Introduction to the elements of effective

Safety Management Systems

© 2005 OSHA Training Network. All rights reserved.

 This material for training use only

Goals
1. Understand the basics of a safety
management system.

2. Identify the seven core elements of an

effective safety and health program.

3. Describe the key processes in each program

element.
This material, or any other material used to inform employers of compliance requirements of OSHA standards through simplification of the regulations should not be considered a substitute for
any provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or for any standards issued by OSHA. The information in workbook is intended for training purposes only.
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Form Groups

Introductions

Elect a chairperson

Select a spokesperson

Name your corporation

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Seven Critical Components and Characteristics

of an Effective Safety Management System

1. Management Commitment
2. Accountability
3. Employee Involvement
4. Hazard Identification & Control
5. Incident/Accident Investigation
6. Training
7. Plan Evaluation

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Components of a Safety
Management System

Structure
Processes

Inputs
Outputs

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Inputs = Resources

Processes = Activities

Outputs = Conditions, Behaviors, Results

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Every system is designed perfectly to

produce what it produces

What might be the result if a safety plan is poorly written

or not effectively implemented?

Where do we look for clues that safety system design

and/or implementation are flawed?

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ELEMENT 1 –

TOP MANAGEMENT
COMMITMENT

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What motivates management to “do” safety?

Indicate the consequence below that motivates your

employer.

My company does safety primarily to…

1. Avoid OSHA penalties. ________

2. Reduce costs - increase profits ________
3. Keep employees safe ________

Make a bar graph to show how the class

ranked each statement.

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Class Ranking
12
10
8
6
4
2

1 2 3

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What is Top Management Commitment?

T________ M _______ C _________ Expression of

leadership

What has management done to demonstrate

commitment at your workplace? Time, money,
communications = TMC

What can we do to get management commitment?

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What do accidents cost your company?

Unseen costs can

Direct -
sink the ship! Insured Costs
average to close a claim = $14,000

Indirect - Uninsured, hidden Costs

- Out of pocket

estimated average = $38,000

Unknown Costs - 1. Human Tragedy

2. Morale
3. Reputation
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NSC - Average direct and indirect accident costs

No lost time injury: $7,000

Lost time injury: $38,000
Fatality: $1,100,000

Direct to Indirect Accident Cost Ratios

Direct cost of claim Ratio of indirect to

direct costs

$0-2,999 4.5
$3,000 - 4,999 1.6
$5,000 - 9,999 1.2
$10,000 or more 1.1

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Proactive Vs. Reactive Safety & Health Management

They care They don’t

about m e! care...

Proactive Program s R eactive Program s

What's proactive? What's reactive?

What programs are emphasized?

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ELEMENT 2 -
ACCOUNTABILITY
Six essential elements of an
effective accountability system

1. Established formal standards of behavior and

performance.

2. Resources provided to meet those standards.

3. An effective system of measurement.

4. Application of effective consequences.

5. Appropriate application of consequences.

6. Evaluation of the accountability system.

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Management/Employee Accountability

Manager
Accountabilities

Training
Resources
Enforcement
Supervision
Leadership
Employee
Accountabilities

Report hazards
Report injuries
Comply with rules
Warn others

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Why does the employer have more

accountabilities than the employee? Is that fair?
What’s with that?

More control... more accountability

How are employees held accountable in your

workplace?
Before pointing the finger of blame, make
sure management all obligations to the
employee have been fulfilled.

When is a supervisor justified in disciplining?

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ELEMENT 3 -
EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT

Group exercise: Discuss ways your employer uses (or

could use) to increase involvement in the safety
committee and other activities.
Choose one of the above ideas and discuss those
methods and procedures that help ensure its success.

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Involvement in the Safety

Committee

What is the purpose of your safety committee?

Our safety committee intends to…
What role does your safety committee play?
My safety committee performs the role of a/an…
What can the safety committee do to increase
employee involvement in safety?
What can the safety committee do to help the
employer manage safety programs?

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ELEMENT 4 –
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
AND CONTROL
What is a "hazard?"

Hazard analysis is smart business!

What are the advantages of conducting hazard analysis

vs. accident investigation?

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What are the four categories of hazards in the

workplace?

M____
E_____

E____

E_____
Hazardous conditions or unsafe work practices:
Which results in more accidents?

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Any hazards or unsafe behaviors here?

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Hierarchy of Controls

Engineering Controls

Management
Controls

Interim Measures

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What control measures might work to correct these

hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors.

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ELEMENT 5 -
INCIDENT/ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

What is an “accident?”

Why do we “investigate” accidents?

How does your perception of a particular hazard

change with daily exposure to that hazard?

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What are the odds that a serious injury will occur?

Proctor & Gamble's
Port Ivory Study (1984)
H.W. Heinrich's 1
Pyramid (1931) L ost W o rk
D ay C ase

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O SH A
R e c o rd a b le

292
W o rk e rs' C o m p

730
F irs t A id O n ly

How does your perception of a particular hazard

change with daily exposure to that hazard?
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Why are some accident reports ineffective?

Why might it be dangerous to assume someone has

"common sense"?

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Why are some accident reports ineffective?

Why might it be dangerous to assume someone has

"common sense"?

Be ready when accidents happen

1. Write a clear policy statement.

2. Identify those authorized to notify outside agencies (fire, police,

etc.)

3. Designate those responsible to investigate accidents.

4. Train all accident investigators.

5. Establish timetables for conducting the investigation and taking

corrective action.

6. Identify those who will receive the report and take corrective
action.
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Weed out the causes of injuries and

illnesses Strains
Burns
Direct Causes of
Cuts Injury/Illness

Surface
Causes of the
Accident

Conditions Behaviors
Lack of time Fails to enforce

Inadequate training

No discipline procedures Inadequate labeling procedures

No orientation process Outdated Procedures

Inadequate training plan

No accountability policy No inspection policy

Root Causes of the

Accident
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- Accident Weed
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The causes of Injury, Illness and Accidents

1. Direct Cause of Injury

2. Surface Causes of the Accident

3. Root Causes of the Accident

Steps in root cause analysis

1. Injury cause analysis

2. Surface Cause analysis

3. Root Causes analysis

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- Accident Causes
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The six-step process

Step 1. Secure the accident scene

Step 2. Collect facts about what happened

Step 3. Develop the sequence of events

Step 4. Determine the causes

Step 5. Recommend improvements

Step 6. Write the report

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Three phases of analysis

• Injury analysis
• Event analysis
• Systems analysis

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ELEMENT 6: EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

Education tells Why

Training shows How

Experience improves skills

Accountability sustains behavior

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Give examples of effective safety training.

How do you know safety training is effective?

Training is worthless without

accountability

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The basic steps in OJT

Step 1. Introduction.

Step 2. Trainer show and tell.

Trainer: EXPLAINS and PERFORMS each step.

Learner: OBSERVES each step and QUESTIONS .

Step 3. Trainer ask and show.

Learner: EXPLAINS each step and RESPONDS.

Trainer: PERFORMS each step and QUESTIONS.

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Step 4. Trainee tell and show.

Learner: EXPLAINS, GETS PERMISSION, and then PERFORMS each

step.

Trainer: GIVES PERMISSION, OBSERVES each step and QUESTIONS .

Step 5. Conclusion.

Step 6. Document.

Step 7. Validate.

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DOCUMENT TRAINING!
Sample training certification for specific tasks

Trainee certification

Trainer certification

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ELEMENT 7. PLAN
EVALUATION

• Last and first phase of planning cycle

• Assess, analyze, evaluate, both labor and management

• Use outside experts

• Not a one person job - delegate monitoring

responsibilities

• Establish procedures for change - an action plan

• Measure activity and results

• Make effective recommendations

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• Last and first phase of planning cycle

• Identify, analyze, evaluate all elements of the

program

• Use outside experts

• Primary safety committee responsibility - evaluate the

safety and health program

• Establish procedures for change - an action plan

• Measure activity and results

• Make effective recommendations

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Time to review!

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