low 45 3
Chhotaguisuri I 3 High hazard 14 Low 42 3
Chhotaguisuri II 3 High hazard 14 Low 42 3
Parva II 3 High hazard 14 Low 42 3
Chawntlangpui 3 High hazard 13 Low 39 3
Pandawnglui 3 High hazard 13 Low 39 3
Ajasora 0 No hazard 21 High 0 0
Archhuang 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Bilosora 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Boganpara 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Bondukbangsora 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Boraguisuri 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Boraituli 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Borakabakhali 0 No hazard 14 Low 0 0
Borapansury I 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Borapansury II 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Boronasury 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Bortuli 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Bualpui NG ‘E’ 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Bualpui NG ‘W’ 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Bungkawn ‘S’ 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Chamdur ‘P’ I 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Chamdur ‘P’ II 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Chamdurtlang I 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Chamdurtlang II 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Charluitlang 0 No hazard 14 Low 0 0
Chawngte ‘P’ 0 No hazard 22 High 0 0

103
 Flood Hazard Flood Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Flo_risk_wt
Chawngtelui 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Cheural 0 No hazard 23 High 0 0
Chhippui(Fultuli) 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Chhotapansury 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Chikhurlui 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Damdep I
(New Jognasuri I) 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Damdep II
(New Jognasuri II) 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Darnamtlang 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Devasora ‘S’ 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Diltlang ‘S’ 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Dumzau I 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Dumzautlang 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Dursora 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Fangfarlui 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Fungkah 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Futsury 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Geraguluksora 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Gerasury 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Gobabsuri 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Gulsingbabsora 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Hmawngbu 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Hmawngbuchhuah 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Hmunlai 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Hmunnuam 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Hruitezawl 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Jaruldulbasora 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Jarulsury 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Kakichhuah 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Kamtuli 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Kawrthindeng 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Kukurduleya 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Kurbalavasora 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Laitlang 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Lawngtlai (NT) 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Liapha 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Lokhisuri 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Ludisora 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Lunghauka 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Lungpher 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Lungtian 0 No hazard 22 High 0 0
Lungzarhtum 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Mainababsora I 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Mainababsora II 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Mampui 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Mautlang 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Montola 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Mualbu Kawnpui 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Mualbu L 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Nagdarasora 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
New Chhippui 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Ngengpuikai 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Ngengpuitlang 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Ngharum 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Ngunlingkhua 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Old Bajeisora 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Pablakhali 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Paithar 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Pangkhua 0 No hazard 21 High 0 0
Peglababsora 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Rajmandal II 0 No hazard 13 Low 0 0
Rawlbuk 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Rengashya 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0

104
 Flood Hazard Flood Hazard Vulnerability Vulnerability
Location Weightage Class Weightage Class Hazard*Vulnerability Flo_risk_wt
Rulkual 0 No hazard 14 Low 0 0
S.Bungtlang 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Sabualtlang 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Saibawh 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Saikhawthlir 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Saizawh ‘E’ 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Sangau ‘E’ 0 No hazard 22 High 0 0
Sangau ‘W’ 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Sekulh 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Sentetfiang 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Siachangkawn 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Sihtlangpui 0 No hazard 13 Low 0 0
Silbanga 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Silosora 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Silsury 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Simeinasora 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Songrasury 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Thaltlang 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Tialdawngi Lung 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Tongasora 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Tuichawngtlang 0 No hazard 18 Moderate 0 0
Tuidangtlang 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Tuisentlang 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Tuithumhnar 0 No hazard 14 Low 0 0
Udalthana I 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Ugudasury 0 No hazard 15 Low 0 0
Ugudasury ‘S’ 0 No hazard 20 High 0 0
Ugulsury 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Vanhne ‘R’ 0 No hazard 14 Low 0 0
Vartek 0 No hazard 13 Low 0 0
Vaseitlang I 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0
Vaseitlang II 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Vathuampui 0 No hazard 19 Moderate 0 0
Vawmbuk 0 No hazard 21 High 0 0
W.Saizawh 0 No hazard 16 Low 0 0
Zochawchhuah 0 No hazard 17 Low 0 0

Table No. 4.17 : Risk based on flood hazard of Lawngtlai district

105
Figure No. 4.13: Risk Map Based on Vulnerability and Flood Hazard of Lawngtlai District.

106
 CHAPTER 5

CRITICAL FACILITIES

5.1 ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL FACILITIES

Critical Infrastructure are organizations and facilities of major importance to the community whose failure or
impairment would cause a sustained shortage of supplies, significant disruptions to public order or other dramatic
consequences. The term "Critical facilities" include all man-made structures or other improvements which because of their
function, size, service area, or uniqueness have the potential to cause serious physical harm, extensive property damage, or
disruption of vital socio-economic activities if they are destroyed, damaged, or if their services are repeatedly interrupted. In
other words, the critical facilities are also a Resource which will be mobilized in case of any eventuality. Within the scope
of HRVA, critical facilities are also defined as resources (material and human) that are essential in order to carry out
emergency response activities in Lawngtlai district.

The following considerations are taken into account while identifying the critical facilities:
1) Unique or large structures whose failure might be catastrophic.
2) Emergency facilities whose operation is crucial, immediately before, during, or after a disaster.
3) Facilities required for public safety and security.

In view of the above points, the critical facilities which are mapped within Lawngtlai district are as follows:
Administrative buildings, medical facilities from hospitals to the smallest unit of health facilities like sub-centre clinics,
helipad and playgrounds which can serve the purpose of helipad during emergency, Police establishments namely- police
stations and outposts, location of WT sets and administrative buildings. Location of all these critical facilities have been
collected from respective Departments in the district and have been plotted on scaled maps which highlight the availability
and spatial distribution of these facilities.

These critical facilities are vital during the planning process of disaster management as they form a base data
which can assist in mitigation and rehabilitation activities in the field. The location based information of the critical
facilities plotted in a map form using GIS is another advantage for quick processing of data and decision making when a
disaster strikes. The database created in GIS environment can always be updated and populated with additional attributes
which can provide more information about each critical facilities in the district. Its effectiveness is more pronounced during
emergency incidences where accurate and reliable visual data is required for quick decision making to reduce casualties in
disaster affected sites.

5.2 Administrative Buildings

The administrative buildings which are marked and recorded for HRVA are DC office, Autonomous District
Council Office and office of Block Development Officers etc (Table No 5.1). Their location are shown in Figure No. 5.1
and 5.2

107
 LIST OF SOME IMPORTANT TELEPHONE NUMBERS
Deputy Commissioner/District Magistrate 03835-232805(0)
03835- 232656(Fax)
03835- 232001(R)
Chief Executive Member, Lawngtlai Autonomous
District Council 9436378534
Chief Executive Member, Chakma Autonomous
District Council 9436771144
Executive Secretary, Lawngtlai Autonomous District
Council 03835- 232234/9612217049
Executive Secretary, Chakma Autonomous District
Council 9436147748
Additional Deputy Commissioner 03835- 232640 (0)
Project Director, DRDA 232002/232003 (Fax)
Sub- Divisional Officer (S) 03835- 232222(O)
Nodal Officer, Disaster Management 03835- 232221(R)
District E.O.C/Field Officer, D.M. 03835- 232252
Superintendent of Police 03835- 232806
Lawngtlai Police Station 100/03835- 232245/232800
Lawngtlai Bazar Police Beat Post 03835- 232016
Chawngte Police Station 0372 - 2563530
Sangau Police Station 0372 - 2553018
Bualpui Police Station 03835 - 262101
Fire & Emergency Services 03835- 232801/101
Chief Medical Officer 03835-232262/232515
SDM & HO 03835 – 233254
Civil Hospital Casualty 03835- 232802/102/232240/232443
Christian Hospital 03835- 233473
Lairam Christian Medical Centre(LCMC) 03835- 232367
DFO, Environment & Forest 03835 - 232323 (O)/ 232324 (R)
DEO, School Education 03835 – 233231/232505
E.E., PHE 03835- 232235
E.E., PWD 03835- 233291
IB, PWD 03835- 233261
SDO P&E 03835 – 232259
Power House 03835 – 232240
132/133KV Station 03835232846
DCSO, Lawngtlai 03835- 232276
SD, F & CSO 03835 – 232276/232287
D.O, Soil & WC 03835 – 232239
SDAO 03835 – 232309
SDVO 03835- 232362
AI & IPRO 03835- 232278/233093
CDPO 03835 - 232285
JTO, BSNL 03835 – 232444/232500
Telephone Complain Room 03835- 232298
ASS, MST, Transport 03835 – 232212/232324
Central YLA 03835- 232856
SDO(Civil), Chawngte 0372 - 2563216(O)
BDO (Chawngte) 8974 668 994
SDO(Civil), Sangau 0372 - 2553003(O)
BDO (Sangau) 9436 375 126
BDO (Bungtlang S) 9436 455 328
SIB 03835- 232284
Circuit House 232254/232280/232661
Tourist Lodge 233239
Agriculture Staff Lodge 232647
TV Relay Center 232013
KT Vision 232864

Table No 5.1 : List of Some Important Telephone Numbers

108
5.3 Medical facilities

The medical facilities recorded are Hospitals, Community Health Centres, Primary Health Centres, Urban
Health Centres, Health Sub-Centres and Sub-Centre Clinics. There are 1 District Hospital and two private Hospital at
Lawngtlai Town, one CHC, 5 Primary Health Centres/Urban Health Centres, 39 Health Sub-Centre and 2 Health Clinics
Centres which are shown in Table No. 5.2 and Figure no 5.2
Sl No PHC/ SHC No of Beds Sub Centre
1 - Borapansury SC
Borapansury PHC
2 Jarulsury SC
3 Bualpui SC
BualpuiNg PHC 10
4 Lungzarhtum SC
5 Bungtlang S Adik
6 Bungtlang S SC
7 Chamdur Pilot Proj SC
8 BungtlangS PHC 10 Diltlang SC
9 M. Kawnpui SC
10 Mautlang SC
11 Tuithumhnar SC
12 Vathuampui SC
13 Chawngte P
14 Hmunlai SC
15 Lungrang S SC
16 Chawngte CHC 30 Rualalung SC
17 Saizawh SC
18 Sumsilui SC
19 Zehtet Clinic
College Veng SC
20
21 Kawlchaw SC
22 Khawmawi SC
23 Lawngtlai DH 30 Lawngtlai SC
24 Mampui SC
25 Phaithar SC
26 Thingkah SC
27 Christian Hospital, Lawngtlai 26
28 Lairam Christian Medical Centre 50
29 S. Lungpher SC
30 S. Lungpher PHC 10 Siachangkawn SC
31 Vawmbuk SC
32 Cheural SC
33 Lungtian SC
34 Sangau PHC Pangkhua SC
35 Rawlbuk Clinic
36 Sangau SC
37 Ajasora SC
38 Damdep SC
39 Vaseitlang MC Devasora SC
40 Parva SC
41 Vaseitlang SC

Table No. 5.2: List of Health Facilities in Lawngtlai District

109
5.4 CHEMICAL CONCERN
In view of the fast industrial development, the possibilities of accidents in the industrial and chemical sector are
high. Some of the major accidents like Bhopal Gas Accidents and accidents in Gas, Fires and Explosive Sectors are quite
high. The standard of installation of quality machinery, trained manpower, high safety measures are very essential.
Fortunately, these kinds of industries are not available in the district, essential commodities that may come under the
purview in a smaller scale are described below :-

5.4.1 AOC Oil Depot (Manager, AOC : 03835 – 232205) :

There is only one Oil filling station within the whole District that is located in AOC Veng (Figure 5.3). This
Oil depot is popularly known as AOC (Assam Oil Company), established and managed by MIZOFED since 1982 with six
(6) staffs. The storage capacity of the pump is 40 kilolitres of Petrol and 40 kilolitres of Diesel which are supply by Private
or Company tanker. The staffs are not trained in Disaster Management but had conducted Mock Exercises once. The depot
is equipped with Fire fighting equipments like Fire Extinguisher and Fire Bucket.

5.4.2 LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) :

There is only one cooking gas i.e LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) agent i.e Khuma Gas Agency at Lawngtlai
Chandmary Veng since 2003 in the district having 9,451 numbers of consumers. Their godown capacity could store about
1000 cylinders that is equipped with two (2) Fire Extinguisher and Sand Bucket material which is not sufficient. Any fire
incident in the godown may result in blasting of huge number of cylinder simultaneously which might further ignite the
situation. Meanwhile the operator of vehicles transporting these LPG from the Bottling plant from Mualkhang Bottling
Plant (Kolasib District, Mizoram) to the agents are aware of the do’s and don’t in case of any accident while on transit.

5.5.1 Police establishments

There are 5 police stations in Lawngtlai district viz, Lawngtlai PS, Chawngte PS, Borapansury PS, Vaseitlang
PS, Sangau PS and and 2 outposts at Bungtlang OP and Bualpui OP in the district and additional Outpost at Lawngtlai
Bazar. Deployment of Mizoram police personnel in different police station/ outpost within Saiha district and personnel of
Fire & Emergency Services are as follows.–

District Executive Force (DEF)

Sl. No Rank Present Strength Contact No.
1. Superintendent of Police 1 03835 – 232806/232807
2. Addl S.P 1 03835 – 232941/232015
3. Sub Divisional Police Officer 1 03835 – 232251/2322251
4. Inspector including Ministerial staff 4
5. Sub Inspector including Ministerial staff 17
6. Assistant Sub Inspector including Ministerial staff 9
7. Head Constable 13
8. Constable 100
9. Driver 15
Total 161

110
5.5.2 FIRE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES – Lawngtlai and Chawngte

Sl. No Name of Post No. of Post

1. Station officer (SSO) 1
2. LSM 2
3. Constable 3
4. Firemen 4
5. Driver 2
Fire Tender 2

5.5.3 M.P.R.O and Location of WT sets

Mizoram Police Radio Organisation (MPRO) are located in 6 station in the district with Wireless Telegraph
sets. Lawngtlai : (Tel. 03835-233519)
Bungtlang
Borapansury
Chawngte
Vasei
Sangau
Bualpui (NG)
5.6 HELIPAD AND PLAYGROUNDS

Helipads which are maintained properly and which are not maintained and playgrounds which can serve the
purpose of helipad in time of emergency are listed and plotted in a map. Playgrounds may also serve as dropping zones for
food and other supplies in case of emergency and also suitable for setting up Makeshift Hospital as well as relief shelter.
Their location are shown in Figure no. 5.1
WHICH ARE BEING MAINTAINED
Sl. No Name of Location Grid Elevation Dimension Surface Fir for Remarks
Helipads Lat. Long. ref. M LXB in M
RV Now in
1 Lawngtlai 2232 9254 4133 850 50 x 35 GRASSY MI-8 operation
RV
2 Chawngte 2236 9239 1644 30 75 x 30 GRASSY MI -8 -do-
RV
3 Sangau 2246 9305 5757 1400 25 x 15 GRASSY CTK
RV
4 Tuithumhnar 2216 9247 3100 750 50 x 20 HARD CTK

WHICH ARE BEING NOT MAINTAINED

Name of Location Grid Elevation Dimension
Sl. No. Surface Fir for Remarks
Helipads Lat. Long. ref. M LXB in M
RV
1 Borapansuri 2243 9231 0353 60 60 x 40 HARD CTK
RV
2 Diltlang 2228 9243 2228 750 70 x 35 DUSTY MI-8
UA
4 Parva 2205 9240 1784 250 50 x 30 HARD MI-8
RV
5 Vathuampui 2218 9241 1810 300 50 x 30 HARD CTK
RY
6 Vawmbuk 2216 9310 0782 350 25 x 15 HARD CTK

Table No 5.3 : List of Helipads

111
5.7. RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITH PARAMILITARY AND OTHERS
Sl. No Particulars Contact Personnel No of Medical Remarks
Personnel Facility
1. 28th Assam Rifles, O.C. 232243
Lawngtlai.
2. 01 BN CRPF, 9436351925 *83 personnel *Not trained
Chawngte approx. in DM
3. 71 RCC, BRTF, O.C. 232387
Chawnhu, OC (GREF) 233138
Lawngtlai Commanding Office 232672
OC (Office) 232387
NCO Mess (GREF) 233166
Officer Mess(GREF) 233021

5.8 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS

The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) working in Lawngtlai district like Young Lai Association
(YLA), Lai women Association (LWA), Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl (MHIP), Mizoram Upa Pawl (MUP), Lai
Student Association (LSA), Young Mizo Association (YMA) and Young Chakma Association (YCA) play a significant
role in educating the public on various social issues and their rights. Disaster Management is one of the major subjects for
them and the District Administration has already started collaboration with such organization for community level disaster
management planning. Lawngtlai District Adventure Association was established which may be mobilized for Search and
Rescue team as and when necessary.

Sl. No Name of NGO Contact Area of Operation

1. Young Lai Association President –9436148 245/ District
232856 (Office)
2. Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm President – 9436 672 742 District
Pawl
3. Lai Women Association President – 9436 148 551 District
(LWA)
4. Mizoram Upa Pawl (MUP) President – 9436 392 477 District
5. Young Mizo Association President – 9436370602/ 9436360778 District
(Chawngte Group-12 branches)
6. Lai Student Association (LSA) President – 9862 438 307 District
233211 (Office)
7. Young Chakma Association President – 9436 903 804 Within Chakma
(YCA) Autonomous Council Area
8 World Vision 233206
9 Gilead Drop-in Center 232367
10 Lairam Motherless 232981
Home
11 Truck Driver Association 233101
12 Lawngtlai District Adventure Leader - 9615745455 District
Association

Table No. 5.4 : List of some NGOs in Lawngtlai District

112
5.8.1. YOUNG LAI ASSOCIATION : It is the largest NGO in the district having 103 numbers of branches all over the
district and neighboring districts with headquarters in Lawngtlai.

Sl. No Name of Designation Name Contact

1. President V. Vanlianhrin 9612248705

2. Vice President V. Thangzova 9436343527
3. General Secretary HC. Vanlalruatpuia 9436148114
4. Secretary Jacob H. Lalrindika 8974420883
5. Finance Secretary LTZ Langva 9485056702
6. Treasurer F. Lalrothanga 9612520500

5.8.1a Some Branch YLA Information Center :

Sl. No Locality Name Contact No.

1 AOC H.Lalnunhlima 232442
2 Bazar HC.Vanlalruatpuia 232828
3 Bualpui NG B.Ngurchhuana 225070
4 Bungtlang ‘S’ Thanglawma 233104
5 Chandmary –II F.Lalnghina 232997
6 Chanmary Ainehliana A 232518
7 College veng Hrangthianga C 233052
8 Council veng H.Lalnghakzuala 232670
9 L- III TC .Vanlalruala 233233
10 Lawngtlai-I F.Laldanzira 232462
11 Lungpher C Vanlalbuatsaiha 226327
12 Mampui F.Lalrambeiseia 265057
13 Chawnhu Vanchhunga 232158
14 Paithar VL Hminga 233202
15 Thingkah S.Hrangthuama 232006

5.8.2. YOUNG CHAKMA ASSOCIATION : It is the largest NGO in the Chakma Autonomous District Council area
having 152 branches, 9 Zonal Office and around 14,000 members within the state and one regional office at neighbouring
Tripura State. There are 16 Office Bearers and 25 other executive members in the headquarters, Chawngte.

Sl. No Name of Designation Name Contact Nos.

1. President Jyotir Moy Chakma 9436903804

2. Vice President Molin Kumar Chakma 8729874849

3. Sukhit Ranjan Chakma 7308276134

4. General Secretary Roymanikkyo Chakma 9402586754

5. Office Secretary Raju Chakma

6. Basudev Chakma 9436956307

7. Organising Secretary Milon Chakma 9436781868

8. Joint Secretary Torun Bikash Chakma

9. Cultural Secretary Shanti Bikash Chakma 9436559636

10. Lit. & Pub. Secretary Chipam Chakma 9863066977

11. Game Sport Secretary Sukriti Chakma 9436192548

12. Religious Secretary Subir Chakma 9485027560/8413947701

13. Social Welfare Secretary Vanlalkima 9436458450

14. Finance Secretary K. Chandra Chakma 9436788820

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 15. Treasurer Sujiv Chakma 9436781925

16. Secretary, CWC Sadanand Chakma 9436528448

5.9. OTHERS

5.9.1 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION

Sl. Denomination Designation Contact No

No
1. Lairam Isua Krista Gen. Secretary 232163/ 233237(R) 232219 (Fax)
Baptist Kohhran Asst. Gen. Sect. i/c Social Mission 232678/232897
Asst. Gen. Sect. i/c Mission 232161/232897
Chief Functionary LSM 232981
Superintendent (EPABX) 232175
2. Mizoram Baptist Executive Secretary 232216
Kohhran South Pastor Quarter MBK 232383
North Pastor Quarter MBK 232272
MBK Printing Press 232627
3. Presbyterian Church of Pastor Quarter 232238
Mizoram. Pro. Pastor 233158
4. IKK Executive Secretary 232932
5. UPC NEI Pastor 232881

5.9.2 SOME EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION.

Sl. No Institution Contact No

1. Principal ,College 232303/232339
2. Principal GRHSS 232375/232339
3. Principal SBHS 232417
4. Principal Lairam H/S 232525
5. Principal MLJ school 232790
6. Principal Jehova Jire 232660
7. Downtown English school 232584
8. Principal Don Bosco 232012/ 232641
Suptd, DonBosco Hostel 232847
Don Bosco Hostel 232858

5.9.3 SOME FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

Sl. No Institution Contact No

1. Manager State Bank of 232233/232979
India
2. Manager MC Apex Bank 232232/ 232232
3. Manager Mizoram Rural Bank 232692

5.9.4 OWNERS OF EARTHMOVERS/EXCAVATOR WITHIN LAWNGTLAI TOWN –

Sl. No Name and Address No. of Vehicles Contact Nos.

1. DRDA Lawngtlai 1

2. PWD Lawngtlai 1

3. C. Lalsawmzuala. 2

4. H. Lalrochunga, Lawngtlai –III 2 232368

5. Ngurnunsangi. 1

6. Champianthanga, Lawngtlai Chandmary 1 233508

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 7. Lianchhuma 1

8. F. Kaisanga, Lawngtlai Bazar 1 232337

9. H.C Lalthiaua 1

10. David C. Darduna 1

11. V.L Dawma, Lawngtlai Bazar 1 232206 4

12. C. Sangchhunga 1

13. C. Zoramthanga, Lawngtlai Chandmary 232413

14. C. Hranghluna, Lawngtlai Chandmary 1 232384

15. Ramthianghlima, Lawngtlai Bazar

5.9.5 LIST OF SOME TRUCK (HMV) OWNERS

Sl. No Name and Address Contact No

1 S. Zoramthanga, Lawngtlai – III 232046
2 Lianchhuma, Lawngtlai – III
3 C. Lalthangmuana, Lawngtlai Chandmary

4 Sumkhuma, Lawngtlai Chandmary 232317

5 B. Lalpanliana, Lawngtlai Chandmary 232927
6 C. Ngunlianchunga, Lawngtlai Bazar 232224

7 C. Thanghluna, Lawngtlai Bazar 232382

8 Ramthianghlima, Lawngtlai Bazar
9 Kanu Mitra, Lawngtlai Bazar 232277

10 Sangthinga, Lawngtlai College Veng

11 Thaluaia, Lawngtlai Bazar

5.9.6 LIST OF MEDICAL STORE (Registered under Taxation Deptt. Lawngtlai Circle)
Sl. No. Name of Drugs store Proprietor and Address

1. Giddel Medical Store F. Lalnghinglova, Lawngtlai Bazar

2. LCMC Gen. Secy, LIKBK Lawngtlai Bazar

3. Health Clinic Lalkhawngaihi, Lawngtlai Bazar

4. V.L. Drug Store - F. Vanlalchhuanga, Lawngtlai Bazar

5. Gateway Store H. Remhnuni, Lawngtlai – IV

6. Rexi Medical HalL Punya Chakma, Chawngte ‘C’

7. Valeit Medical Store Valeit Chakma, Chawngte ‘C’

8. J.J. Drug Store Lobinbra Chakma, Chawngte ‘C’

9. Purna Drug Centre Dr.BP Purna Chakma, Chawngte

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5.9.7 SOME TRAVEL AGENTS

Sl. No Agents Contact No

1 Lai Night Super 233225(Lti)
2 HB Travels 233182(Lti) - 2329390(Azl)
3 Matei Maxx 232685/233182(Lti)
4 Bantawa Travels 233182(Lti) - 2329396(Azl)
5 R.M Travels 233182(Lti) - 2340500(Azl)
6 Cham Cham Travels 233182(Lti) - 2329390(Azl)
7 Joseph Travels 2325051(Azl)
8 Ezekiel 2342323(Azl)
9 CT Travels 233026 (Lti)
10 M.S Travels Saiha 233130(Lti)
11 Bungtlang, Diltlang, Ngengpui 233130(Lti)

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Figure No 5.1 : Map showing Critical Facilities in Lawngtlai District

117
Figure No. 5.2 : Map showing critical facilities in Lawngtlai Town.

118
Figure No. 5.3 : Map showing Medical Facilities within Lawngtlai District

119
 CONCLUSION.

In Lawngtlai District, Landslide is the most common hazards. The geophysical setting with unplanned and
inadequate developmental activity is a cause for increased losses during disaster. Every year landslide phenomenon
particularly during monsoon months accounts for considerable loss of life and property, damages to human settlement and
infrastructure, disruption of communication routes, agricultural and forest reserve and adversely affect development of the
area and the community as well. Some slope are susceptible to landslide whereas others are not so. There can be several
factors for the occurrence of landslides which may work individually or collectively to cause a landslide. Landslide in
Mizoram is primarily attributed to high slope and relief, immature geology, neo-tectonic activity, heavy rainfall, drainage,
vegetation and unplanned and improper land use practice in the state. The factors governing landslides can be classified
broadly as inherent and external factors. In most cases, a number of factors exist simultaneously and any attempt to decide
which ones finally cause failure is extremely difficult. Landslide, a natural phenomenon, becomes complex because of
interplay of various natural (both inherent and external factors) and anthropogenic factors. Landslide incidents are more
prominent during the rainy/ monsoon season as the soil structure gets soften by heavy and continuous downpour, especially
of high degree of slope.

Frequency of earthquake hazard is given low as there is no significant incidence recorded. However, as the
entire district falls within seismic zone V, earthquake of huge magnitude can affects the district at any time which might be
catastrophic although with the present state of knowledge it is impossible to predict when, where and at what force it might
hit.The frequency of Wind & Cyclone hazard is moderate as its incidences are quite common but does not occur annually,
its impact is also moderate as the entire district does not come under its influence. However, as cloudburst affects the
district on May, 1995, the same phenomenon may recur in the near future. The frequency and impact of Flood hazard is low
as it is confined to small areas along major river banks. Most significant damages occur only to the crops and erosion of
cropland lying in the fluvial flood plains of Chhimtuipui, Tuichawng and Kawrpui rivers. Records of flood incidents in the
district from 2011 to 2014 obtained from DDMP- 2015 shows that there has been increasing incident in villages close to the
major rivers during this period. Several villages are lying in close proximity to the river and hence unintentional river
drowning often happens due to various activities at or near the water body.

Disasters affect negatively all sectors of development and thus results in serious social and economical
setbacks to the development. Past disasters have highlighted the inverse linkage between disaster and development.
Disasters have caused extensive damage to life and property and have adversely impacted economic development. It is
however difficult to have a proper measure of the human, material, economic and environmental costs caused by disasters.
The gains from development initiatives, brought about through immense efforts, are offset and often ravaged by the
onslaught of disasters. The disasters divert energies and limited resources away from opportunities for sustainable growth.
On the other hand rebuilding after a disaster provides significant opportunities to initiate development programmes. While
development programmes can increase an area’s susceptibility to disasters, development programmes can be designed to
decrease the susceptibility to disasters and their negative consequences. Thus, links between disaster and development must
be taken into account for sustainable socio-economic development. So all the development programmes should have a risk
analysis towards the disaster effect to reduce the risk factor from the development.

Disaster risk management is essentially a development problem and thus any developmental initiative will have
to be in tandem with vulnerability analysis. It is expected that the present study will encouraged politician and policy
decision makers to complement the more traditional approaches of planning with measures related to risk management and
disaster prevention planning. The economic development helps in reduction of risk and develops the capacity to cope with
disaster. But there is always danger that unplanned growth of human settlements, settlement in vulnerable area and
unhindered exploitation of natural resources especially in low-income-high-growth of the State would create new risks in
120
the long run. Therefore, mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in development would be one of the most difficult
challenging tasks of development planning.

Physical vulnerability relates to the physical location of people, their proximity to the hazard zone and
standards of safety maintained to counter the effects. For instance, some people are vulnerable to flood only because they
live in a flood prone area or some people are faced landslide as they dwelled in vulnerable area. Moreover physical
vulnerability also relates to the technical capacity of a buildings and structures to resist the forces acting upon them during a
hazard events. Further the extent to which a population is affected by a calamity does not purely lie in the physical
components of vulnerability, but is contextual also to the prevailing social and economic conditions and its consequential
effects on human activities within a given society.

It is expected that the analysis would reveal the calamity that the district could faced, the proneness, the
susceptibility and capability or resources available in the area, exposing the shortcoming and deficits which together would
leads to prompt action, both short term and long term. Keeping all these factor and this analysis into consideration, it is
therefore suggested that the State and district administration and the Lai Autonomous District Council authority, various
line department, stakeholder and NGOs need to work in close coordination which would bring synergy and also
effectiveness to have pro- active approach in Disaster Management ; utilized the report for developmental planning process,
selection of sites for installation of assets and infrastructure initiatives; to reduce their vulnerability; be prepared to face any
eventuality; prevent loss of lives and property and further more render quick, prompt, effective and coordinated responses
during any disaster.

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