CONCRETE

2021
2021

mohammad bani ahmad

0194066

PROPERTIES

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

mohammad bani ahmad

ID:0194066
11/5/2021

011
 2021
From (PCA) Portland cement association
mohammad bani ahmad
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normal concrete
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

We seek to obtain a
60% ≤ aggregates ≤ 80%
mixture that is 40% ≥ cement past ≥ 20%
closer to the lean
mix, so that the
amount of cement is rich mix lean mix
less, so that the cost
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decreases.
 2021

Role of cement: Role of aggragates:

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strength.(W/C) Durability

BINDING stability

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
COATING cost
The relationship of
aggregates are
cement with
Durability is a hate not the source of
relationship, as it does strength for
not increase it, but concrete.
rather the opposite.

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more cement less durability
 air-entrained concrete:
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Air-entrained concrete contains billions of microscopic air cells per cubic foot. These
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air pockets relieve internal pressure on the concrete by providing tiny chambers for
water to expand into when it freezes.

extremely small size

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
discontinous effect of air entrained
concrete
uniform distribution
Added by "others" fresh state: hardened state

admixtures under this item 1.Reduce friction

between
type of cement materials

2.increase strength
workability
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durability
 How does air entrained work?
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mohammad bani ahmad

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Cement in the hardened state contains voids and when exposed to what this
water enters inside the voids, if the temperatures drop, it turns into ice,
which causes its size to increase and this leads to the work of a tensile force
on the surrounding concrete and now comes the role of air entrained that
has been introduced either with some additions or through the tyoe of
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
Cement that surrounds the voids, which reduces stress on concrete, and this
plays a major role in the durability of concrete.

We note the role of air entrained in maintaining

concrete if it is exposed to freeezing and thawing
cycle.

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chapter 2
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cement
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

Modern cement was invented in

1828 and is known as Portland
cement. By Joseph Aspdin ,a Leeds
Builder .
06
joseph aspdin
 cement are materials that set and harden when mixed
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mohammad bani ahmad

0194066 with water.
hydraulic cement will set and harden in the presence of water

chemical reaction hydration

and the hardened cement should resist the action of water.

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

cement should not dissolve in water.

The solubility of cement in water should be very low.

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 2021 cement classified based on the way of set and harden to:
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hydraulic cements:set and harden under water and produce water resist and
products such as :portland cements,protland pozzoian cements...
non-hydraulic cements:do not set and harden under water or produce non-
water resist products such as lime and gypsum.

CONCRETE lime :set and harden due to the reaction with carbon dioxide and
PROPERTIES

produces water resistance material.

slaking process:
cao+h2o cao(oH)2+heat
hardening process:
ca(oH)2+co2 ca(co3)+H2o

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hydro carbonated binder e.x.: bitumen
 2021
Raw materials
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calcareous ARGILLACEOUS

lime (cao) silica (sio2)

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
(C) (S)
major oxides: C,S,A,F. Alumina(Al2o3)
calicium silicates (A)
It makes up 80% to 90%
Iron oxide bearing
of the cement according to main obsessed
(fe2o3)
tyoe of cement. responsible for (f)
the color of
For the manufacture of white cement we bring
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cement materials free of (fe2o3).
 2021 Portland cement is a cement obtained by intimately mixing together calcareous
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and argillaceous burning them at clinkering temperature and grinding the result
clinker .
(1400-1500)C
process of manufacture:

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.) size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.),

and stored.
The raw materials are extracted from the mountains, they are
transported from the mountains by SHALE to a PRIMARY crusher,
then to a vibrating screen, then transferred to a secondary crusher,
then all the raw materials are separated
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 According to We take a sample
2021
the bogue's from here to make
mohammad bani ahmad
equations sure it fits based
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on bogues
equations.

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
2. Raw materials are ground to powder and blended.
3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into cement clinker. Note four-stage
preheater, flash furnaces, and shorter kiln.
We reach the rotating kiln stage, which is a rotating oven in which the temperature
reaches between 1400 to 1500 degrees Celsius and has an angle of inclination so that
the materials are allowed to descend until they come out from the end of this oven.
The length of this oven is 230 meters and a drop of 7 meters. What happens inside
the oven is burning materials.
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The material comes out in the form of clinker with a diameter of between 3 to 25 mm
.and its color is the color of well-known cement
 2021
CLINKER:
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very hot
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cooling according
to rate of cooling.
big size grinding.
grinding:extremly important to give different type of
cement.
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

false setting:
One of the reasons is that the rate of cooling is fast
is a form of premature stiffening of the paste
or concrete, which occurs within 1 to 5 min
after mixing. False set can be eliminated by
continuous mixing.
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The most common cause is
the presence of gypsum that
has partially dehydrated to
form plaster of paris (CaSO4 ⋅
1/2 H2O), which results if the
temperature in the grinding
mill is too high.
 cement: H2o

H2o
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Both samples
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have the same
amount

2O
H
2o
H
2o

CONCRETE

1
PROPERTIES

2
H

surface area 2 > surface area1

which mean at certain time t.:
strength of cement 1 < strength of cement 2
Rate of gain strength. strength
13 reaction heat of hydration
because it exothermic reaction
 2021
Bogue's equations:
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CONCRETE
grinding dgree of fineness fineness of cement
fineness of cement:
PROPERTIES

fineness is a vital property of cement and both B.Sand

ASTMrequire the deformation of the specific surface (in
m2/kg).
the rate of hydration debends on the fineness of cement
particls ,and for a rapid development of strength a high
14 finess is necessary.
 Type A cement gains strength more
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than type B.
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If you choose a specific time, A will

be less than B, but if we come
after 5 years, it will not be the
same ratio and A will be greater
than B.
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

Fineness of cement affect the rate of gain of strength.

type I: ordinary portland cement (opc).
If the weather is hot or the
type II:low heat cement construction is for a dam, and this
consumes large amounts of concrete
type III:rapid hardening cement here, attention must be paid to the
temperature of the cement,
otherwise it will produce bad
15 concrete.
 2021
Important things in the manufacturing process:
mohammad bani ahmad
0194066 clinker and gypsum (caso4.2h2o)conveyed to grind mills.
If you add a clinker to the gypsum and it is still not very cold, the
water in the gypsum will evaporate and this leads to a false setting
problem.
The softer the cement, the more gypsum needed.
CONCRETE

cement +gypsum to prevent flash setting.

PROPERTIES

If we dont add gypsum, gypsum

contains components C3s, C2s, C3A,
C4AF, which constitute 90% to 95%
depending on BOGUES EQuation,
C3A will react with h2o and the
reaction is quick and massive and
16 with it heat of hydration
 2021 C3A+H2O flash setting +heat
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addition of gypsum
I have quick lose of plasticity of cement

CONCRETE
C3A+Caso4.2H2o calicium -sulfo aluminate.
PROPERTIES

Thus, it neutralized C3A from direct interaction with

water.

The amount of gypsom depends on C3A.

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reference
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1.A.M veville ,j.j Brooks

concrete technology (second edition).

2. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES 3.Steven H. Kosmatka and Michelle L.Wilson
PCA2015
4. Other information obtained from Google

5.Dr. Basil explained in the lectures

6.american concrete institute

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