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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014) 864 – 868

5th World Conference on Educational Sciences - WCES 2013

Teachers’ professional development and career advancement.

Limitations of the current model of professional competences
assessment

Constanta Dumitriu a *, Gheorghe Dumitriu b, Iulia Cristina Timoftic

a, b, c
“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 157 Mărăşeşti Street, Bacău, 600115, Romania

Abstract

The study proposes the assessment of the teachers’ level of professional development and career advancement and examines
the limitations of the current competences assessment model, which implies the completion of the second didactic degree
standards. The research has been conducted on a lot of 216 teachers specialized in different pre-university education fields and
has aimed at the following objectives: to assess the cumulative development level for teachers’ professional competences; to
identify differences in the participants’ professional development, dependent on gender and specialty; to point at limitations of
the current model of assessment of teachers’ professional competences. The research methods used have been document analysis
(grade rolls), interview and statistical techniques. The research results contribute to the optimization of continuous teacher
training programmes and to the improvement of their competences assessment strategies.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and
Selection peerpeer-review
and/or review underunder
the responsibility of Prof.
responsibility Dr. Servet World
of Academic BayramEducation and Research Center.
Keywords: professional development, career advancement, professional competences, assessment strategies

1. Introduction

In Romania, the topic of continuous training of teaching staff and of adult learning is of great importance
and yet, unfortunately, it has not always been a topical issue for researchers in the educational field. Thus, in a
thematic analysis of specialized literature on adult education, Claudie Solar (1995) observed that only 6.4% of the
623 articles reviewed in 7 top academic journals address the issue of adult learning (cf. Bourgeois & Nizet, 1997, 1).
Over the past decades, the worldwide efforts to reform educational systems, including teacher training
programs, have led to orienting scientific researches in this domain towards some specific directions, among which
we could mention:

*
Corresponding Author name. Constanta Dumitriu Tel.: +4-0234-580-050
E-mail address: constanta.dumitriu@ub.ro

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Education and Research Center.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.311
 Constanta Dumitriu et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014) 864 – 868 865

• a new conception about professional training, correlated with notions of change, integration and
development (Berbaum, 2008, 12);
• teaching career professionalization, promoting the system based on competency and professional
recognition in education (Paquay et al., 1996; Dolz and Ollagnier, 2002; Lafortune, 2010; Méard and
Bruno, 2009; Jorro, 2009);
• european tendency to harmonize educational systems and enable horizontal and vertical mobility of future
teachers (cf. Şerbănescu, 2011);
• career planning as a process of identifying career needs, aspirations and opportunities, and the
implementation of human resources development programs to support it (Iucu, 2007; Jovanova-Mitkovska,
2010, Dumitriu, Timofti and Dumitriu, 2011; Malderez and Bodoczky, 2009; Molina and Gervais, 2008);
• the identification of difficulties met by beginning teachers in their practice (Urzua, 1999; Killeavy and
Maloney, 2010; Brookhart, 2001); strategies proposed in order to facilitate beginning teachers’ integration,
including methodical guides, curriculum models, the use of mentor teachers and of orientation teams and
tutoring (Roehrig, Bohn, Turner, and Pressley, 2008; Malderez and Bodoczky, 2009; Dumitriu et al., 2011;
Johnson, 2001; Furlong and Maynard, 1995);
• practical application of constructivist theory, cognitive psychology and of reflective practitioner theory
(Altet, 1994; Boisvert, 1997; Méard and Bruno, 2009; Schön, 1994).
• improvement of strategies for teaching competences assessment (Bourque, 1994; Behrens, 1998; Peretti,
1998; Bachman, 2002 ; Belair et al., 2010).

2. Professional development and career advancement in Romania

Continuous training of teachers in Romania represents a continuous and cumulative process of acquisition
and development of teaching staff competences, a process founded on principles of permanent education and adult
learning. Continuing education is mainly achieved by specialized training and professional conversion (Şerbănescu,
2011, 117). The design, implementation and evaluation of continuous training of teaching staff rely on the
competency-based approach as a means to define and acknowledge training outcomes.
Career advancement of pre-university teaching staff is achieved upon successful completion of an
examination of degree standard, including qualified teacher degree, second degree and first degree. Continuous
professional development is supported by the principles and specificity of adult education of permanent education
and is achieved by compulsory training stages, integrated in the system of evaluation/transfer through transferable
professional credit units. The main fields in which the competences required for the teaching career are defined and
continuous training programs are evaluated include: the field of specialty; the field of pedagogy and psychology of
education; the field of educational management and school legislation; ICT, inter- and transdisciplinary fields
aiming at alternative and complementary instructive strategies, research and innovation, communication and
partnerships with the social environment etc. (cf. Methodology for continuous training of teaching staff in pre-
university education, 2009).
Continuous formation is undergone in a system of institutions, organisations and structures, of which some
fulfil functions of regulation, coordination, financing, evaluation, accreditation and monitoring of continuous
training programs, while others, acting as program providers organise and develop such continuous training
activities. Forms of organisation for the skills upgrading of pre-university teaching staff comprise among others:
methodical-scientific and psycho-pedagogical activities, performed at the level of the educational institution or on
groups of institutions; symposia, exchanges of experience; preparation courses and exams to obtain qualified teacher
status and didactic degrees; national and international training and research grants; postgraduate skills upgrade
courses; master’s degree courses; and doctoral studies. Professional conversion courses are in charge of higher
education institutions and are organised according to specific methodological standards. Progress evaluation and
validation as a result of teachers’ participation in different programs and forms of continuous training is performed
by the system of acknowledgement, transfer and accumulation of transferable professional credits.
The main goal set in this paper is to assess the teachers’ level of professional development and career
advancement and to emphasize limitations of the current model of competences assessment through their passing
second didactic degree examination. Being awarded second didactic degree certification represents a further step
866 Constanta Dumitriu et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014) 864 – 868

taken by the teacher toward professionalization, confirmed by exam results obtained upon the completion of tasks
specially tailored to highlight the added value acquired since becoming qualified teachers.

3. Research design
3.1. Objectives:
3.1.1. To assess cumulative development level for teachers’ professional competences relating to professional
standards and assessment criteria;
3.1.2. To identify differences in participants’ professional development, dependent on gender and specialty;
3.1.3. To underline limitations of the current model of professional competences assessment of teachers.



  

 
   
 
 
 

 


  
 
  
 

 
 

Specific hypothesis 1. There are significant differences between participants to second didactic degree exam
according to gender.
  
   

There are significant differences between participants to second didactic degree exam
according to specialty.
Specific hypothesis 3. There are significant differences between the participants in terms of results in special
inspection and average passing grade in second didactic degree exam.



Participants
The research was conducted on a lot of 216 teachers of different specialties who enrolled for the exam to obtain
second didactic degree in the academic year 2011-2012. Only 19 of these did not pass the exam, as they failed to
obtain the passing grade of 7.00 in written or oral examinations. 197 candidates passed the exam, of whom 29 male
and 168 female; 80 teach in urban areas and 117 in rural areas; 69 had effective teaching experience of 7 years,
while 128 had more than 7 years; according to specialty variable, 38 are preschool teachers, 44 are primary school
teacher, 30 Romanian teachers, 25 English teachers, 21 French teachers, 22 Mathematics teachers and 17 are PE
(Physical education) teachers.



Methods The research methods were: analysis of school documents (exam registers) and interview; for data
analysis, we have used descriptive statistics (average, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Independent-
Samples T Test, Paired-Samples T test), analyzed by V.16 of SPSS software.

Procedure. Tests for granting second didactic degree certification comprise: a special inspection preceded by at least
two regular inspections as compulsory requirements for sitting in for the exam; written and oral examination in
specialty discipline and elements of educational psychology. The passing of second didactic degree examination
implies obtaining a minimum grade of 7 and is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the average grade obtained from
specialty discipline and didactics of specialty (separate grades awarded by two examiners) and the grade in psycho-
pedagogy examination.

4. Results and discussions

The first hypothesis is supported as results obtained by candidates for second didactic degree register
variable levels depending on the gender variable (table 1). There are significant differences between male and
female participants to this exam [t (195) = -3.42, p = 0.001].
The second hypothesis is partly supported, because statistical analysis emphasizes significant differences
between results obtained by participants to second didactic degree exam according to the specialty variable (table 1).
Significant differences are registered between results obtained by:
• preschool teachers and PE teachers [t (53) = 2.62, p = 0.011];
• primary school teachers and PE teachers [t (64) = -2.29, p = 0.025];
• primary school teachers and PE teachers [t (59) = 2.67, p = 0.010];
 Constanta Dumitriu et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014) 864 – 868 867

• English teachers and PE teachers [t (40) = 3.10, p = 0.003];

• French teachers and PE teachers [t (36) = 3.46, p = 0.001];
• Maths teachers and PE teachers [t (37) = 3.99, p = 0.000].

Table 1. Test t results comparing the means according to gender and specialty

Variables N M SD t df p
Average passing grade -3.42 195 0.001
male 29 6.86 1.95
female 168 7.62 .88
Average passing grade 2.62 53 0.011
Preschool teachers 38 7.55 .64
PE teachers 17 7.11 .63
Average passing grade
Primary school teachers 44 7.50 .54 -2.29 64 0.025
Maths teacher 22 7.86 .71
Average passing grade 2.67 59 0.010
Primary school teachers 44 7.50 .54
PE teachers 17 7.11 .33
Average passing grade 3.10 40 0.003
English teachers 25 7.60 .57
PE teachers 17 7.11 .33
Average passing grade 3.46 36 0.001
French teachers 21 7.71 .64
PE teachers 17 7.11 .33
Average passing grade 3.99 37 0.000
Maths teachers 22 7.86 .71
PE teachers 17 7.11 .33

The third hypothesis is supported because statistical data (table 2) indicate significant differences between
candidates’ grades in special inspection and the average passing grade of second didactic degree exam [t (196) = -
30.00, p = 0.000].

Table 2. Results of paired-sampled test (special inspection grade and average passing grade) with 95% CI

Variables M_inspection SD_inspection M_passing SD_passing t (196) p LL UL

Special inspection grade
Average passing grade in 9.97 .17 7.51 1.13 -30.00 .000 -2.62 -2.30
second degree examination

The data analysis indicates that only 3 teachers obtained grades of 8/9 in the special inspection, while the rest of
194 got tens; this has led to an overall mean of M = 9.97, compared with the pass mean in the examination for the
entire lot, which registers a much lower value (M = 7.51). A possible explanation has in view indicators and
different assessment criteria, used throughout the special inspection (skills in planning, organisation and
performance of class activities, classroom management, communication and interaction, student assessment), which
are different from the ones for assessment of candidates’ skills through tests in specialty discipline, didactics of
specialty and psycho-pedagogy. The tests focus more on knowledge assessment, explanation of theories, paradigms,
concepts in the fields of didactics of specialty and psycho-pedagogy. To a lesser extent, there are also assessed
critical thinking, metacognitive, psychosocial, communicative, interactional and applicative skills and the capacity
of transfer of knowledge and abilities.

5. Conclusions
The research findings support the general hypotheses and the specific hypotheses, emphasizing different
development levels for professional skills and competences of teachers who took and passed the second degree
examination. There are significant differences regarding their performance in the exam depending on the gender
variable: female teachers obtained better results than male teachers. Significantly different results were also obtained
by teachers depending on their specialty: the highest averages were registered by preschool teachers compared with
868 Constanta Dumitriu et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014) 864 – 868

PE teachers; Maths teachers compared with primary school teachers; English, French and Maths teachers in contrast
with PE teachers. There are major differences between the grades obtained by teachers in their special inspection
and the average passing grade in second didactic degree examination.
In order to overcome the limitations of the current system of teaching competences assessment by completion of
second degree examination standards, we consider that it is advisable that written tests, which evaluate more the
candidate’s capacity to memorize and reproduce information, be replaced with a portfolio-based interview centred
on competences, in front of the examination board. “Its benefits” imply both respecting the standards regarding the
validity and accuracy of assessment tools and fulfilling the desiderata of The European Qualification Framework
concerning lifelong learning and focusing on learning results. This presupposes that the continuous training system
integrates assessments of knowledge acquired by teaching staff in formal, non-formal and informal contexts.

Acknowledgements: This work is supported by CNCSIS–UEFISCSU, Romania, project number 834/2009 PNII –
IDEI, code 496/2008: Operational Model for Developing the Competencies of the Beginning Teachers.

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