Sewage Disposal and Treatment

Sewage - Liquid waste emitted by a community

Sewer - Pipes that carry sewage

Sewers as Collection System

(a) Cross Section
(1) Rectangular Large flow

(2) Circular

(3) Horse shoe very large flow

(b) Types
(1) Separate sewer - Carry only sanitary sewage
tdrfoHk;
(2) Combined sewer - both sanitary and storm sewage
(obm0+tdrfoHk;)
(c) Structure
a
a = Lateral sewer
c b b = Sub main sewer
c = Main sewer
d = Intercepting sewer
e = Out fall sewer
d e

(d) Types of materials used max permissible volume

(1) Earthern channel 0.6 - 1.2 m/sec
(2) Brick lined 1.5 - 2.4
(3) Concrete 2.4 - 3
(4) Stoneware 3 - 4.5

Treatment

Preliminary Primary Secondary

Screen Grit-Chamber Septic tank Trickling filter

(or) (or)
Imhoff tank Activated

Sludge process

Effluent

Secondary sedimentation Chlorination

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Septic tank
Vent pipe

Influent 0.3 m
1.2 m Effluent

Design of Septic tank

(a) Detention period method

(b) Rational method
(a) Design a septic tank for 50
Assumed flow – 135 litres/ capita/ day (lpcd)
Daily discharge 135 x 50 = 6750 lpcd
= 6.75 m3 / day ( 1 m3 = 1000 litres)
Depth of flow 1.2 m
Surface area = V/D = 6.75 m3/1.2m = 5.625 m2
L:B = 2.5 : 1
Length : Breadth = 2.5 x : x
= 2.5 x2
2.5 x2 = 5.625
x = 5.625 / 2.5 =1.6 m (Breadth)
Length = 2.5 x = 2.5 x 1.6 =4 m
Total depth = 1.2 m + free board
= 1.2 m + 0.3 m = 1.5 m
Vol = 4 x 1.6 x 1.5 = 9.6 m3
9.6 m3 > 6.75 m3
Ok
(b) Rational method
(1) Setting zone
(2) Digestion zone
(3) Storage zone
(1) Surface area 0.82 m2 per 10 persons
Safety factor (adjusted) 1m2 for 10 persons
Surface area for 100 persons (1x10)m2 = 10 m2
Setting zone 0.3 x 10 = 3 m3
(2) Digestion zone
0.033 m3 / person/ day
For 100 persons 0.033 x 100 = 3.3 m3
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(3) Storage zone

0.00021 m3 / person / day
For 100 persons 0.00021 x 100 x 365
= 7.765 m3
Total vol =3 m3 + 3.3 m3 + 7.765 m3
= 14 m3
Depth = v = 14 = 1.4 m
area 10
Total = 1.4 m + freeboard
= (1.4 + 0.3 ) m = 1.7 m

Imhoff tank (1909)

- For population 5000-30000
- Two chambers - sedimentation chamber (55-60 degree slope)
- sludge digestion chamber
- anaerobic digestion
- detention period 1½ to 2½ hrs
- daily maintenance required
- scum removed by skimmers
- a model tank is present in YIT compound
- depth ~ 5 m
- Disposal – sludge pipes

Trickling filters
- For secondary treatment
- Trickling by electric pumps/ hydrolic pumps.
- Water wheel revolving distributors
- Media – crushed stones / gravels
- Aerobic digestion of solids
- Anaerobic digestion in the bottom
- Sludge digestion without residual material

Sewage disposal
(a) Dilution method. The process where treated sewage or effluent from treatment
plant is dischanged into bodies of water. In some cases where raw sewage is let
into the body of water, the ability of the water (receiving) to carry the pollutant
level safely without producing conditions of potential nuisance should be taken
into consideration.
(b) Irrigation method
(a) Broad irrigation on sewage farming
(b) Subsurface irrigation or land infiltration.
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Stabilization
By stabilization it is meant that organic matter has been broken down by bacterial
action to simple inorganic substances that will decompose no further.
Waste stabilization ponds
(1) Anaerobic ponds
(2) Facultative ponds
(3) Maturation ponds

Characteristics of excreta and sewage

- Average 83 gm of faeces and 970 gm of urine
- Include large ammont of water, some organic matter, small amount of nitrogen,
phosphoric acid, sulphur and other inorganic compounds.
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Water supply, treatment process and water requirement

(A) Requirement/ consumption

Unit Gallons per capita per day (GPCD)
Water supply in Yangon Municipal Area
(Current-mln gallons) 2011
(a) *sKd;jzL 27 27
(b) avSmfum; zl;BuD; 38 68
(c) irdk;&dyf 45 90
(d) tube wells 20 20
160 205
Developing countries 20-40 GPCD
Developed countries > 100 GPCD
* Average daily consumption
* Maximum daily consumption = 1.5 x avg daily consumption
* Maximun hourly water consumption = 2.5 x avg daily consumption
(B) Source of water supply
(1) Rain water
(2) Surface water
(3) Ground water

Shallow well
Deep tube well
Artisan well
Ground water table

Pervious layer
(water can pass through)
Inpervious layer
(water cannot pass through)

Shallow well – from pervious layer (chance of contemination +)

Artesian and deep tube well – source is between two inpervious layers
Less chance of contemination

(C) Source and ways of contemination (pollution)

(1) Source – animal waste and other organic materials
(2) ways
- Seapage (pollution travels to the soil)
- by wind transportation
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- flooding
- by direct contact
- leakage
- Plumbing defects
(D) Impurities of water
(1) Physical impunities (taste, odour, turbidity, colour)
(2) Chemical impunities
(3) Bacteriological impunities
(E) Treatment of water (water purification)
(1) Natural purification
- direct sunlight
- natural filteration
(2) Arteficial purification
chemicals

aeration chemical mix coagulation flocculation

sedimentation filteration chlorination

Treated water

For chlorination
1bs. of chemicals = Gallons of water x 10 x ppm
required 106

1 Cubic feet = 6.25 Gallons

for volume calculation
circular gallons = 5 D2 H(feet)

L x B x H x 6.25 (Gallons)

1 ppm = 1 mg/ L
1 Gallon = 4.54 L
1L = 0.222 Gallon
One table spoon = ½ oz = 15 gm

Types of chlorination
- Simple chlorination
- Super chlorination
- Multiple chlorination
- Chlorimination
- Pre chlorination
- post chlorination
- Break point chlorination
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Aeration
(1) to control taste and odour
(2) to precipitate iron and manganese
Fe++ + O2 fe+++ unsoluble precipitate

Coogulation & Flocculation

- Coagulant alum ( Aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3
alum amount required same formula
Filteration
- Slow sand filteration (SSF)
- Rapid sand filteration (RSF)

SSF RSF

(1) Capacity 15 Gal / Ft2 / day 2880 Gal / ft2 / day

(2) Bacterial 99% <90%
removal
(3) Sand size 0.35 mm 0.5 mm
(4) Sand breadth 36 inches 30 inches
(5) Filter run manual Backwashing process
(6) Input gravity gravity + pressure
(7) Operation less skill high skill required
(8) Preliminary (-) / rare Chemical coagulation required
treatment

Sum
For a city with a water supply of 27 million gallons per day, chlorination is required
to dose 1.5 ppm with bleaching powder (25% available chlorine) How many pounds of
chlorine is required for a year?
Formula
lbs of chemicals = Gallons of water
(to be treated) x 10 x ppm
106
= 270 x 1.5 lbs/ day
= 270 x 1.5 x 365 lbs/ year
For bleaching powder = 270 x 1.5 x365 x 100 lbs
which has 25% available 25
Cl2
1 ppm = 1 gm / L
1 gallon = (10 x ½.2)kg
=
106 gallons (106 x 4.5) L
(10 x 106 x ½.2)mg = (10) mg
=
(106 x 4.5) L (4.5 x2.2) L
10 ~ 1 mg/L
=
9.9
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Hospital water requirement

- 50 % of demand in ground tank

25 % in elevated tank
Hospital consumption rate ~ 50-60 GPCD
Requirement = GPCD X No. of beds

Parts per million (ppm)

1 ppm = 1 mg/ litre
To prove that 1 ppm = 1 mg/ L
1 ppm = 1 gallon
106 gallons
1 gallon weighs 10 lbs

1 ppm = 10 lbs
106 gallons

(10 x ½.2)kg = (10 x ½.2 x 106) mg

=
(106 x 4.5) L (106 x 4.5) L
10 mg = 10 = 1 mg/l
=
(4.5 x 2.2) L 9.9

Health care waste presents

(1) Occupational health risks
(2) Environmental & Public Health risks
Categories
(a) Waste which are supposed to be harmless
(packing materials, kitchen waste etc;)
(b) Waste which can transmit infection
(1) Pathological wastes (tissues, body parts, cultures and stocks of infectious agents)
(2) Waste human blood and products of blood.
(3) Sharps (needles, broken glass, syringe, blades etc;)
(4) Waste from autopsy (in contact with infectious agents)
(5) Laboratory waste
(6) Dialysis waste (Haemo/peritoneal)
(7) Discarded medical equipment & parts (in contact with infectious agents)
(8) Biological waste and discarded materials conteminated with blood, secretions,
excretions from human beings.

Hazards from hospital wastes

(1) HIV/ AIDS
(2) Hepatitis B,C
(3) Common bacterial infections
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(4) Plugue
(5) TB
(6) Many parasitic infections
Health care waste policy
(1) Waste minimization
(2) Identification
(3) Collection
(4) Storage
(5) Transport
(6) Disposal
(7) Workers’ training / health and safety
Separation – non risk waste / risk separation

Identification – WHO recommanded colour system

Yellow infectious waste / sharps
Green Anatomical waste eg.placenta
Red Highly infectious waste
Black non-infectious, non hazardous waste

Containers should be puncture proof, water tight and sealable.

Handling - number of bags, location of material, personal protection
Storage - Unrefrigerated waste → storage no longer than 72 hours
Refrigerated waste → not more than 5 days

Treatment
(1) Incineration
(2) Stream autoclave and disinfection
(3) Microwave disinfection
(4) Mechanical / chemical disinfection

Waste water
(1) Waste stabilization pond system
(2) Waste oxidation ditch treatment system
(3) Anaerobic treatment system

Radioactive waste
A radioactive waste is any substance that sends out ionizing waves.
- Solids (tools, absorption papers etc;)
- Liquids (washing water, excreta from patients etc;)
Collection
Liquid radioactive waste → plastic recipient
If contains organic solvent→ stainless steel recipient
Solid wastes → strong plastic bags (or) vessels
Disposal
Ash and solids → incineration
Liquids → diluted / neutralized
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Housing

- Fundermental physiological and psychological need along with protection against

communicable diseases as well as accidents

- Housing includes (Housing requirements)

(1) Site and orientation of building
(2) Damp prevention in the building
(3) Heating
(4) Ventilatien and air conditioning
(5) Lighting
(6) Noice
(7) Exercise and play space
(8) Privacy
(9) Normal family and community life
(10)Cleanliness and convenience
(11)Water supply
(12)Excreta disposal
(13)Plumbing
(14)Drainage
(15)Prevention of vermin
(16)Food storage
(17)Sleeping room
(18)Material and construction
(19)Fire protection
(20)Accident protection

(1) Site and orientation → An ideal site should have

- Healthy climate
- Enough free unpolluted air
- Vegetations and trees
- A topography which helps drainage and sewage layouts
- Availability of usual services (water supply, sewagee, refuse disposal etc;)
- A safe and desirable distance from sewege firms, refuse disposal sites etc;
- Dry and free from water lodging areas
Sound attenuation
Radiation protection
Glare protection
Air filteration
Proper oriantation can take are of comfort and health of the occupants.
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Approach road
West
W
Setting sun

Garage Kitchen
East
W
Entrance

Rising sun
Sitting and dining
D
D
D Study D wc wc Bed room W
Bed room
W room wc
W

Orintation and planning of a building

School Health Programme

Seven aims:
1. Control of communicable diseases.
2. Minimizing of non-communicable defects.
3. Provision of health essentials in the school environment.
4. Provision of aid in nutrition.
5. Provision of Adequate activity for the children to promote their physical fitness.
6. Health Education.
7. Intergration of school and community health Programmes.