Chapter 4 CSC128

Norhafizah Hashim/CSC128
Chapter 4
REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURE
1
Norhafizah Hashim/CSC128
Chapter Outline
Pseudocode and flowchart Types of repetition control Nested loop

for Repetition Control structure (for, while and do-
Structure while)
2
Introduction
• Assume you want to find the average of three integer
numbers. The program segment may look like this:
cout<<”Please enter three numbers:” ;

cin>>num1>>num2>>num3;
sum = num1 + num2 + num3;
average = sum / 3;
• How about calculating the average for 100 numbers,

10,000 numbers, or any group of numbers? How long
will your program statements be?
Norhafizah Hashim/CSC128 3
Introduction
Power of computers are the ability to repeat an operation or a
series of operations many times.
Allows certain instructions to be executed
more than once.
Why a repetition is May avoid having to type the same

important in instructions out repeatedly.
programming?
Knowing that certain instructions need to
be repeated but not knowing how many
times to repeat them.
Pseudocode and Flowchart for Repetition Control
Structure
• To repeat the same CONDITION
F
statement(s),
certain conditions Pre-test loop T
An action or series of
must be met. actions
• Two types of tests

in which to put the An action or series
of actions
conditions: T
• Pre-test loop CONDITION Post-test loop
• Post-test loop F
Structure
Pre-test loop
Each iteration:
F The loop expression [condition] is tested
CONDITION
first.
T
If it is TRUE, the loop action(s) are executed.
An action or series of
actions
If it is FALSE, the loop is terminated.
Structure
Post-test loop
In each iteration:
An action or series
of actions The loop action(s) are executed first.
Next, the loop expression [condition] is
T
CONDITION tested.
F If it is TRUE, a new iteration is started,
otherwise the loop terminates.
Structure
num = 1
EXAMPLE: A program to print number 1 to
F
100. (By using the pre-test loop) num <= 100
1. Set num to 1 T
2. Repeat the following steps until num Print num

equals 100
2.1 Print num num=num + 1
2.2 Increase num by 1
Structure
num = 1
EXAMPLE: A program to print number 1 to
100. (By using the post-test loop) Print num
1. Set num to 1
2. Repeat the following steps: num=num + 1
2.1 Print num T

2.2 Increase num by 1 num <= 100
2.3 Check if num less than or equal to F
100. Otherwise exit loop.
Types of Repetition Control Structures
Rules For Loop:
1. Should have loop control variable. If the loop continues to
execute endlessly it is called infinite loop.
2. Must assign an initial value to loop control variable.
3. Should have a loop control condition.
4. A loop control variable updating, either increases (increment)
or decreases (decrement) its value.
The forms
Types of tests
Counter-
for controlled loop
-Fixed value
Pre-test loop
while
Sentinel-controlled
Post-test loop do…while loop
-execute the action(s) -Custom value
at least once
Flag-controlled
loop
-bool value
*Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad & Azlina Mohd Mydin, C++

Programming for Beginners,1st Edition, MAXUNION
PUBLICATION, 2022, ISBN 978-967-26051-5-7
Counter-controlled loops for
Syntax:
Single statement: for (initial value; condition; update)
statement;
Multiple statements: for (initial value; condition; update)
{
Statement1;
statementN;
}
Example 1: The tracing table:
Print ‘$’ 5 times in a single line. i i<=5 cout<<“$” i++
1 true $ i=1+1
for(int 2 true $ i=2+1
i=1;i<=5;i++){ 3 true $ i=3+1
cout<<”$”; 4 true $ i=4+1
} 5 true $ i=5+1
6 false
Output:
$$$$$
Counter-controlled loops while
Syntax: Example:
initial value int i=1;
while (condition){ while(i<=5){
statement(s); cout<<“$”;
update; i++;
} }
Counter-controlled loops do…while
Syntax: Example:
initial value int i=1;
do{ do{
statement(s); cout<<“$”;
update; i++;
}while(condition); } while(i<=5);
Example 2: before applying repetition
Example 2: after applying repetition (while)
Add other statements to mark

the beginning of each repetition
Example 3: Display the SUM & AVERAGE of 5 marks that are
entered by user.
Sentinel-controlled loops
A sentinel value is NOT part of data to be
while Example 4: processed.
Assume the marks are 10, 20 and 30.
cout<<”Enter mark or enter -1 to stop:”;
cin>>mark;
while (mark!= -1)

{
sum += mark;
count++;
cout<<”Enter mark or enter -1 to stop:”;
cin>>mark;
}
average=sum/count;
cout<<”Average is ”<<average;
Example 5
Sentinel-controlled loops
do…while
A menu-driven
program uses this
post-test loop.
Since it will be
executed at least
once, the initial
value of control
variable is not
required
Sentinel-controlled loops do…while
Flag-controlled loops Uses a bool variable to control the loop
found=false;
while(!found)
{
….
….
if(expression)
found=true;
}
Flag-controlled loops Example 6: Assume the input are 23, 89, 45
//A
//B
Nested Loop
• A loop (inner) as one of the statements in the body of another loop (outer)
while (condition 1){ Outer loop
while (condition 2)
inner loop body; Inner loop
outer loop body;
} for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
{
…
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
*A program may have the combination of {
different types of repetition control …
structures }
…
}
Nested Loop
int i;
Example: Write a program that
will produce the following
int j;
output:
for(i=1; i<=4; i++)
*** {
*** for(j=1; j<=3; j++)
*** {
***
cout<<"*";
}
cout<<endl;
}
i i<=4 j j<=3 cout
1 T 1 T *
Nested Loop 2 T *
3 T *
int i; 4 F
int j; 2 T 1 T *
2 T *
3 T *
for(i=1; i<=4; i++) 4 F
{ 3 T 1 T *
Output 1
for(j=1; j<=3; j++) 2 T *
{ *** 3 T *
cout<<"*"; 4 F
***
} 4 T 1 T *
cout<<endl; *** 2 T *
3 T *
} *** 4 F
Norhafizah Hashim/CSC128 5 F 27

Chapter 4 CSC128

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 CSC128

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Norhafizah Hashim/CSC128

REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURE

Pseudocode and flowchart Types of repetition control Nested loop

cout<<”Please enter three numbers:” ;

• How about calculating the average for 100 numbers,

Why a repetition is May avoid having to type the same

• Two types of tests

2. Repeat the following steps until num Print num

2.2 Increase num by 1

2.1 Print num T

2.3 Check if num less than or equal to F

100. Otherwise exit loop.

*Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad & Azlina Mohd Mydin, C++

Add other statements to mark

while (mark!= -1)

You might also like