CLASSES THE LEADER IN TEST PREPARATION RING OF CONCEPTS TOPPER’S HANDBOOK GENERAL SCIENCE ie CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT | POR QUICK REVISION ISEFUL FOR : ‘PO, CHSL, STENO, MTS, GD, JEN, C, GRO UPD & Bi Competitive Exams. - re + 10° YearsPYQs + Fully Updatedfarer ai wast Book fra 10,000 Words a Prefixes, Roots & Suffixes 1 Dissection ‘Technique srtnfia NEON Approach #-are atararraré am India% National level 30 Examsz last 25 years Oneword, Synonyms, Antonyms & Spellings 31Cover rarraré | THE NO. 1 VOCABULARY BUILDER AVATAR HE WORD M Prefixes, Roots and Suffixes That Decode More Than 2,00,000 Words. (CET, CUE, SSC EXAMS, CG, CPO, CSL, STENO, MT, Gly BANK EXAMS, REL 501 PO/CLERK, WPS PO/CLERK, NDA, CDS, CLA EPFO, MA, IPBUAT: CA [AFCAT, SAT, GRE, CMA, Airforce Group 88 Vand other competitive exams. Aiming for the perfect score The complete book for buildinga superior Vaeabyilary Quick, Easy & The Most Effective Way To Master English Language Don't just memorize - take control with Neon’ breakthrough strategles 10,000 Words with Definitions Sunonyms & Antonyms Spelling Concepts, Tips & Tricks 20 Tests (1000 Questions)+++ oo + N=ON ome ap Cl AUS 5.6 5 DET GODFATHER KING OF CONCEPTS TOPPER’S HANDBOOK — GENERAL SCIENCE eRe (St BIOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT FOR QUICK REVISION HIGHLY USEFUL FOR: SSC-CGL, CPO, CHSL, STENO, MTS, GD; JEN, RRB NTPC, GROUP D & Other Competitive Exams. Key Notes & Formulas Definitions & Terminology Derivation & Precise Theory Concept Clarified with Maps 10” YearsPYQs Fully Updated FOR VIDEO SOLUTIONS : BAN Join Neon Classes Income Tax Inspector WatTube channels, TA Cem critics racic + CAT+ GMAT + UPSC + SSC - BANKSS Copyright © 2023, by NEON CLASSES Allright reserva lo partofthisbook may be reproduced, stored nor introduced intoa retrieval system or transmitted inary form, ‘or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the author Any person wha does any unauthorssed act in relation to this production may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages Price = 549 Published & Distributed by : NEON CLASSES 264, 2nd Floor, Above HDFC Bank, Opposite Pooja Tower, Gopalpura Bypass Road, Jaipur Contact No: 9828728833/34 Email : neonclasses007@gmailcoma). (5, A Ss Verified Purchase Ocorrncbiye ro hie hag felted ie 81 See Here ST aT ee Viele+++ oe : NSON CLASSES GODFATHER KING OF CONCEPTS TOPPER’S HANDBOOK PHYSICS =... HIGHLY USEFUL FOR: SSC-CGL, CPO, CHSL, STENO, MTS, GD, JEN, RRB NTPC, GROUP D & Other Competitive Exams. Key Notes & Formulas Definitions & Terminology Derivation & Precise Theory 10* Years PYQs Updated Till June, 2025 FOR VIDEO SOLUTIONS: Raja Aig Join Neon Classes eee ad ACE ctor ra BouTabe channels. RRR eee eeBest App for Govt Jobs: Ne Classes (Download Now Neon Publications Topics Sub-Topics ber Tata PRRTGT Gantt, Uae Sew a Wa Dine Units & Dimension | analysis, ntemational Units Table, Grathey Hoon Typex Shad Volo, Aederion Wopale maee ete he re oe a ne ee * (Mechanics Friction, Angular Motion, Angular Displacement, Angular Velocity, KE gl Alera Togo haga Nomen Wks Bacray B| Wak (ieaagh Re tases cd pe, Manon ST = a fee solar Gooker & Solar Panel kita ios Sai eee GT z Gravitation | Gravity Satelite, Some torms related to Gravity, Weight & Freefall Booed ed of Chge ae Girone Te a ee Gare DT ies, onrs Lr festantesWeonac neta apca nee Tower ble Moment Chace Beane Boe af ect Cuveat % Electrodynamics | Coulomb's Law Kirchhoffs Current Law, Magnets & Magnetic Field, ca tanneries Magic fort eecicy, ‘ectcsy fo | Magneusm Sick ae) San CAL ols TS aS) ME ORE Sint Wee cajiias antec be cen ec * Motor Starter, Solenoid, Galvanometer, Ammeter, Torrid, Led. CFL se Note Eade CaaS, RTS FATT WT Eecal Prope tnnf Ty, He Dope. antes * Seariahicey Junction, Characteristics of Ph junction, Rectifier, Diode, Transistor, oss ee ee Wase | Wate ope a ae end Oc il mone Wan a Oscillations _ | Equation of SHIM, Vibration, Pendulum ~ Law of Pendulum 56-60 Taos of Soend lena Grater of Send Weare Sound & Acoustics | Felt ofSou Refacion of Sound, Ditton Done Eee | 1-6 SOwinSycon hur Tansee aca and OpSGS OHS, VO and TOR demas Boece mire selun turer ac Comes rey tap ws igh | Tormes yee nie inter ara tna typeset ene toenes | 7-79 Paar eae pie enone ner a Setesct ison Tea Cassteon a Wael Wanag Papa 1 Meat | Tempestere MeurearTunpewture Hansasion stat oecne | 6084 Themdbronee cea Eerae a neo Terma a es Types of Engines, Refrigerator. Pressure, Pressure with Height, Pressure in Liquid, Atmospheric va. | Provertiosor | fresue rats Lan Sen igionsrtt este Cpr | go.ag Fids |S appa voc Corres ul tas Eyes : a on | Mechanical Stross, Typos of Stress, Stain, Types of Strain, Hook's Law, Graph for ie b Properties Study Behavior of Material 95-96 ee Co a 38. Radioactivity __ | Fission & Fusion, Nuclear Reactor, Location & Important Nuclear Reactor 97-99 Tider Ppa Wit Tike, Probes Een im Peale ; 16, | Modern Physics | Foti, Cds Rae tape Poteet swo.08 Canmntien “Types, Tester Camel Gr a Cb Opa a Communication | Fiber), Optical Filter, Wireless Communication, Propagation of EM 102-108 System | Wevcaaelaten, Wave Technolgy Beara mage | nae Rear ‘eotto Waves Tiveniians a] — | Grama ecanrnaae epi Wa DES ION AD ss Discoveries _| Inventors, Miscellaneous antis 20. Miscellaneous. Quantum Theory of Light, Kinetic Theory of Gases, Wave Optics 114-117, ks Raja Sir : The Godfather of Maths oma elDFS e-Books from Neon Classes App Webs: www.neonclasses.com Father of science is famous sckenest gale gait Science Selence isa word that comes from a Latin word "sclentia” which means knowledge, His the knowledge hick humans have gained through observations and experiments When organze systematically, Physical Science ‘The sclence which deal with non-living things are called Physical ‘Sciences. For example, Physics, Chemistry, Geology. Geograpty, Astronomy, Astrology, Oceanology etc ‘Biological Science ‘The science which deal with ling things are called Biological Sciences. For example. Botany, Zoclogy, Ornithology, Entomology, Forensic scienceete. Physics Physics isthe branch of science which is devoted to the study of Physical World. eS \Microscopic/Motlern Physics Mesoscopic Physics Macroscopie/Classical Physics ‘The microscopic physics related to It lnvalves the study of groups or The macroscopic domain Includes ‘study of matterat minuteseale that hundreds of atoms or molecules. Ie the study of phenomena Involving, is atom nucleus This make up iscalled Mesoscopic Physics ‘objects of finite size on terrestrial Modern Physics, Most of It was developed aferthe year 1900, Quantum Theory Quantum Theory by Planckequantarn scale and even on astronomical scale, ‘This makes up Classical Physies. Most of it was developed ‘upto the vear 1900, Mechanics ‘Thermodynamics Mechanics deals with Thermodynamics deals thestudy of motion and with the study of beat and force that ac on a body with how heat is transferred in motion. {rom ore place to another. Applications are Application are Nodes of propulsion of rockets, — transfer of heat, 2 propagation of water eat engines and ‘waves, sound waves ete, refrigerators. (aia nonzore) Electrodynamics Optics Electrodynamics desl Optics deals with the with the study of electric study of various and magnetic phenomena phetomena involving asseciated with charged Tht and optical and magneticbodies. instruments like ‘Application are Thebasic microscope, telescope laws governing these ac. phenomena were given by Coulomb, Oersted, ampere and Faraday. These laws ‘were encapsulated by Massel in is famous sot of ‘equations (sera sere) B GB reonctasses ED neon casses ED neonciesses [G) eonctasses EP Neon chassesUnits and Dimension Physical Quantities Allthe quantities in terms of which laws of physics are described and whose measurement is necessary. Scalar Yuantity Vector quantity “The physical quantities which have only numerical The physical quantities which have numerical value (magnitude) but no direction. value (magnitude) as well as direction. eae Ex:-Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, Ex Mass, length, time, distance, speed, Setqeei pentane te euanaee) temperature, work, electrestatie potential Two vectorsare said tobe equal if hath magnitude and directionare same, (Sieur 112046) All non-2ato vectors are called proper vectors (saree 29082021) Units Measurement is the comparison of an unknown quantity with some known fixed quantity and this fixed quantity is unit (S9C DELIT POLICE CONSTAMLE 05.12.2017) or Measurement of physical quantity term as units. Fundamental Unit Derived Unit Unitthat do not depend on other Unit that derived from for measurement are known fundamental units are Fundamental unit, known to be Derived unit, ‘They are independent in nature ‘They are dependent on fundamental unit ae Se z | BEST SELLING BOOKS _ ' Available on Bo Bleed ki Raja Sir : The Godfather of Maths ec ss¢ CéL.2011) PS aWeb. www:neonclasses.com res cas MKS British Gaussian metre Length —> Foot Centimetre Kilogram Mass —> Pound Gran second Time —> Second Second Misa (One more Fundamental unite ——> Current -Ampece ‘SI (Rationatized MKS) International System of unit Charge - Columb added : Fundamdatal Units Supplementary Units Be [aastertytet quantiy | eundamentatunie ]S¥mbat] [se TBE T supptemenacy | symbo fo. No. unit ‘used T_ [Mass Rifogram ke Quantity 2 [terath iter = 7 Faemngie | ralan aa 3 [Fine Second 2 Z| Sohitanaie [worst + [remperaure Retin ¥ tec nanan eco Meer ote of nearer wos ate in our ene saasanrse pine 5 |lesriccureont [Ampere x (83cm 1.212012) 5 [Luminousintenstiy —|Candeb a psceck onze) 7 |Aimouatatsibsances ole wal (sic oes inthe measurement of very large | {1 barn =1078|1 acre = 4047/1 hactare =| | solar year = 365.25 average solar days disaneesceng we use the towing are | 1. Astronomical Unit (AU): tt is. the average distance between the earth and he metre tom [hg ie jie FATS L610 m= 134 | pug fozal 11 pound (1b) 2 Light Year fy): the distanoe of light travel with velocity af 2x 108m/¢Inene y= 946 = 100% SSC ave uv .997 2906) (69 Cs 1) 4 Aen (EU) 22042013 _sscons 21.04) 4536 kg= Téounces scevos, sonar ain doe) eset anie 816) ‘Shekar Limit(CSL) esttntne Serosest || 1 CSte= 14 mes the massof sun. sanders izina sont) | [Par weasuing Very sal Wastes: Distance ofsters alo measured in ght sear “ne reor02 021) & arse: i the alstance at which | 1.689 107K averago radios of earth orbit subrond an | Small mass is measure In carat unit langle of 1 are second, It ls the unt | 1¢~200mg ‘measuretsent for astronomical distance (ater inch snoacurrascaroaes | — Semm* practical wnlts of standard ‘60020217 | diene are: (0) Solar day: time taken by earth complete one rotation on it saxis. (Gi) Sotor year (or year): Time taken ‘sco 0830 a ipa see ae oa 1 nautical mile =\0.9144 m 1852108 B ou. ©) teoncasies — ED neonciasss “The largest practical unit of mass is Chandra 1 atemie mass unit = 1 amu, or 1 w= earthto complete one revolution of sun. = 366,25 seal days {) Lamar months time taken by moon to complete one revolution of sar. 9.5 days {Gv)Shoke: eis the smallest practical unit of 1 tunar month inept Hgcoluna presve #108 Nim) cetanazn) 108 Pascal (Pa) | Ee, poesia) Oo | cari ei) = 27 » 00 esiteprations/see 4 reontgen(R) 258» 104 /1g. to | Forstersuring the tniverse Expanding Hubble constant used (scars zo) sect usa rer t2t4a 223) [GH reoncasses — J Neon chases‘eon Publications Sno] Power of10 Pretis_| Symbol | Po 1 je dea) a ye cent e 2 er lt] a + 16:/001mm wniao | aii ee (seat rrenzens| s 0 aan | a [Used for measure Atomic adie SSLONSAL40 nd ray ey eso Yes.) ete Teeter ‘Se RO a a TTA 7 Tie pico > ki CODD 0708710) a 10m femtoor | f [Used for measure nvclear radius ‘erat (svc rarrs asa one oucestOKorz7 22410) as (sitet seanaea| ow aa] | wo iw ‘ea | a nw tec |b Bie Ca Bie nm) we wee 5 ia wer | Tana 6 08 meta] 7 ie zat anim A at luminous intensity by {Cd} and amount of | zero dimension in mas and vere datension ‘substance by [mol]. in time inaddition to 3 dimensions in length. ‘The Dimensions of a physical quantity are | For velocity, the powers (Gor exponents) to. which the units of tase quantities are raised to represent aderves unit that quantity Photo Light J in mechanics, mostly all the physical Dimer ie sea | ute an be wrt n ser he The seven findomental Stunts are called | Ginnsionsot 00d (1, seven dimensions of the physical world. | Velumes tength sbreadth = aight [Dimensions | They are denoted with square brackets (|. | Volumes} sILJ> [Ul sta) Dimensional formula Thus, length is represented by (L. mass by | As untsof mass and ime are not required in IM], time by [T], electric current by [A]. | representing volume, we write Dimensional equation International system of units SEUnit ane Tea aT eT “orn 2305) Nase Time fs ‘Temperature Volume Fi a Meu Bes, Rajasie re coatatrerormars tronetamgesorianaasseca.zon) oR (iDownload Free PDRS & e-Books from Neon Classes App Distance “meter Displacement) taste: MeL Speed Distance meter MOIT "me Second ‘Velocity Displacement meter MOTE tine Second Recetas r lee Mout? ESCORT] Waeny wer aca) ti ‘second! 1110-208, 15.58.2016, 19.16.2058), {treo | Tamar ‘Retardation felocity meter Meer? TRAD GOURD ITO TOLR, | Time ‘second? Weight force Weight = Mass =] Newion moe acroareT oT = Seotttonal dsccansii a om recs) ser asctt a accrlerton perc Force = Mace amuse soeezte oteca, hea na ese, ress Pca sot ane Pr Pressure = force | Pata pee: sins 3830 atta auc evrsee| _ mesure sinonn 709 0970/0 Sees» BE al secmiatinses enn 2080) SCANS TROT atan) Torquetias) —(yicext razor 120429) displacement the sume eereniens dinenaton scone tana eer | ee ‘ainsany | net of manne 1305.21) | Power mowers wank | Watt sot "SSCA POLE a cures a ona aur s1yonjte ‘Momentum Mais velocity meter NILET-1(sanie as that | FN second “of impulse) Bleewiccharge—Q=1T Goulom Tat array harps: = Gare! 5 aan sn/iiaioe) nace nectar sme ‘ose; eames ssn Hloctriccurroat apa “ac oT | nuwate 30;00/%0) | (nmvcavonosyaninen a) Voltsne ale META Vohage = curne resstance Capacitance Farad HOLA TaD Rocitance v ‘tm MAT ‘cen 2077 net acatenaiso|"Resistance Voltage (sca pate cata ast Hare current sbnaara dzaroninesenae, Hieciriefitd Vor per meter YaLTSAt Hlecrical resistivity R fim meter MUTA T Resistancex Area Current Conductance 7 Siemens ESTES COTIRIE 2 evan te eistance Mnguatcinduction wer Magnetic permeability [Mura ‘Pair 701779 | Magnetic fx MTA Eaton arama (ssc (co, tions tssccaresas noi auc aaron aus wine orga eras Finedensiy Teda WTA Sota Sreagart magnet psrneailiy magic fll strength | Magnetic Feld Strength Ampene per meter Density Ks La (ava chou oer02010) eer ni sz rasonm Mass bens a ‘Volume: lative density "Raabe Dens” =|Nounle wee a ag aATTETST teaieetnad ‘scars of aonin out | wana Trasty of standard en Dynamic vseacity rae Pasealsecond oe Famine tne t re Radon Wi ca TANT Piano Angle Poneange= A= Rh wT ads Soli angle Sadan wT Frequency Hertz ere CE ARPA DFT Geocontz e2oranv7vesra0'™) "sca ce 1 ronan ime period Radioactivity Becqueral ‘aa ETT ET oss702) luminous emitance tax (COOSA One 562015, Taino facie ‘tame? EIR TREAT ‘mutualindutance ony Miaa-3i Note: \Fa physics! quantity hae the unite ampere metors por secunel squared, then it Raja Sir : The Godfatiner of Maths ial quantity has the units ampere meters per squared, thea i's dimensions i’sdimension are(IL¢) Income impactor anzasscent20n) SR= Mechanics MECHANICS “The Branch of Physics which deals withthe study of motion of particle. stalls Kinematics It 1s branch of mechanics which I is that branch of mechanies which deals with the study of moterial deale with the study of motion of objectsatrest ‘material objects without taking into account the factors (ie, nature of Fe ts that branch of mechantes Which deals with the study of ‘motion of objects taking into account the factors which cause forces, nature of bodies etc.) which motion. causeimotion. | oly REST Motion ‘When body does mot change its position with respectto time. ‘Abody atrest can have zero energy ‘When it changes its position with respect to time, (ASC (GL Pr 1081 00123023962) When a bolts drown vertically ypwards, energy remains constant during ls mation Motion "Two Dimensional ‘The motton of an object is said to be two dimensional motion if two out of the three coordinates specifying the positon of the ebject changes with Fespect time For Exsmplean insect crawling over the floor, Ure earth revolving around te su ballad all moving aver the hillard table, belong to this ‘ype of motion. ‘Ghe Fimenstonal ‘The motion of an object Is sald to be one dimensional motion i! only one out ef the three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to ime. For Example, the motion of a rain along a suraight railway tack, an object dropped from 2 ce "Taree Dimensional ‘The motion of an objectis said to be three dimensional moton sf all the three coordinates. speciying the postion of the abject changes with oopecttotine, For Fxamplea kite fying on windy day, the random motion of a a8 molecule, a flying aeroplane oF bled ete. helang to thie type of height above the ground rman walling on a level and marrow road, coalitions of a mass suspended from a vertical spring ee belongto one dimensional motion, Motion ofa Realy Givealar or Rotatory Recilinear or Transtatory ‘Oscilatory oF Vibratory ‘A particle 4s moving along a. straight tine (ssconsza.002009) ‘Translatory Motion is that motion in which a body, which if not a point tnaes body 4 moving suc that all ts constituent purtcles move simultaneously along parallel straight lines and shift through equal distance lina gven interval of time eg, A bedy slipping along the inclined plane has translatory motion, A ireular motion that motion in which 8 parte of a polat mass body is moving nadine ‘A rotatory motion ts that motion mn which 2 ed, which Is aot a potne mass body, moving such that all is constituent particles move simultareously slong ‘concentric circles, whose centres lie on 3 line, called axis. of rotation and shit through equal angle in agiven time, COseitlatory motion Is that motion in Wwhietia body moves w and feo or back and forth repeatedly about a Fixed point (called mean position) ina Aefinke intorval of sme, If in the oscillatory motion, the amplitude is very small, ie iiicroscopie, the mation of bady is sid tobe a vibratory mation. Note: The motion ofthe wheels ofa bullock-cart while moving onthe road san example of iransiatory and rotatory motion FD GB rercsses C) temonees Precise [T) rovcanes mncnseBest App for Govt Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewnloal Now) Key Terms Actual Path Length (Distance) > Distance It is the actual path traveled by a body ina given period of time. Distance is a scalar quantity and ‘the SI unitis meter (m). (08 chor ox2002008) Shorest distance Displacement JThis is the shortest distance between two points. It is a vector quantity and the Stunit is meter (m). Displacement may be positive, negative orzero Distance is always positive. Speed Ieisthe ratio between the distance tothe time. Distances mo Speed = “Time Speeds s sealar quantity BSCE, tote de cho». 10d01 1 An204) S80 Pre 2221122089 St) ‘Some more units of speed are m/s (unit), km/hr, cm/s (sxc care sir an Oviesnma? a2) (rele eze, Ese ey {seek Pr 30891 13.2083 3 Ficaia ‘Non-Unitorm If object covers equal distance in equal 1f object covers unequal distance inne ihequaliatova ftine cee er sain ca cng ime Dine» sme toe lomo 100» om | tm, kam | ism Skt ane ae a ies Time ape nie Distance | Dee ‘Here body has 1 {stn | isso Distance = time graph shows speed ofan object. TBSCCOL Pee 2022, 06122022 She) 1 km = 1000 m= r= 2600 second» ME {ims equals vo 18/5 km/be. aapede ne Distance covered by objects directly proportional to ume. > Sheed » Time = Distance tnconeTaxinspeor(anzassccut20n) 2s, Raja Sir : The Godfather of MathsDownload Free PDFs & e-Books from Neon Classes App ‘Velocity Je the ratio between displacements othe ne Displacement dm Time t see nae cour 2¥0azoi8 220904 250920 302018 08103018 Fitason ina aatssnies 290) Speed off an object ina particular direction is velocity, Boe rv sous oe sz sme) Uniform Non-tintform ifobject covers equal displacement in equal W object covers unequal displacement Intervals of time paces: 2:20) {in equal intervals of time (SSC Do ple CAPPS ROSE a8 21220 Webs: www.neonclasses.com Velocity Velecity isplacemene] Velocity Displacement time “The area bounded by the line and the axes ofa velocity -time giaph i equal Yo Acceleration {nis the rato between the velocity to the time. © displacoment of an object daring that particular time pried (ase90 23122019) (ameue .08z0109, ams snowr tstez01e 1432-2810) Ure 0h vee 238 mas ‘The slope of a welocity-time graph represents acceleration, esceus ee vam 30072008 Uniform Non-Uniform Wf object covers object covers unequal velocity in ‘equal intervals of time {3059 (omer Ae rem 25082085) Acceleration, Velocity| (ssc angr2o.2ye nour & ‘etazng Time Note: Init volety nal veloety ve (oppasite Velocity) = 5 When a body fills from an aero plane, a a3, 30) Josccase cos2onn) scree ononsorzy | there increase in its Acceleration “Acceleration -® 4ve (Same velocity) 10: find the acceleration ofa Body which (escarrsimme, az2049) ‘wicvournoi/'2/00) | geceterates from 10m/s to 20m/s in 4 | & A partelo thrown vertically 0 {constant Velocity) ‘seconds Upward Wheat reaches the highest 4, Am object covers distance which is directly proportional tothe square of the tim, Its acceleration Is constant Tise ca (10+ KDC 89922010) 2. An object with constant speed is might be accelerated ssccs. yar 3. Average velocity Sotusiongiven nia velocty(o}=10my/s fina veect(v)-200/= acceleration? a scteston( Aten) Bett nt point. it has downward acceleration (SS ca er (Een 94.0920) I the velocty-time graph of a particle is represented by y = mxt < then the partie Is moving with constant Seteleration (Sto ton 6.122008) BD GB cscs toncains “Prencicns (G] sercanes movesBest App for Govt Jobs: Neon Classes (Download Now) Neon Publications General Rates of Graph - - - 4. Wealways draw independent variable on x-axis Time [x-time,itivan indepenent rarisble se always marked on ans, 2. The variable on y-axs will bea dependent variable andits dependent on variable on x-axis Distance Time (independent variable) Here, we need to measure value of distance covered by a body with respectto ume 3. Theslope ofa graph gives us quantity where slope = & h Ss openness aun Dene ae sn T Fime * Slope ot ipacoment. een fe is ccearninate vet pe ¥ ‘time graph gives i Te time graph gives time Time amet eaoend ‘ i i 4 ‘Area = (varable on y-axts)« (variable on x-axis) Area = velocity» time = Displacement Thearea of velocity time graph gives us displacement Area = speed time = distance velocity 5, [Fthe graph drawn representa straight line inclined to x-axis, we get auniform motion. Raja Sir The Godfather of Maths tnconeTaxinspecor(anzassccunz0n) EB Arex = accneration = timDownload Free PDFS Be-Hooks Irom Neon Classes App Webs: weww.neonctasses.com Displacement + 4 & / ‘| f i e . (Decreasing Acceleration = Negative Arceleration = Retardatio 7 there is straight line parallelto x-axis, means value of quantity on y-axs fs not changing with change in value on x-axis. Distance isnot changing with respectto time, Si, Body is at Rest. 4 Distance ‘Velocity snot changing with respect time. So, a body sin uniform (velocity) motion, BB GB vecrctases E) teoncasies ED nuonctass (G) venaawes ED neon casesBest App for Govt Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewnloal Now) ry Vebsety| Uniform motion an Constant or uniformacceleration, s Acceleration Tine Projectiie Projetile is 2 motion that followed by the curved path when we threw an abject by an angle with the horizontal plane, ‘he path follewed by a projectile is called ts trajectory, Examples of projectite are AL Aman ina train movieg witha constant velocity drops 2 ball an the platform. The path of the ball as seen by an cbserver standing on the platiorm is a parabola Ahemls olga From am aeroplane bullet fed rom rife ‘Apleceotstene thrown in any direction. ‘Avjavalin-or hammer thrown by an sualete 4 a water taatng rom a hide nae the bottom of water tank. Projectile motion Toy A veee e oO a mea 8 * Wy = Vera veety Path of projectile projected horizontal from a ceriain height from ground ts = parabolt= path. 2s Raja Sir : The Godtatiner of Maths {A partcie dropped from the top of @ tower lunitormiy falls on groundata distance which Js equal te the height of tower, Ia this condition parabolic path will be traversed by the particle. (ssesa resz20) ‘ine of Flight It the total time ror whieh the projectile in Might Morizontal Range: It is: the horizontal distance travelled by projectile during its Aight. Maximum rnge 00 Insoles a 35 wo © = ww 0X 200 ann ean ON 1000 ‘once to achieve maximum orizontal range, the object should be projected at an angle of 45° with the horizontal direction. This concept has been used by athictes in long jump. javelin throw. cricket ball raw etc (SENT 20.02 20rtaorb greyed 1.12018) In a projectile motion, fied from earth surface, has horizontal component of its velodty remains constant, Equations of motion ‘There are 4 equations of motion that are used to study the motion of an object. y=ueat (valocity and time equation) (enh at 000 10) (ese wosoee 124.3022 sHif-2) 1 seute £ at (position and imo) 57 ‘eunaaz466 2032 11112922901) visule2as (position and velocity) TRE CHOU 2.122018 De=ue $ @a-1) Were A= inital vlocity of objet sscemse saazene) =fnal velocity of ebject ccoleration of objet “a= negitveace= Retardation S~distance travelled hy object ime taken by object Da= distance travelled in n® second secone Marion ofan object under free fal, this we consider Body ts moving hn uniform motion with constant acceleration g ‘Where g= acceleration due te gravity 7 ‘Taken as postive Takenasnegative ce ca Generally, body Generally, body moving dawn ‘moving upward towards Earth is towards Earth is, considered as considered as moving with+g moving with-g Equations of motoa fer aly own down fromanegwntni woo ela bree Shae enbomnaras atieee gt A ins a Re roca bal cbt: nara mat ‘elo abd en tenes Higbee ports dere v0) QA men atening One ibe of @ ‘Brow atone netic ups vrei forth speed He ten tows anther SSE a ee 1 ns dan 2 Income Tax Inspector (AIR-24,SS¢ CGL 2011) ok aDownload Free PDRS & e-Books from Neon Classes App_ Then find the ratio of te speeds of theewo | stoneswhen they it the ground ? (89/102 Jeet 8 UB 27303019) SOLUTION: ‘When stone thrown vertically upwards in that situation Initial velocity = w Displacement Displacement O65 She Q Due to an acceleration of 1 m/s? the velocity of @ body increases from 15 m/s to 20m/s in a certain period then find the displacement ofthe body in thet period 7 SOLUIFION: given, intial ebcity(u final velocity [Fv2gh ‘when stone thrown vertically downwards in that situation intial veladty =a by second equation of motion for finding displacement seu tae $= 1945+ ates 87.5 m @ A constant force acts on an object of ‘mass 10 kg for a duration of 2 seconds It increase the object's velocity from 5 m/s to 10 m/s. Find the magnitude of the applied Quy body & ntcalty moving with a vetocty 0f 10 m/s. itundergoes an acceleration of 2m/st for 5 seconds then find the displacement of body in these S seconds ?. solution: force. Now, If the force ts applied for a Given that, aration of 5 seconds then the final Ee seg ap tenn velocity ofthe object 18175 m/sthen find a Applied sore 2. ‘Then by Trequation ef motion estan: ey Newton's Laws of Motion Webs: www.neonclasses.com Given, Mass m= 10k, Initial velocity (u) =5ms + ty (¥) = 10m then force(F}=? In tease mv—u) t =1900-5) 5055 22 una case: ‘now, voL?.Sen/s em F + 3001755) 10512, 5 5 Concept: ora body moving with uniform acceleration itsfinal velocity equals to final veloaty = _Zeaverage velocty-inital veloaty 2aturs) 2 inal velocity (¥) = A sphere rolls down on twa inened planes fof diferent angles hat same height, it des 50 with the same speed (SSC (Py xan 21.05 2080 (Bepar Maly Prades) An object covers distance whichis directly proportional tothe «quar ofthe tine, ts Acoleration fs constant (990 C4 (1042) 0 stints 212088) ‘There are three laws that are descrihe by sir Iseae newton in i601, (sacaresste oan rate tor za7 som exonr Anta giaurtvessarses os!) “ ee ant Law 3”) Law Reaction (soni 1207} (Caw of force) {Qaw of Action & Reaction) sce ean) reaction Rest—> Stays at Rest a Motion stays in motion it external force is zer0 on More acceleration ‘action Body. produced when more force is applied aeta = econ. « ® ® CB vorcins Grom cases hes O reicisss be (Bor camet GY sensBest App for Govt Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewnload Now) 3, The dust parties in a mat fll off when it Is heaten with a stick, This Is because the beating sets the mat in motion whereas the ‘dust particles tend to remain at rest and hence separate. ‘Newton First Law of Law of Inertia (inure 04012021) —_ Aobjectat ret Antone net fae te states that a body fs at rest or maving at 2 constant speed in a straight Ine jt will remain at constant speed anles st asted ‘pon by afore. fssceu tuanet toca The tendency of a ob change tn state or dynamite condition ix called ineta, Inertia of a bodys measured ty the mass ofthe boty Hoavier the body, greater is the force required t0 change ii state and hence restr Is Js ert. Inertia is given by & famous selentist that is Gallen Galle, Thc means mass is diecly proportional to inertia and It opposes motion. (ssc cs aac Onl 0808301, ‘ouonitatively the inet of on object ie eased by ts mass. fssecevora7z013) (sc anja CARE SIRE AST 1601019) Three types of inertia inortis of Root 2 Inertia of Motion 3 Inertia of dcection 1. nertia ofRest Ieistheinabilty of a body to ckange by sel, its state ofrest (state of vero speed). esr 23002017) ‘This means a body at rest remalts at rest and cannot start motion on its ows, For example 4. Weare standing ina stationary bus and the driver strts the bus suddenly, We etthrown backwards with ark (SSC CAMFASIA St en 04072017) 2, Whom a horse starts suddenly, the eer tends to fall backorards on arson of inertia of rest of upper part of the body but our Feet had moved with horse In forward direction. Bez, Ralasie rie coaaterormatns 4A. When we placea coin on smooth piece of ‘cardboard covering alas and strike the cardboard piece suddenly with a finger, the cardboard slips away and the coin falls into the glass. This happens on ‘accountof inertia of rest ofthe coin. 5. When we shake a branch of a mango luee, the mangoes fall down, This ts because the branch comes in siotion and the mangoos tend to romain at rest Hence they get detached. TR Got 94 1.2010) 2 Inertia of Notion Its the inability ofa body to change by itset, UUs state of uniform, motion Le. 2 body 4 lunform mation can aeliher accelerate nor retard omits own al come to rest Fer exemple 1 Suppose we are standing in a moving bus) and the driver stops the bus ‘suddenly, We are thrown forward with a Jerk. AAs the bus is suddenly stopped, ourfeet stop due to friction which does nat allow relative motion between the feet and the Noor of the bus. But the upper part of our body continues te move forward due t> inertia. “That is why we are thtown forward The restoring, muscular forees exerted os our bedy by our feet come Into play and being the bodyto rest Neon Publications 2 When & horse at full gallop stops suddenly, the ride falls forward on account ofinertia of motion. 3. A person jumping of a speeding train ‘may Ql forward. This is because his feet come to weston touchiag the ground abd the remaining body continues to move due toinertis of mation. 4. Anathlete runs. eertain distance before taking a long jump. This is peeauss velocty sequired by running is ede to the velocty of the athlete atthe time of jump. Hence he can jump over a longer distance (5c cs (4) xm. ca 2002) ‘5. When a sunning cor siops suddenly the passenger tends to loan forward because by applying brakes a person moves forward in the direction and the remain body isinrest 3, Inertia of Direction Ie isthe inabilty ofa ody to change by tse, its direction of motion Le. a body continues to move along the same straight line usless compelled by some external foree to change i For example 11. An umbeala protects us fom ain. te is based on the property of inertia of direction, 2. When a stone tied 10 one end of a string s Whirled andthe string breals suddenly, the stone fies off along the tangent tothe eile. 2 © 3. When a car rounds a curve suddenly, the person sitting inside is throwa outwards This [s because the person tries 10 ‘maintain his direction of motion due to sltectionalinerva while the ear turns 4. The rotaung wheels ofany vebtete throw out oud iF any, tangentially, due to dlrectiona Inerta, ase5. When a kalfe le sharpened by pressing against a grinding stone, the sparks fy fff along the tangent to the grinding stone, on account of directional inertia Note: ‘pitas to release the bamb tohita target before the target so that it canhiton time, fsscens re x0. 16002003) Neveton 2 Law: Momentum Momentum isdefn andthe velocty. (or ais (ue) zm z010 ant crap 2 the product of mass Momentum mass * velocity Demy (esccane ast ost ana 01072017) (nsw cavine tatas0% 23 103090 (ane ereer04 3021) Momentum isa vector quantiy (svete asouz017) ‘of ionventam ofan obec. le proportional to the applied force. me n7HG H.02 2034 RaMNGRCUTS 2309.20 Force « momentum Feed/dt mv Feemdv/dt avjae =a, Feema The rate of chan (constant) (enosrne 1272s asses zones Folens (Keeonstant valu esair roan assccus, 12023006) Where, F =force an a body =mass ofthe body ‘a cxorr-vous0z000) cesleration of the body (if magnitude of force and mass of the object is kxown tus ‘hen we can cleulate acceleration) lanwanareo 25092040) Unit of fares ie Newton in I and Dymoin CGS fasres 1204062) Numericals: 4 body of mass 8 kg is moving with a velocity of 4m/s then find its momentum ? SOLUTION: Given,mass (m)=akg, veloaty(v}=4m/s {4 formuta Momencam (F} injevetocign) Popeto32 hg m/s QA bullet of mass ‘mand velocity ‘a's fired into a large block of wood of mass then find the final velocity of the system ? SOLUTION: sven, mass allt =m, velocity =a rmissof large wood block =I after colision tetal mass ofsystem is (Mm) and total velocity ofsyssem (V)=? sotonl momentum Inia! momeatu= fnalmomentum smi=(tem¥ Venue) Q find the momentum of an object having mass of 14 kg and velocity 28 m/s, ‘men recon. 2021) SOLUTION: Giver, mass (m}=14kg, velocity(v)=280/s By formula ‘Momentum (P}=mass (m)»veloctyty) Pe 14x28=392K9* m/s (@ what is te acceleration produced tn a body of mass 10h whea a force of 20 Nis applied? Accoleration(a}=? Femxa 20-10% QA body of mass 3 kg accelerates from 10 m/s to 20m/s In 5 seconds due to me application ofa force on Ht Then find the magnitude of force. SOLUTION: ‘Given final veloety(u) =20m/sec, Initial velocty(u) =10m/sec time(()= Sse Acceleration(a}=? 9-20-1010 5s now, Force=massxacesleration 3x2-6N @ In a particular system , the units of engl, mass and tume are chosen to be 10 fem 109 and 0.1 s respectively chen find ‘the new unit of force this system? . aN cus (30-2) 080 ean 16120 SOLUTION: Given, hg =10%, and Lm= 102m, time=015 As we know that AN=Ikg om [sect 20/30 Web: www:neonclasse sn = ldfetFen) oven acd IN Ld new unit af force ‘his mew unit=1/10=0.N IC the velocity ofthe body is double then iss ‘momentum is doubles because Momentary 's directly proportional velosty. Pam @ A ball possesses 3000 units of momeatum, If its velocity was doubled ‘then find the balls new momentum? . (SSCCUSL dn 22 era 202) SOLUTION: | 2s Momentum (P)=mass (m)>velociy(v) pee Accordingte quetion P.-2000 Vr=2% thea Pr=2e Py 3000 =6000 Points to be remember for 2 Law:- Q) Acceleration's directly proportional to the force oy F=ma, (i 2 aw of motion is related to momenta, and italgo helps to understand the effect ‘of momentun. (ane caour-p 20/tn/eea sata) (Gut an eectonand a photon have the ny, then they wal have the ‘seme linear momentum (SCC rs (am O808.2005) Examples of Second Law: AA cricket player lowers his hands while catching a cricket ball:Thus be allows 3 longer tine and lower the Impulse (sc ‘4.123002 forhis hands to sopthe nal, 2. When a person falls from a certain height om a cemented Noor, the Noor ‘does Hot yield. The tata change in linear momentum Is produced In a smaller interval of time, Therefore, the Aor exerts a much larger forces. Due to ita person revelves more injury, B GB vewnctasses ED toon casses ED weoncrasses (G] Neonciases €] neon cissesBest App for Govt Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewsload Now) (n the other band, when a person falls on 2 leap of sand, the sand yields, The change in near momentum is produced in-much longer time, The average force exerted on the person by the heap of sand Is therefore, rich smaller and hence the person Is not suet 3. China wares and glasswares are | 4 wrapped in paper er straw pieces While packing. Impact wil take a longer time (reach the glass/chinawares, Average force exerted on the china oF lasswares fs small an chsnges of thelr breaking reduce 4 The vehicles like geooter, ear, bus, truck ete are provided with shocker. | 9, When they move over an uneven rad, Impulsive forces are exerted by the road. The function of shockers is to increase the time of impact. This would reduce the force/jerk experienced by the rider they are acted on the same body then the resultant would be zero SSCMULTT TASKING 1402207) Jaw also states that applied force on diferent body sis opposite direction. (aninave shrcsonny or Example: Walking While walking 9 person presses the ground in the backward direction (action) by his feet, "the ground pushes the person in the forward direction with an equal foree (reaction). ‘The component of reaction in the hortzmial direction makes the person ‘move rorwara. Sivinumning: A swimmer pushes he water backwards (ection). The water pathos the swimmer forward (reaction) with the same forte. Hence the swimmer swine, orthe vehicle, Aciion force Reaction force creat (Water ents aren 5. Bogies ofa train are provided with the bulfers, Thay sveid severe jor during shunting(oining of diferent boggles) of thetran, & It is difficult catch a cricket ball than to catch a tennis ball, The cricket ball being heavier has much larger ‘momentum snd therefore, exerts much langer force on the hangs uring cate In comparison w the force exered by ‘ena ball . 7. Am athlete is advised to come to stop slowly, after finishing a fast race, 50 that time of stop increases and hence force experienced by him decreases 8 A metal ball and 3 rubber a rubber ball, both having tae same mass, strike a wall rhormally with the same velocity. The rubber ball ebounes and the metal ball docs not rebound. Jt will be concluded that the rubber bolls suffers greater change in momenta. {SCCM (1002) wean. Anat Newton 3 lave: IF we put an action on a body then It must sivean reaction thislaw ofnevton isknown | 5, 35 action and reaction law. Action & wadion both are always equal tn magnitude and oppesite In direction, If Bs, Raja Sir : The Godfather of Maths Firing from a un: When a gun is fred. the bullet moves forward faction), The pun rocoils backwards (reaction) So we are advised to hold our shoulder tightly. {S50 Ci T/C) Ea 180.2016 von ow Ge * Tacoma ate Flight of jet planes snd rockets: The burnt fuel which appears in the form of tio and highly compressed gases excapes through the nozzle (action) ta the backward direction, The esoping gases puch the. ot plane or rocket foward Geaction) withthe sametorve Hence the ietorrocket moves. SSeS ARNE Tass20r¢8 me ROOD forcoonrodat force on ht ge a (ecto ——— oer, on Rebounding of a rubber ball When a rubber ball is struck against. wall or floor it exerts a force on wall (action). Neon Publications The ball rebounds with an equal force {reaction exerted by the wall or toor on the bal 1 ls difficult te walk om sand oF tee: This is because on pushing sand gets isplaced and reaction from sandy round i very tle. In ease of Ke force fof reaction is again smal, hecause friction between our fst and ice is very ede, Driving 9 nail into » wooden block without nolting the block Is viffcult: ‘This is because, when che wooden block fs not resting against a support. the blodke and nai, both move forward on boing lit with 4 hammer, However, when the Inlock is held firmly against a suppor, and the nail Is ht, an equal reaction of the support drives the nll nts the block. ‘esceee onoaz007) 1 Rowing oF # Boat = In this, the rower push the water backwards ad i carn the water push the boat forwards there bybout moves ix water. ‘A man is standing en a oat in sil water if the walls towards the shore the boat wil move away from theshore, Action —s Reaction 9. Apersonis hurton kicking stone due to Reaction 3 rarer 403200") Newton's laws of motion explains. the generation of thrust by rocket engines, let ‘engines and deflating balloons. S870 202, 40.41.2022 St2) Some Important terms related to the Laws of motion. 1, Impulse {A certain amount of force i applied to a ogy with certain time thar ehanges ro cause momentun sealed impulse, Income oxinpecor(aIR24.ssccoL.2011) AR a“Thecffect ofa impulze force onthe body Ik measured oaly in trmis of teimpulee 2. Force ‘+ An esteral effort in the form of push or pull (sscem 17002017) (ssc re sven soina + Force Produces or ties to produce motion ina body at rest ormovable (iwi a 2 snz0ne Sco tno 3024) The snengh of & force Is usually gens by es eign fesse naowz097) Properties Of Forces:- Forces betwoon two bodies are same oF opposite in nature (i) Forces is interaction bodes. Forces changes the speed & state of ‘mouion ofan abject, between two sceuresasta mun rove i960? 204 720aanour 0 0418.2018) (ivyiWhen wo equal forces are acting on 2 body and in the opposite direction the force acting om a Body becomes zer0 Baslcaly i the dierence between che ‘magnitudes af the tov forces ose ses nana) and tn ths stato body eemains Im equilbeium sr camest ra 8 0» ‘ome zz06a0107 with — the speed Decrement. (asec sya) (angle is 180°) (@) When two foreesaet on a body are same Ii direction then, total force act on 3 Douy isthe sum of all te forces —S- (tt the foree applied on an object isalways is im the direction of motion, then the spout of object is increase. (seat roa 2077 22003017) {Lnw of Conservation of Momentem TF-the hen of all the enteral Force (eat Incernal forces) acting ona body tezero, then the change in momentum af the bedy will also be zero, 1. momenturs ofthe bedy will remain conserved or constant. For a body of Pai Poa ing sracket in. space s working on Principle of conservation of momentum. (S90 coMMINED MATRIC LAVEL 93.2032) ese niz22000) (ssc(iae2)anuun nuTsie ae t2 200) Conmeoum ts tes0r0y 2. Jat engine works on the principle. of ‘conservation of momentum, SSroMrS As (ea putes. 2017) 3, When two ile als ene with exch other, the ‘momentum s followed 4A, When two cars hit each other in an accident the law of conservation of ‘momentum s followed, ‘SOME KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER: 1. Momentum Velocity Speed? (crown osysetaa 25313010) 2. Mf momentum fs Increase. thon thelr kenetic energy is Four times. ssc Hrs t80n2017) 3, When the speed of caris double, then braking force of the car tw stop irinthe same distance become’ four times {99680 yor 197) 4. A single fized pulley is used to draw ‘water from 2 well because force Is applied in a convenient direction (SS Pm am 3007 2008 5. A bomb at rest explodes inte a large amber of tiny fragments, The total ‘momentumofall the agmentsis z0re (SSCS Bm 3087208 A bullet of mass 104m is fired with a velocity of 40m/s from a gun of mass Big. then find the recoll velodtyof the gun ? SOLUTION Given muss of bates Myetom=10/10 Velocity of bullet (Vo) Mass of gun (Ma)=8kg Vatoey orginal? Recot veloc (a)= Mie awe of conmevation «of 05m/s Frietion ‘The force that opposes the relative motion wien one body slips or rots over another body. The force that exists hetween the surtaces af bodies is called frictional force. "S00 Pon Hf) nm 9905286) nn ko 0201632092010) For a body of mass m, F Is the hortzrtal Foreeaplig tothe body. (when, N= mg) where, a is coefficient of friction, N = Normal force F = Applied force mg= Weight Angle of friction and angle of repose ate ‘equal to each other (SSC Combined GL YBa 16052010) Friction force is responsible for changing the state of motion ofan object. (S¥CCAPGrS 1S 48 4 bP SHEx.02072007) Some more about tricton 1. Frictional oreo isa ‘Dicsipative fore’. 2. Frition depends on the smoothness of the surfaces, The force of ieeson always ‘opposes the applied forees. (ewan 18102020) 2. Fristion ic alo prosont in relative motion between two layers of a fluid as the viscous force Its aso produced in gases. 4. The work done by foree of friction is always negative. 5. Rough surface havehigh friction 0 4 any object tke bicycle travels on rough surface us speed decreases. (Sverre aceerany 2011302") J Faget 15. frition Is eaused by the irregularities on the two surficesin contact siccak 2200801") 7. The fore of rlction between two surfaces willnerease ithe two surfaces are pressed hard ‘Typesof Friction Static Frictions Ieacts on objects when they areresting ona surface Limiting Friction The matinun friction that cat be generated ‘between vo static surfaces in contact with teach ether, Once a force appiled to che two surfaces excveds the limiting fretion, motion will occur Sliding fietlan + 1k Is fetion that acts on objects when they are sliding over a surface, That's why it's easier to slide a piece of furniture over the floor after you start it moving than it sto get it moving in the frst place. Sliding ficton can. be useiul. For ‘example, you use siding tricion wnen you tee with « pene, The penal "ea ‘esilysvorthe paper, bat there's ust ong friction hotwoen the pencil and paper to leave amark Rolling frietion + I is frietion that acts on objects when they are rolling aver a surface. ‘tides ne B GB weonciasses EP neoncasses ED weonciases (GF) woncasses J neon crassesBest App for Govt. Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewnlo: Rolling friction is much weaker than sliding fricion or static ricton, ‘This explains why most forms of ground lwansportation use wheels, snclusing bicycles, cars, t-wheclers, roller skates, scooters and shatebearda. Bye bal roltng elong the ground gral slows down and finaly comes to rest isdue to orcs offiction (ascem, 22002017) wore: Static Friction > sliding Friction > Koling Friaion uanisrncerenseraoraczn) (sea 124.2019) (SE a an 2022 Methods of Changing Friction {Gy Polishing Polishing makes the surfaces smoother. By Lubrication: Oil, Grease. pomvouts cover 2017 (ss eat 19083017) 2. By proper selection of materials Tyres are made of rubber. This is because ‘nicion between rubber and fonerete ts much less than fiiaion between ironand concrete 4 Ry Streamlining Friction due to ait fe considerably reduced by streamlining the shape of the body (sharp. front) ‘moving through alr Jets, aeroplanes, fast moving cars ete. are given streamline shape. 5. Byusing Ball Bearings Outer race Inner race Bearing ball Ball diameter & Atkin cushion of alr maintained between soli surface, Applications 1 The braking pads ofears, 2 Moving a heavy box from one place to another Is easly done ty friction. ‘% The function of ball hearing in a whee! is to enavert Moet (Helen ‘ato calling fiction sve seonsory) 4. holding glass tumbler imroncon9 20083000 5. Vehicle tyres are inflated properly to avoid skidding and to minimise fretion 2s, Raja Sir :The Godfather of Maths Now) ‘Note: It 16 digieue 10 walk on te becouse of dbsenceof fietion, 1+ ha flctlonal farce drt by fide i called rag force, (SSC CG 22.08.2017) ‘+ Aman climbing a mountain leans forward lbscause to merease stabi + Due to fetion energy inthe form of heat Is wested when a machine s operates ‘ose 2017) Banking of Roads oid nueface Horizontal ‘The maximum permissible velocity with hich a vehicle can go round a level curved road without skieding depends on ay the coefficient of friction Debwcen the tyres and the road. The value of decreases when road is smooth or tyres of the vehide are worn ‘out or the roa! is wet and so oa. Thus force SOF fiction is nots ellable seuree (Or providing the roquired centripetal force £0 the vebicle, (sxe ca. ners ca Feo. 206) {A safer course of action would be to raise ‘outer edge of the curved road shove tho Inner edge. By doing so, 2 component of normal reaction of the road shall be spared to provide the centripetal force. This Phenomenon of raising outer edge of the curved road ahove the Inner edge Is alled bankengof ads. (SSC C6. 08.08.2017) Bending of A Cyclist Rego @ Rain ‘When a cyclist rakes a turn, ne also requires some centripetal force I he keeps himself vertical while turning his weight is balanced by the normal reaction of the ground, In that ‘kent, he has todepend upon force a friction between the tyres and the rutd for obtaining the necessary centripetal force. As force of Foetion i small and uncertain, dependence rit not sie, To avold dependence on force of tetion for obtaining centrpeta force, me gyelist has 0 bend “a tle inwards from his vertical position, while turning By doing so, a component of normal reaction in the horizontal direction provides the necessary ‘centripetal force, Angular Displacement ‘Thes, angular displacement of the object ‘moving around 4 elrcul path is defined 35 the angle traced out by the radius vector at the centre of the circular path in a given axb 4 Angular Velocity Angular velocity of an object im circular rmiotion Is defined asthe tne rate of changes or is angular displacement 1s generally denoted by w (omega) and measured in radian per second (denoted by. rade}, ty dimensional formula ie [O° Spread hic hands outwards person.on freely stating turn table do to decrease his angular speeé(angular velocity) ‘ast cau 22072008) Reltion between Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity Angular Acesleration Angular acceleration of an object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of change oflts angular velocity Le Aw Ae yout dt St unitangular accoleration is rad? and is dimensional formula is [M? L? T-2) Relation vetween Linear Acceleration andDownload Free PDFS &e-ooks from Neon Classes App Uniloras Circular Motion ‘When 2 point object is moving ona drealar path with a constant speed (Le. it covers ‘qual cistances on the circumference ofthe ‘re 4a equal intervals of time), then the motion ofthe objects ualformn, sce 27102046) {In uniform cieeular motion, the velocity of the object (represented by the tangent te the circular path at a. given instant) is ‘hanging its direction continuously, ence Ieisa case of untformly accelerated motion nd their Kinetic energys also changed A particte js moving in a uniform cirealar motion with constant speed v along a circle of radi tthe acceleration ofthe particle i wp | this motion velocity is aways perpendicular to the radias ofthe eile (ssecro 12123019) {@) Time Period: In circular motion, the time period is defined a the time token by the objctto complete one revolution bts erculae path, (@) Frequency: Io circular frequency i dofined a the number of rotlon, the revolutions completed by the object on ltseirealar path in aunie time, (@) Relation between time period and frequency /vory=1/TorvT=1 [d) Relation between angular velocity, frequency and time period Tis the force towards une centre oF etre, Which is necessary to bind the motion of a particle on the circular path. It is radially Inward ta a body, ‘he magnitude of the centripetal force B GB weonciasses EY neomcasses GD weonciasses Fee mut Where, m ismass ef a body en crcular track, luis linear velocity of body on creular track and ris radi af eircular track And Feematr= MY ou sra) where, as angular veloc ofthe bod. Fer Gk the moving car contriperal forex ound @ curve bs scr nanz0n6) the motion of the moon aroun earth, (SSC at re atez arr 222-9) (Nove: Railway cracks are banked en curves 0 thot Neceasary centripetal foree may be obtained from the horizontal componentof theweight of the train (Stone 4 ram 16302041) ‘O00 er Em. 66205) Centrifugal Force WW ls radially cutward force, whldh 1S just ‘opposite to centripetal fore= (but equal in magnitude), 18 emphasized 36 the imaginary force or pla forse, The magnitude of centrifugal fore, (sek amar 2012) Fe wate where, wis angular velocity ofthe bo. Cream separator(tllk Charred) , centrifugal filer for drytrg dotnes), wasting machine ett, work on the prindpal of ceatifugal force. Issa tuneae a 12007) (sss (Pee) bum 05052002200 2001, ‘ssc 006) ‘Torque Avolied Rai fren The moment ofa force or the torque due to Force gives usthe turing eect atte force bout the sed pomt/axis- 1 measured by the ‘magiltade of foree and perpendicular distance of the Kneof action of frce from the ais of rotation “Torque is represented by a Greek letter, Webs: wwwineonclasses.com Moment of force or torque = force * petpensticular distance Fsindn ‘The SH.unit of torque ie newton meter) whieh is same asthat af work (ssc stennanarnmn rio9z087) If torque of an body Is zero then angular momentum iszer0. Note: To open 2 door carly, the hondie should he fixed ot the great distance Feom thehinge Angular Momentum ‘Angular momentum of a body about 3 given :bxs isthe product of near momentum and perpendicular distance of line of action of linear momentum vector from the axis of sree 007201) Late PrineipleorMonents According to the principle of moments, body will be ln rotational equilibrium If lgebrate urn of the wsanments of al forces acting on the body. about a fd point is Centre of Mass IF all external forces acting on a body were apylied It center of mass, the state of resifmotion of body remains ‘unaffected. Where mass of body #& supposed to beat center of mass. Centre of Gravity ‘The centre of gravity (Ci) of a body Is a point where the weight ofthe body acts and total gravitational torque an the body is zero. (SSC T9(Noe- Thy ean 22022016) +The centre of gravity ofa sprinter during, the race lias ahead of his feet {886th Zone} woetigata fum. 12092019) ‘+ It's easier to carry to buckets of water nv one hand gach, tan wo carry only one in one hand because centre of gravity and contro of equilibrium fall within the foot seca, re som as 032008) +A vehicle wil topple, if its conte of gravity is outside the base. (os PO anata 18112083) Equations of Rotational Motion ‘Three simple relations between rotational kinematic variables are: Wo=worae a0 on Lat andBest App for Govt. Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewrload Now] A quantity that mensures the inertis of rotational motion of the body is called rotational inertia o: moment of merti of the boy. MNO! depeed spon ans of rotation, form of tnass and distribution of mass ssc Doors040) “The moment of inertia ofa bod does not ‘epend upon ts angutar velocity (Sicee rer 3007 2044) The spokes used in the whedl of a bile tncrease ts Momentof inertia Kinetic Foorgy of Rotation Kinetic energy of rotation of «body is the ‘enerny possessed by the body on accourt of ts otalon abouta given ais Liye i KE. of rotation Radius of Gyration "The radius of gyration of 3 body about 3 given axis the perpendicular aistance of a plat P from Une axis, where if whole mass af the buddy were concentrated, the body shall have the same moment of inertia as it has with the actual detrbution of mass, Thia dlctancale rapraseated by K ote: « + A boy situng in an open car oF rain moving with the constant speed throws 0 ball straight up into the aie The ball flle inc his bande ‘Concept because in ths situation Neon Publications Horizontal vebelivot ball= hertontal weoeity oF person eve to thst overs equal distance ina given itervator time fsicare dnaranoay(seshs oas079) +A plece of paper and a cricket hall are dropped trom the same height In vacuum reach the suracesimulianeously (8500, 124122000) + When a pail of water is swung in a vertical cir, the water doesnot fal out atthe top ofthe loop when the sped is above a certain minimum vatve Irrespective of amount of water in the pail ‘+ While aseending a hill. the driver of the veicle keeps the gear ratio either equal toor greater than 1 (SSC CUS 0-200 & ec. 02112018 [_ _“Amatogy between Linear Motion andl Rotations} Motion Linear Mation tational Motion [Tebintance dlplacement ) 1. Angle or angular displacement (0) e 2,Linearvelociy, v= # gular velocity, wine & 2. Angular velcty, |B.tinearaceleration,a =. 3. Angular acceleration,a = $2. £8 aw a ue |4.ttase (a) 4. Moment of inertia (1) |5.Linear momentum, p= mv |5. Angolar momentam, L=[@ (6.Force,F=ma 6. Toraue, |7.Also, force, = i es et ‘o.Transtational ‘o.wore done, W= Fs 10. Power. P= Fv “11. Linear momentum of a system is conserved when noexternal 11. Angular momentum of a system is conserved when no) external torque acts on the system, (Principle of conservation ol “forceacts on the system, |(Principle of conservation ofinear momentum) Itz beeen er tenat mtn lavcuset (Gijssute 1 ae |G) vt = 2.5, where the symbols havetheir usual meaning. (lit) of -o2=2a0, where the symbols have their usual) “15, Distance travelled in ath second, So=utd (@n-1) 7. Also, torques = a 13. Rotational KE.= jie (9, Work done, 10,Power,P=t9 a angular momentum) 412, Equationsof Rotational metion (Nus-wirat ‘co ie hae ? “meaning. 113. Angle traced in nth second, Yanz ar + (2n- 2 $end a a 2s Raja Sir The Godfather of Maths Income Tax Inspector (AIR-24,SS¢ CGL 2011) ok aliek ‘When a body is displaced by applying a force ‘ont, then work s said to be done. if body is displaced by 2 distance 's' on applying a the work dene is given by Iisa scalar quantity. lahore ie an angle O hetwecn the direction force and direction of displacement. shen work done s given by W= F.S.cos © 17 0is acute angle, then work ispositive. fanncwobry 19003010) 1 is ight angle, then work i ero, 11 isobuuse angle, then work isnegative Nature of Work a | Positive Wor ‘Work cone by sravity on a body fallingfrealy Isposiuve. ‘Le wen force and displacement are in same direction Work done is positive 8 < 90° (acuteangle) 2, Negative Work Work, Energy & Power Pustoieg fone Work done is negative (f > 90° (Obtuse angle Forexample, () When a body is moved over @ rough horizontal surface, the mesanis appieed by theforce of fiction. Hence. work done by frictional free is negative, (Gi) When brakes are applied on a moving vehicle, work done by the braking force is negative, (ai when a postive charge is moved closer to another pesttive charge, work done by electrostatic force of repulsion between the charges is negative, 3. Tero Work i Displacement=0 For example, (@) When we push hard against a wall, the force ‘wo oxert on the wall does 100 kg mass stoa his shoulder for because s=0. Same miore points about work with umericls: When the direction of the free applied and the direction of movement of the object is perpendicalar to each ether then ma work is fone, (1 croup 24403019) 2. wae will be the work done by the string ofa cinple pendulion during one complete oscillation ? Concept: hecause the displacement is zero. BBG wewnctases E) teoncaasies ED neon chases ‘no work, becouse 2-0. (8) A weightliter holding ily on second does no work on the load during this time, (0) A block moving on a perfectly smooth horizontal table is not boing acted by any @ external force (as there is no friction). W10 =90° For example, ( When a cootie carrying some load on his head moves ‘ona horizontal platform, 90°. Therefore work done by the colie is zero, 9) When a person carrying a brief case moves horizontal road, work done by the person Is zero. 4 (if) When a body tied to one end of a string 1s rotated uniformly ina circle, @=90°and W =F Seas 90°=0, © @.A force of 200 N displaces a body by 4m, then find the work done? lve, am. fsswe know, work dame () fore (8) displacement (4) then = 200» + Toccompletly melt 1 graimofteeae 0° mechanical work must be fone. #Tf the work done by 2 force does not epead on its path, then it is called a conservative force QA rubber ball is dropped from o height Of metres will rise to 2 metres height If there is no loss of energy/velocity after rebounding. Why? esc cs (Pixon. 21052008) CONCEPT: potential energy ofa body when iced shrough height 'W i given by “ma ‘oncrgy loseosso that hoightchangos at the time of rebounding, Butin case of no loss of nergy, after rebounding height of 2 metres ‘will be maintained normally @ roicass ‘Neon ClassesPower is measured asthe time rate of doing work, (amcnoury 15103014) leisa scalar quaatity power = Wotkeone Timetaken are Jove. att sea sas010 mnwcnonno 05103030) Some other units of power areas fellows 1 ilowatt= 108 wate SSC n821.720nn GRCUI.D 26053019) F mega wate = 10F wate Now) ‘horse power= 746 watt SSCSTEvoRRAvUER 11.0201 (7020130, In C68 ayatem anitofpomeria = SE ‘Some important formulas of power: ‘Total used energy 1. Average power y enn Total time {ssceas 1092) 2105300 260 of traight Tine Powor{P)aforca() velo) (SS Dat pale c4P ‘Osrst cra eth 20) @ find power of an engine At can perform 120 J of work In 3 seconds ? SOLUTION: mare units of Energy are Neon Pubtteations van, work done (n) =120joale tie (t= 38. Power (P)=? 122 _sowatt 3 [Sa 1 fe the eapacity to do worle and hance energy grow isliretiyHnked to wellbeing nd prosperity across the gabe, ‘The unit of energy isjoule in Suni syster, (sccm 36072020) ‘The unit of energy in CCS system is ers ‘lowatt-hour (Commercial Unit) ‘Set We oca mertuse aaseuzanges Lawn =3.64205) [ssc yur 1997) 18 ise dewoproper(rese a Ccalorse (energy in food) Lealorle= 4.2 joule ro.09 sh. 208) ‘ry seem sera) fancncuna os coai Saasoto 220900430200) 2 kWh = 7.2% 105 (aercnoen non s22000) Note: 1.77 calories calor of energy is released boys boiled eng 2 (lth emiting diode) LED is mast het inenengy (ss sreananune 12093017) typesortneray 1 Kinetic Enerey The enoray expressed by a budy duc t ie tmotion (or momonten) le called. Linste nergy and itis ven by kes tma= ee As momentum = m0 a ‘where, vs velocity of the body, m ts the mass of body ana p isthe momentum Be A running athelete, « falling coconut sowing, ing seroplane ot. a0 08883020) Kinetic energy depend on = 1. OnSpeed 1 Speed TKineticeneray senoone annse) 2s, Raja Sir : The Godfather of Maths For Example- & stone is dropped from the roof of @ house cowards the ground, dhe kinetic energy of the stone willbe maximum, because we know keitetic energy increase with increase in Spd, scout 2.2009) H speed is ¥ then Kinetic energy (SSC ASL Lu POUCH? 01007-2007) 2. On masy-and veloc ii au Loon s0qn Beet 20.2006) bath the mass and the velocity ofa body is increased to twice oftheir magnitude, the Iiaetc energy wilincweace by 2 (MassxVelocity)= 8 KE (SSCS SCF AR If value of work Is pesitive then the kinetic energy also increase here 9 2.0% 3018) If the velocity of @ bod 1s dou its neue energy becomes 4 umes ehe mementan ofa ody isdowbled, the Ionotc onergy f becomors tines Ertrs ahauit Kinetic energy:- 1. Kinetic energy 'S the supplied heat enemy stored during changin temperature of sustances. (SSC 82016) ‘Gas has more kinetle energy than other ‘ofthe following tate of matter. + lectron volt ‘The average kinetic energy of the Imclecales of an weal gas 48 directly proportional o Absolute temperature ofthe gas ‘A ballet fred rom a rifle whick recoils after firing. The ratio of Kinetic energy of the rifle to that ofthe bullet iszer0 {SCL (Pn) Enon. 9.072008, A stoue is dropped trom the 190 of 3 howe toward the ground. The. kinetic energy of the store will be maximum jus: heforeietoaches the ground {88 (10¢2 love DUD & oD Se. 11222082) Driving a car to cover a distaace, kinetic ‘energy fs being used in pesformieg work ‘At meximum height kinetic energy 1s ‘Concept: oes the velodty is zero. Q. whatwill be kinatic energy possessed by a body of mast 10 ky moving with a velocity of m/s? SOLUTION: Given, mass ofan object (m) = 10g, velocity (9) =5 m/sec Kineticeneray (k) = 4 mv + c0) 6 nS +5125 joule shen elDownload Free PDFS & e-Books from Neon Classes App 7 A moving aeutron coltdes with a stationary alpha particle the fraction of the kinetic energy last by the neueran is 1625. Th bodies of the same mass are thrown wich qual speed from the top of «tener rimuleoneouishy one bodysis. thrown vertically downwards, The otheriy)t ‘thrown horizontally. both reackesaraund with same kinetic energy, (ssccu 01072012) 2, Potentiat Energy ‘The energy expressed by 2 body due to lis position tn the space Is called its potential snotgy and iti givon by PE= mgh where ig gravitational acceleration acting on the body, m is mass of body and h As height through which she body is rasee. Potential energy 4 increased with increase neigh, Stoetching a suber band, winding the key of a toy car, Water that Is behind a dam, 2 ‘wound watch, Energy in watch spring, when 2 body falls from an aeroplane et. are example of potential energy. (58 Ton tnt 25.11.2077) (SSCMULT ASIN SYAPP 7 a330%% Sec MPS 190920978 Potential energy Poe 3. Fossil Euergy Fousll fuels are non-renewable sources of ‘nergy. Iti formed due to decomposition of ‘buried dead organisms. Fossil Fuels contain ‘coal petroleum and eatural gas. Methane cas ‘ve found in hydrocarbon fuels. 4, Hydroelectric Energy Hydrodectric enargy is the praduetion of lecrieal power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing waterfe is duet potential neryy of water) In our county, more than 23% of water Is ‘sed in predurtion of hydrealectric power SSCL Tet can 0.072012. 10082016) Hydro-alectric power is 3 renewable natural resource (99 (10%4) ov ne LO Pan. 21.20012 5 Wind Energy ‘The energy possessed by wind due toits high speed is called wind enemy. So, the wind possess kinetic energy. It is used in production of electricity Its applications are ‘wind mill, wind generator and wind farm energy. Kinetic energy ie os Potential Wind nengy te tne cleanest source of vera. In case of Wind Mill grinding wheat grain Kinetic enemy will he used in performing work, psscermss 022004) ss cc Pte) Esme 0.082016) 6. Wantage Substance Energy Is ronewnble seurse of energy, which la ‘made avallale from waste materiale derived from biological soaraes. te ts used to make methane gas. Gobar gas Is an example of wastage substance energy. 7. Nuclear Energy {is found, when U2! nucleus break up into lighter nuclel on being bumbarded by slow neutron, a large amount of energy released 15 called wuclear enengy. Nuclear reactors convert mtcleat energy Into electsidty, It cannot be stored 8. Geothermal Energy Renewable source of Energy that derived From the heat of earth is called geothermal ney. scone ne asz019) Webs: www.neonclasses.com ‘The kinetic energy of abody is positive while the potential energy either postive or negative {Q-find the potential energy gained by a ody of mass 60 kg FCs raised by 12m when g=10m/s°7 SOLUTION: Given, mas) =€09 Heighath)=12m geidm/s? by formule, Pr=mgh PE= 6010" 12=7200 joule Mechanical energy Kinetic energy > ‘The energy that eam te harnest heat stneed bebw thevartr? surface. ‘asecust os t22005 covs0a) ‘seas osua01) 1s the oldest type of eneray known to man 9. Mechanical Energy ‘The sum of potential energy and kinetic su cove Doncoin gL sazets 12112018) ‘oseatrsn 2001-18101) For ex a flying jet possesses both kinetic ‘energy and potential energy. "SSCCHPHSASIS DHLATPOICESIa—72017) Whew a freely falling abject eventully stops ‘on reaching the ground lt potential energy ‘decreases and it netic energy increases. (ssc srrwocanncn 1.093017) Law of conservation of energy According to the law of conservation of ‘energy, “energy can nelther be oreated nor be destroyed, but It can be transformed from one form to another? Eg. When a alle b rubbed against grinding stone, the BD EB wrens: OQ tomower Orencins [G] rencanes € roncinnBest App for Govt Jobs: Neon Classes (Dewsloal Now) mechanical energy changes nio hea. When an arrow Is stretched ina bow, the muscular ‘energy changes into potential energy (nckonr nasa, ‘Transformation of energy “The conversion of energy trom ne form to another is krown as transformation of fnergy. Eg. a freely falling body has as igreater speed at the lower level trom the arth while with lower speed at higher level from the earth, This Je hecause potential fnorgy ie being eransformed into kinetic Generator << Motor] Neon Publications ‘energy for the body. Higher 1 the height 2 ‘body is rised up, higher potential energy it gains, ie phenomenon of transformation of cencray from use form to asekss Form is nevenas dissipation of enonsy. [objec as freely | Potential ener int kinetic energy CAE ATTAT) “Microphone "Sbund eneray into electric energy un STEER m2 787979) ‘Photo lie eil "Solarenergy ito elesriconergy scant 2610209) eae ties ng inte Mechanical energy Into electric oneray a oneray (ssc (10-2) tevin ac 94.2.2011, 02122014) (stearate wauuurauct over sor) a ssc pun mticest19.002012)| sicfaden 210s (SEL Ket OTS) "Rectifier "Altorsate current inte direct current {SSE Tah REE T-TESTS (oS zuonaoveounu nrvczion 2021), | Hyarocteeiric power station | Portia onary lato ametic energy ‘Hleariepump eck IBSEN SN OEZEFT “etepionic line “The arent laws in 3 tekphone ie ler era ‘panna 77) ‘Steam engine Heat energy into mechanical energy - a [Battery Ghenical energy ito elec nen RTT AT [Elstrcmnator Becca energy lato mechaneal ener 7 [bermecouple [thermal eneray io cles nermy "RE ER Tm PTET Work Fnergy Theorem or Work Enerpy Principle According this principle, work done by net force in displacing a body f equal to change in kinetic energy ofthe body. Bes, Raja sie re coatatnerorManns A black surface absorb more heat as compared to a white or a reflecting ‘surface under identical conditions. Infra red region af the surlight makes the solar cooker hat [SSC rasa a. 98:15) Solar cookers and solar water heaters use this propery as thelr working principle Some solar cookers achieve 3 higher temperature by using, mirrors to focus the ays of the sun, Parabolictroughs are used to concentrate sunlight Solar cooker with porabolic troughs can attain temperature ‘upto290%C, Solar cookers are covered with glass plate and hence air trapped around the Foe and loss of heat energy is minimized ay lassie kad conductorof heat Solar Panel Asolar panel, also known as aPV (Photo voltaic panel) er module, 18 a device that collect sunlight and converts it into elect Seer sccAPys Ait SOL ROUCES! 04072097) Income Tax Inspector (AIR-24, SSC CGL. 2011) AGBSolar panels coleet dean renewable energy i te form of sunlight and coavert that gc nto etecercty ese cs: sanz ‘whic can thn be use to provide power far dlecric loads Solar panes are comprised of several individual solar cells sce onons0t9) which are themselves composed of layers silicon, (sion rn is uses) rhorphorous (hich provides the negative ‘harge) ep tpematoral, nd boron (whlch roviles the pene, charge) lam ype Iaterial. Solar panels absorb the photons and in doing so inate an electric current he resuting energy generated from rhotons striking the surfice of the solar pane! allows eletrons to be knocked out of {Mele atomic ortts and released into the tlecre fed generated by the solar cells hich then pall these free electrons into 3 Aivectional current, This entice process is Inows as the Photovoltale Effect. An average home has more than enough Teo area for the necessary number of solar jpanlets to produce enough solar electricity to Supply all of ts power needs Excess clectricity. generated goes onto the main power grid, paying off in electricity use at right tn a well-balanced grd-connocted configuration, a solar array joneratos power during the day thar is then used in the home atnight Solar Energy in India: ‘The development of solar enerny in India is very beneficial because the geographical conditions of India are helpful In this. The lipht of the sun has been specially placed for Iniato mestits energy. needs, Another advantage of solar energy is its carbon-fee nature, India receives solar power at the maximum ‘ume of te year. in a year, India revelves energy equivalent to 3000 tillon Kh per hour. The dally average is 4 to 7 kwh/o? in clear weather, Webs: wwwineonclasses.com The total Seale allows for domestic and commercial customers who generate slecriity trom solar pewer on their own, Notes kinergy that is preduced commercial From coal called Thermal energy + Coelipg and natural gases are non- renewable source of eneray. + Solar energy is reaewabi source of energy. anny 22022001) + Thereseatchers of Gwent employed the nanoscale prenomenon called ‘leccrokneti streaming potential co harvest ney from flaming water on a small scale like water Rowing through heusehold water ‘ops The innovative concept of using sunshine 19 keep houses warm in freezing winter is eal assivesolrr keating B GB weonciasses EP neon casses ED weonciases (G) woonctasses €] neon ciassesGravitation S655 Galileo Studied that all bodies fall towards earth with constant | Newton Universal iaw of gravitation (1665) ‘Tycho-Braho Theories Studied planets with naked oye. Geocentric Earthat center ‘By Peolemy, Kepler Law (define three lavis of planetary motion ) Metioventric Sun at center By Copernicus (seve (m0 fen 21062080) MILLIE 204/24) ECNH BOR OIT HAMWDI NEON) Ts Law (Law of orbit) Its alse known as law of ‘llipse, Every planet revolves around the sun inan ‘eliptical orbit 118 Law s based on Javerse ‘Square Law, 2ot Law 204 Law (Law of Areas} Based on Lave of conservation of Angelar Momentum. neem) (CAPES (ne wrve 2 an202, s.pszors eas 042016) [Ssconars nasnwesiave 2402035) some concepts Newton's Law of Gravitation (se camsasta oramrouce 04073007) ‘maroc 2702.021) ‘The force of attraction between fro objects ie directly proportional te We product of their masses and inversely proportional to thesquare of distance batween them. (anatcReUDacro20%H) pees = pe SOM, e ca (ese cxourn 3402280342000) were, = universal gravitational constant 104 Nomis. ‘The dimensional formule of Gis MOLT? (usenet ou t0n4 16113008) G tsa scalar quantity & Discovered by Henry Cavendish, ore (am a 08 02008, SSCL Pre am 1828 Sf-3) Gravitational force a weak rundamental Force Gravitation 09 ‘astion-at-adistanee’ fares Gravitational forvets always extractwe, (pocana ern. 2020) ‘Acceleration Due w Gravity ‘The force of attraction exerted by the earth on a bedy is called graviational pall or rmvity. When thie Force acts on 3 hady, i produce acteleation tothe bod. ‘The acedleration produced in the motion of body under the effect of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity tis denoted by g (6:8 m/s2) ts SI unitis m/s, 3 Law (Law of Pe (rime period) 7 « R4(Semi major axis) Betta is) USC MTSE 2.02082 148, Ev PLLC SIERAM 26012014) AL Acceleration due to gravity does not depend ox the mass ofthe objec Falling below wth" 2. Two bodies opt at certain distance fel irevitation force F tn each ether, ifthe Bisaiee bolero ince nn tale oul theformerditance,thenforcovllbe (esc cami cnr star noner sce seomzeny 3. An alreraft ean perform aerobatic maneuvers In a vertical loop because of gravity Example of Gravity are: 1. Keeps the stars connected together. 2. The moon itis in orbit 3. Tides dueto moon and sun, 4. Moon movement aroun the earth 5. Theforcethat binds usto the earth, 6 The Atmosphere is held to the earth by ravi. Gravitational FettDownload Free PDFS &e-Rooks from Neon Clases App ‘The space surrounding the material body in which ies gravitational foree of attraction can be experienced I called gravitational il, The intensty af gravitational field ata point Js equal to the foree acting om the unit mass oo atthat pointand ts given by SM, piven by SE Gravitational Potential Gravitational potential at a paint In sravitatonal fleld is equal to the work done in carrying a unit mass from infinity to that Point. Gravitaional potential due to mass m ou Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational potential energy of 2 body at = point 1s equal to werk done in assembling the sysiem of masses from the nny to Hs stadistance ris V=~ Gravitational ‘A satellite 1s a body which Is revolving continuously in an orbit around a. ‘comparatively much larger body. ave « stece has bow fauched eo orbit then gravity (the aly forse governing is Web: www:neonclasses.com Note: + Revolution: che movement of tte crdh around the sun ia fixed poch or obte + Rotation pertod: the poried of rotation f theearth aroundits xis + Ganymede: it ir the longest naturel meen sotslits, or ony the moor hove its own ssc vaivotie cu'ta|| —Internelly genereted magnetic field, and it casrasnen'232200))) js taager dan mercury. ‘Natural arineal ‘The sitellte are Theseareman-made made bynamre + 1* artificial stelle sets moon is a wae launched — by’ natural tellite RUSSIANS (Spurnit 1 Jupiter: Has 98 9n 4oct, 1957) natural satlltes Indias 1% Artificial satellite, Aryabhatt in| Buropa isthe 1975 by Indian space: natural satelite of research organization upter + Some ottor satellites Sturn: 46 natural lauached by India satellites (moons) = haskare, Robin, Apple, 14, 1B, Insat, Rs present dinfigurntion, potential energy of nas mats dltince rie pe Om Potential encrsy of 3 partite of mass m on the earth'ssurface isu = —SM.m™ R + Polar sauetice + These are those satellites which revolve in polar oxbits Geo stationary Satetite/ Geosyncitronous Satellite + Itappears stationary to an observer on earth, + Itrotates with same angular speed as that of earth + So speed of satellite Relauve wo Earth = 0 «Its period of revolution is 24 hours saanvrve sonar, ssceno ghomtony t21a2010) + It should be at a height nearly 16000 km above the ‘Squator oF earth. ssemms2zazzo1y) + lis orbital speed is nearly 3.1 km/s {These are used for short wr forecasting. ‘The minimum number of geostationary satellite naeded for uninterrupted global average is3. (ssconrszansiu12) ‘Meteorology: Iisa branch of atmospheric ssioncos which invalvos atmospheric physics focus on weatner forecasting. Some key terms Orbital Speed mnoxphric chemistry with major ‘around earth, +The alitude of po satellites is about $00 to 800 Ian from the surface af the earth. + The time period of revolution of pokar satelites is about 100 minutes, ‘umes a day. +A polar satelite crosses any location on earth many + Every loration on earth lies within the observation of plar satellite twice each day, escape velocity, orbital velocity Jes the minim speed required w put the sazollite into a given orbitarcund earth Orbital Spoed ofa stale () Ieisindependent of the masse satellite + These are used forlong term forecasting (WE) e decreases with an increase in the adlus of orbiter increase ln the height of satelite (ise depande upon the mane and radive of the earth/planet around which the revolution ofsatelite is taking place Direction of orbital speed of satalite at an Instant is aleng the tangent to the oxbital path of satelie athe instant Binding Energy ‘The energy required te remove the satellite from lls orbit around tho earth tinny 6 ralled Binding eneray of the satelite Binding energy is equal to negative valuc of total mechanical encrgy of a satllite In its orbit BD EB wrcnse: Otomawer ronan (Groner reovcnnnEscape speed on earth (oF any other planet) Inddefined asthe minimum apeed with whick 2 body has te. be. projected vertically Upssards from the surface of earth (or any ‘ther planet) so that It just erosses the gravitational felé ofearch (or ofthat planet) findnever returne on ta own, For a misile launched with @ velody lest than the earth's eseape velocty , the total ‘nergy i Negacive. “Time Period leis the time takon by satelite to complete ‘one revolution aroune the earth ands denoted by T. seco ovna2015) OrbitalSpeedve | Binding Energy Wheaasatelliteis -BE=-Total lorbitingvery casero —-Mechanicat the suroce of earth =7.92 ta s* Escape Velocity/ Speed Time Feriod For enrth=11.2umieee For Earth (S900 pou 197) T= 84.6 eseeey120n 2017) Minutes eau ot 2079) For moon =2. kim/sve Booey of Satelite For sun =618 km/sec ForVenus=10.36 Kan/see:(minimumn) (osesrewo un stzecz-wurr 2 Nate: ‘The peried of revolution of a certain planet in an orbit of radius R is T thaw its period of revalution in an orbit of radius AR willbe 8 90 cars (cro) ra star stn 2002046) ‘Variation of Variation with height Depth fourth ‘Shape of Earth un wren 2421.07.0824 The orbit ofthe planet teliptical, hen the poi at which the sun is situated isealed the faces, (ase. tzu) Poles ‘Aswemove from equator to poles, value of Speed ef Rotation of Earth ‘Asheightincreases, As depth inside earth T, gf Value of gis max, at polesand min at equator & As retational of earth gravity decreases [Atcentre ofearth,g=0 Zero st centre this happens due to shape ofearth. Increases, gd atal places ‘ALN=radusorearth — |g=maxatsurtace ot earth ome) am 00301 |epen ples {b= e400 Km @= 5/4 astourentsttsoig| 8 = 8 RO*CORA ‘Gravity becomes one nev aurexorzors|(@= angular specd it rotation af earth = 90° at poles Ot equator) + Value of galso depends upon the mass and radius of earth. Through the mass ofthe earth is fixed and the value of radius is ever changing ‘because the earths not round instead sphere inshape. speed - (nn wrPc 2.032021) 7 —_Tke Variation of gine a Tift moves op Tile goos down ate moves with uniform Tite ropatireais of gand Wisincreased, ‘When lift aves upin then the value’ When lit goes down, than the “value of and W is decrease ‘When it moves up oF down at 2 uniform speed, then there vall be no change in the weight 1 Tt rope was breake then person falls down Uke a free body and there weight and g Litupt gt wt “Litdownd gh WS. org ero. (usuvrecorsesose | ssccektier/énm s6en2ets)| Uniform Nog NoW — |rope(#),e=0, w=" Mase ‘Mass do not change whether the Tif goes up SiC TTF BUTFROcONIND Te) Ics defined as the amount of the mater | or lift goes down or if in rest hecause Isa Pole (maximum) inside body. Mass of an object is physical, fundamental and seal quantity. frnnsrnc 26122020) (RRB CROUP-D 24.10.2028)(T1T1 “The Slunit of mas is Kllogeam., The dimensional formula for mass Is MB1°T® ‘TheS! unitof mass iskllogram ‘The dimensional formula foc mass is NSLIT® Forex. “The amount of matter In a ball or sce 6 Ae ssrcns neato 2s Raja Sir The Godfather of Maths property that do not effect by gravityit isa ‘quantity that mater possessed by abody, wercnr Force f gravity exerted on an object iscalled weight Weight = mess* gravitation acceleration Wemxg We kg xm/s# We Newton (keg m/s3) "he Suni or weight ls Newton) = Pound ilogram and gram are unts of eight (Mass not given aption) (Sst OM OF .2012) ‘Equator (minimum ‘raw cxowr.0 22102018) Centre (zero) {SC Mul sting 2.02014) fesecapes cro Ait ah Yer aes) + Theweight ofthe body ieinereade wes ‘we mave from equator to poles (0 cc ret ica) aon 2006 ssondor) raaenotie 2240300) + In the Barth, the weight of a body 1s iinet te pale {SSC (1r2) level 0 10 be 06323011) Income xinpecor anzassccnt20n SR EB