Bridge Compiled

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
CES 402 - PROFESSIONAL COURSE 2: BRIDGE ENGINEERING
PRETEST
1. It is a superstructure element that provides an interface between the

superstructure and substructure. BEARING/S
2. This part of the bridge consists of a bed block, pier or abutment and foundation.
SUBSTRUCTURE
3. A substructure located at the ends of bridge spans at intermediate points
between the abutments. PIER
4. This load acts vertically downward and includes dead loads such as components
weight and live loads such as vehicular weight. GRAVITY LOAD
5. How many are the possible degrees of freedom at any support. SIX (6)
6. Two types of bridge bearing according to the materials. METAL BEARING
7. Two types of bridge bearing according to the materials. RUBBER BEARING
8. This type of loading is considered for the design of new bridge especially heavy
loading bridges like bridges on highways, in cities, industrial areas etc. IRC
CLASS AA LOADING
9. This type of loading is used to design temporary bridges like Timber Bridge and
is considered as light loading. IRC CLASS B LOADING
10. It connects the deck of a bridge to the ground, at the ends of a bridge span,
helping support its weight both horizontally and vertically. ABUTMENT
POST TEST
1. It is a component of a bridge which is typically located between substructures

and superstructures, playing an important role in the force transmission and in
accommodating the deformation caused by temperature variation and the
earthquake. BEARING/S
2. The following are the various functions of bearings except one (1). Identify the
function that doesn’t belong.
(1) To allow the ‘permitted’ movements.
(2) To prevent the ‘permitted’ undesirable movements.
(3) To transfer the load from superstructure to substructure.
3. It is a steel plate that is attached to the bottom of girders or beams of truss
chords. SOLE PLATE
4. This part of the bridge consists of a bed block, pier or abutment and foundation.
SUBSTRUCTURE
5. These are movable bearings, which allow for horizontal movement and maintain
low friction by using single or multiple rollers, for hinged bearing or spherical
bearings. ROLLER BEARINGS
6. This is also called a hinged bearing, where a steel pin is inserted between the
upper and lower shoes allowing rotation but no translational movements. PIN
BEARING
7. These bearings have a cylindrical elastomeric pad confined with a pot, and they
are suitable for high loads, displacements, and rotations. POT BEARINGS
8. These bearings are mainly used for cable-stayed bridges, to resist the negative
reaction forces. PENDEL BEARINGS
9. It connects the deck of a bridge to the ground, at the ends of a bridge span,
helping support its weight both horizontally and vertically. ABUTMENT
10. A substructure located at the ends of bridge spans at intermediate points
between the abutments. PIER **
11. Piers are the _________ support structures of bridges. VERTICAL
12. This substructure shall be designed to support all live and dead loads, and earth
and water pressure loadings. FOUNDATION
13. Considered for substructures of large bridges submerged under deep water
bodies. BUOYANCY EFFECT
14. This load acts vertically downward and includes dead loads such as components
weight and live loads such as vehicular weight. GRAVITY LOAD **
15. Refers to various non standard or specific loads that may impact the bridge
components. MISCELLANEOUS LOADS
16. This type of loading is considered for the design of new bridge especially heavy
loading bridges like bridges on highways, in cities, industrial areas etc. IRC
CLASS AA LOADING
17. These stresses are caused due to temperature. THERMAL STRESSES
18. These stresses are induced by the construction equipment during the bridge
construction. ERECTION STRESSES
19. If a bridge is to be built on horizontal curves, then the movement of vehicles

along curves will cause _____________. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
20. This type of loading is used in the design of all permanent bridges. IRC CLASS
A LOADING
CONSIDERATIONS IN SUBSTRUCTURES
PRE-TEST
1. A __________________ is built under the pier/abutment and over the fundamental

soil/rock.
ANSWER: BRIDGE FOUNDATION
2. These techniques allow inspectors to assess the condition of the substructure without
damaging it.
ANSWER: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES
3. _______________ are substructures located at the ends of bridge spans at

immediate points between the abutments.
ANSWER : PIER
4. A type of material that is widely used for its durability, fire resistance, and ease of
construction, but may suffer from cracking and corrosion under high lateral loads.
ANSWER:CONCRETE
5. It is a kind of deep foundation. It can be defined as a slender column or long cylinder

made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and
transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction.
ANSWER: PILE
6. It is used in the substructure for the reinforcing bars in concrete, armoring for
expansion joints, anchor bolts, etc. It is also used for piles to support the abutments and
piers.
ANSWER: STEEL
7. It refers to the portion of the bridge that lies below ground level. It plays a pivotal role
in supporting the superstructure.
ANSWER: SUBSTRUCTURE
8. These are structural components that support and facilitate movements between the
superstructure and substructure of a bridge.
ANSWER: BEARINGS
9. Support the bridge by carrying its weight and the weight of vehicles and pedestrians
passing over it.
ANSWER: ABUTMENT
10. Type abutments are like a mix of two different systems for supporting bridges. They
use the weight of the abutment itself to help hold up the bridge, but they also rely on the
ground underneath to provide extra support.
ANSWER: SEMI-GRAVITY TYPE
POST-TEST
1. _______ is the engineering term for the erosion of soil surrounding a bridge
foundation (piers and abutments).
ANSWER: SCOUR
2. Type of foundation that is generally thin and infiltrates through the top soil to deeper
more grounded layers of soil.
ANSWER: DEEP FOUNDATION
3. These systems use electrical currents to prevent the corrosion of steel elements in
the substructure.
ANSWER: CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
4. Filling cracks with epoxy resin to restore strength and prevent water infiltration.
ANSWER: EPOXY INJECTION
5.This type of pier is also termed as solid shaft pier, has a single solid concrete cross
section upon which a cap is placed. This type of pier is used to support steel girders or
precast prestressed concrete superstructures.
ANSWER: HAMMERHEAD PIER
6. This type of pier support a fixed bearing and subjected both to transverse and
longitudinal forces
ANSWER: FIXED PIER
7. The _________ of the bridge piers involves the placement, spacing, and anchorage
of the steel bars or FRP rods that provide tensile strength and ductility to the concrete.
ANSWER: REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
8. __________ are vertical supports used in cable-stayed or suspension bridges. They
are constructed using high-strength concrete and the In-situ method, and they play a
vital role in the stability and functionality of such bridge designs.
ANSWER:BRIDGE TOWER
9. Generated by a vehicle traveling across a bridge. This factor is playing an important

role for live load forces in dynamic analysis of bridge vibration simulation.
ANSWER: IMPACT, IMPACT (DYNAMIC LOAD ALLOWANCE)
10. It’s often used as a generic term to represent all types of deep foundations,
including a (driven) pile, (drilled) shaft, caisson, or an anchor.
ANSWER: PILE
11. They are added if an existing foundation lacks uplift capacity, and competent layers
of soil or rock are shallow and easy to reach.
ANSWER: ANCHORS
12. Loads that a structure experiences due to water course-related features, such as
stream flow, floating ice, and buoyancy.
ANSWER: CHANNEL FORCES
13-16. Give at least 4 Structural Design Considerations

ANSWERS:
LOAD ANALYSIS
MATERIAL SELECTION
SAFETY FACTORS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS
TOLERABLE MOVEMENTS
SITE CONDITIONS
17-18. Give at least 2 procedure of selecting the most appropriate type of abutments
ANSWERS:
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE COST
CUT OR FILL EARTHWORK SITUATION
TRAFFIC MAINTENANCE DURING CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
SAFETY OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
AVAILABILITY AND COST OF BACKFILL MATERIAL
SUPERSTRUCTURE DEPTH
SIZE OF ABUTMENT
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENT CHANGES
AREA OF EXCAVATION
ESTHETICS AND SIMILARITY TO ADJACENT STRUCTURES
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE WITH THE TYPE OF ABUTMENT
EASE OF ACCESS FOR INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
ANTICIPATED LIFE, LOADING CONDITION, AND ACCEPTABILITY OF
DEFORMATION
19. Type of abutment that resists the horizontal earth and water pressure with its dead
weight.
ANSWER: GRAVITY TYPE
20. Type of abutment resembles the shape of a portal or doorway, with vertical columns
supporting horizontal beams or girders at the top.
ANSWER: PORTAL TYPE
procedure of selecting the most appropriate type of abutments
Pre-Test
1. It is widely used for calculating the effects of seismic soil forces on bridge abutments.
Mononobe-Okabe Analysis
2. It provides a framework for calculating the lateral earth pressure on retaining structures
and for designing retaining walls, abutments, and other earth-retaining
structures.Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory
3. It is the deterioration of steel reinforced concrete, and is characterized by the appearance

of cracks and red rust. Spalling
4. It is defined as a general loss of surface mortar or mortar surrounding the coarse

aggregate particles on a concrete surface. Scaling
5. It refers to the erosion of streambed material caused by the flow of water in the channel.
Scour
6. Concrete is pumped through a tube to the underwater location, it provides greater control
but requires precautions like wrapping exposed piles to prevent bonding with the new
concrete. Pumping
7. Selected for abutment foundations where soil is stable, its strength is high, and the
reaction forces from the superstructure are moderate. Spread Footings
8. When a compression member’s cross-sectional dimensions are small in comparison to

its length, the member is said to be ________.Slender
9. A type of pinned bearing utilized to accommodate large live load deflections and vertical
loads in bridges with span lengths typically exceeding 50 ft. Rocker bearings
10. Uses gravity flow to place concrete underwater, it ensures precise placement but
requires careful control to prevent water ingress. Tremie
College of Engineering – Department of Civil Engineering
Pre Test (Answers)

1. This method consists of manufacturing the superstructure of a bridge by sections in a
prefabrication area behind one of the abutments
ANSWER: INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING METHOD
2. It is used to move and position precast bridge segments. It is typically mounted on rails
along the bridge alignment.
ANSWER: SPECIALIZED GANTRY CRANE
3. They are set at the correct elevation along the bridge alignment and are used as a
reference for the elevation of the superstructure.
ANSWER: STRING LINES
4. It is also known as the Prince of Wales Bridge, was one of the successful structures
constructed using the incremental launching method in the United Kingdom.
ANSWER: SECOND SEVERN CROSSING
5. This type of bridge construction is used when the bridge spans up to 300 m that can be
bridged efficiently with conventional cantilever construction.
ANSWER: BALANCED CANTILEVER METHOD
6. A bridge structure with hollow cross-sections in its main load-bearing members, known
as girders. These bridges are widely used for highway and railway applications,
particularly where longer spans are required.
ANSWER: HOLLOW-BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
7. Refers to a type of construction where concrete elements are placed under compression
before being subjected to loads.
ANSWER: PRESTRESSED-CONCRETE STRUCTURE
8. Actions that improve the strength and other attributes of the integrity of a structure or a
member with respect to seismic forces.
ANSWER: RETROFITTING
9. Installing seismic joints at critical locations to accommodate bridge movement during

seismic events and protect the structure from damage.
ANSWER: SEISMIC JOINT INSTALLATION
10. This technique has been tested and used on new non-bridge structures for about 10 years.
Unbonded post-tensioning high-strength steel helps increase the capacity of structural
elements such as beams, columns, and the joints that connect them.
ANSWER: EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING FOR INCREASED CAPACITY
Post Test (Answers)
1. This approach involves fabricating the bridge's superstructure in segments within a
designated area situated behind one of the abutments.
ANSWER: INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING METHOD
2. Implementing expansion joints strategically at key positions to allow for bridge
movement during seismic events, safeguarding the structure against potential damage.
ANSWER: SEISMIC JOINT INSTALLATION
3. Preventive measures, undertaken prior to an earthquake, are implemented in undamaged
buildings, whereas rehabilitation efforts are directed at buildings that have already
incurred damage.
ANSWER: RETROFIT
4. Give one (1) common type of earthquake damages of bridges
ANSWER/S: FALLING DOWN OF BRIDGE SPANS
BEARING FAILURE
SUBSTRUCTURE DAMAGE
LIQUEFACTION FAILURE
5. This construction method consists of erecting most of a bridge deck without falsework or
scaffolding at the ground level.
ANSWER: BALANCED CANTILEVER METHOD
6. It assists in evaluating if the cantilever's cross-sectional design is adequate to endure the

bending moments and shear forces applied to it.
ANSWER: GUYON’S FORMULA
7. Refers to a variety of machinery and tools used in construction to deposit and distribute
concrete efficiently onto the desired surface or formwork.
ANSWER: CONCRETE PLACING EQUIPMENT
8. The design ought to reduce the environmental footprint, taking into account elements like
noise, vibration, and disturbance to nearby ecosystems.
ANSWER: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
9. A method used in bridge retrofitting that adds steel plates or bars externally to boost the
load capacity of existing members, especially in corroded or fatigued areas.
ANSWER: STRENGTHENING
10. The bridges constructed prior to 1970 were not designed for adequate seismic resistance
as the ductility provisions were not incorporated in the seismic codes till then.
ANSWER: RETROFITTING METHOD
PART II. PROBLEM SOLVING
A balanced cantilever bridge in the USA has a span length of 40 meters. The bridge deck
is made of reinforced concrete with a rectangular cross-section. The maximum bending moment
on the cantilever section is 50 x 10^4 kN-m, and the maximum shear force is 18000 kN. The
concrete has a compressive strength of 30 MPa. Given that f'c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 420 MPa,
determine whether the cross-section is adequate according to Guyon's formula. Assume the area
of the cross section is 400m^2 and the perimeter is 230m.
GROUP 9
Topic: Inspection, Monitoring and Assessment of Bridge
Bridge Repair, Strengthening and Replacement
Pre-Test
1. It requires the inspector to visually assess all defective surfaces at a distance no further
than an arm’s length. Surfaces are given close visual attention to quantify and qualify any
defects.
Answer: HANDS-ON INSPECTION
2. ________________is a comprehensive method that involves carefully inspecting,
evaluating, and assessing the structural integrity, safety, and functionality of bridges.
Answer: BRIDGE INSPECTION
3. It involves looking over the structure with the naked eye or using tools. Reveal areas that
require further investigations.
Answer: VISUAL INSPECTIONS
4. Thermal or infrared data can detect changes in infrared radiation from the surface of a
bridge, which could indicate degradation or delamination in the concrete. What type of
advanced inspection technique it is?
Answer: THERMAL INSPECTION
5. ________________ are performed on new bridges or when existing bridges have no
appropriate database. This inspection provides a basis for all future inspections or
modifications to a bridge.
Answer: INITIAL INSPECTION OR INVENTORY INSPECTION
6. This type of damage in steel bridges can lead to the loss of the effective materials and
reduction of the steel thickness, thus results in the decrease of the stiffness and increase
of the structural deformation. Likely to happen at the girder end where water may come
from the expansion joint, the top of the bottom flange where soil and dust are easy to
accumulate, the bearing surroundings, and connections or joints.
Answer: CORROSION
7. This type of repair is similar to external prestressing in concrete bridges, used for repair
or strengthening of steel bridges.
Answer: PRESTRESSING METHOD
8. The ______________means a deteriorated superstructure is replaced and upgraded by a
new superstructure design with new requirement for load carrying capacity, serviceability,
fatigue, etc.
Answer: BRIDGE REPLACEMENT
9. The common damages in concrete bridges include the _________, stripping and exposure
of reinforcement, water leakage, flake off, and discoloration, and deterioration, and the
corrosion of the reinforcement is one of the main causes.
Answer: CRACKS
10. Give one (1) type of bridge inspection.
Answer:
 INITIAL (INVENTORY) INSPECTION
 ROUTINE INSPECTION
 DETAILED INSPECTION
 SPECIAL INSPECTION
Post-Test
 The common damages in concrete bridges include the _________, stripping and exposure
of reinforcement, water leakage, flake off, and discoloration, and deterioration, and the
corrosion of the reinforcement is one of the main causes.
Answer: CRACKS
 Give one (1) type of bridge inspection.
Answer: INITIAL (INVENTORY) INSPECTION
ROUTINE INSPECTION
DETAILED INSPECTION
SPECIAL INSPECTION
 It was a five-span truss highway bridge, which extended 406 m in length and 8.2 m in
width.
Answer: CHOSHI BRIDGE
 It is a practical application of pre-stress in strengthening steel or composite bridges. It is a
twin steel box girder with composite concrete deck.
Answer: AVONMOUTH BRIDGE
 This method is to add cross-sectional area by using doubler plates, which in turn reduces
stress ranges.
Answer: ADDING DOUBLER PLATES
 The repair and retrofit techniques for fatigue cracks be divided into three major
categories.Give at least one of these three categories.
Answer: (1) SURFACE TREATMENTS
(2) REPAIR OF THROUGH-THICKNESS CRACKS
(3) MODIFICATION OF THE CONNECTION OR THE GLOBAL
STRUCTURE TO REDUCE THE CAUSE OF CRACKING
 The ______________means a deteriorated superstructure is replaced and upgraded by a
new superstructure design with new requirement for load carrying capacity, serviceability,
fatigue, etc.
Answer: BRIDGE REPLACEMENT
 This type of damage in steel bridges can lead to the loss of the effective materials and
reduction of the steel thickness, thus results in the decrease of the stiffness and increase of
the structural deformation. Likely to happen at the girder end where water may come from
the expansion joint, the top of the bottom flange where soil and dust are easy to accumulate,
the bearing surroundings, and connections or joints.
Answer: CORROSION
 This type of repair is similar to external prestressing in concrete bridges, used for repair
or strengthening of steel bridges.
Answer: PRESTRESSING METHOD
 This may happen due to the out-of-plane deformation or buckling of steel members
caused by the local stress concentration, overlarge external load, impact, or seismic load.
Answer: LARGE DEFORMATIONS
 ________________ are performed on new bridges or when existing bridges have no
appropriate database. This inspection provides a basis for all future inspections or
modifications to a bridge.
Answer: INITIAL INSPECTION OR INVENTORY INSPECTION
 It can be defined as the weakening of steel materials or accumulation of damage at a
localized region caused by cyclic loading or repeatedly applied loads.
Answer: FATIGUE
 Thermal or infrared data can detect changes in infrared radiation from the surface of a
bridge, which could indicate degradation or delamination in the concrete. What type of
advanced inspection technique it is?
Answer: THERMAL INSPECTION
 In this method, the plate made of steel or fiber-reinforced composite materials is attached
to the concrete surface by bonding and to form a new composite section.
Answer: STEEL PLATE (OR FRP SHEET) BONDING
 It involves looking over the structure with the naked eye or using tools. Reveal areas that
require further investigations.
Answer: VISUAL INSPECTIONS
 It involves applying specialized coatings or membranes to bridge surfaces to prevent
water infiltration and protect against corrosion and deterioration.
Answer: WATER PROOFING WORK
 It requires the inspector to visually assess all defective surfaces at a distance no further
than an arm’s length. Surfaces are given close visual attention to quantify and qualify any
defects.
Answer: HANDS-ON INSPECTION
 This method involves injecting specialized materials into the cracks to fill voids, restore
structural integrity, and prevent further deterioration
Answer: CRACK INJECTION AND FILLING WORK
 ________________is a comprehensive method that involves carefully inspecting,
evaluating, and assessing the structural integrity, safety, and functionality of bridges.
Answer: BRIDGE INSPECTION
 It is often the first step in data exploration, enabling scientists and decision makers to
exploit the pattern recognition capabilities of the human visual system.
Answer: VISUALIZATION
Post Test (BRIDGE ENGINEERING)
CE 3209
Group 5
1. Give one type of abutment. Ans. gravity type, semi-gravity type, inverted T-type,
counter-forted type, and portal type
2. The type of load that is directly applied to the pier or substructure. Ans. Accidental loads
3. A bridge consists of the superstructure, the sub-structure, and _. Ans. Bearings
4. This type of load in the sub-structure induces both vertical and horizontal forces during
earthquakes. Ans. Seismic Loads
5. Factors such as the life cycle cost, environment, and replacement or reset should not be taken into
consideration when designing bearings. Ans. False
6. A special component that is generally used for connecting the bearing itself with bridge
superstructure or substructure. Ans. Bolt connections
7. Loads that are applied to only bridges constructed on the waterfront. Ans. Water Pressure
8. It enables the deck to translate and rotate and resist a certain amount of loads in the longitudinal,
transverse, and vertical directions. Ans. Elastomeric bearing
9. Centrifugal forces apply to both ____ live load (truck and tandem only). Ans. HL- 93
10. This type of bearing can rotate in all directions and are usually used in truss, suspension, and
curved bridges. Ans. Pivot Bearing
11. Plane bearings are the simple type of bearings usually consisting of a low friction polymer, ____,
sliding against a metal plate. Ans. polytetrafluoroethylene
12. What are the two types of bridge bearings according to materials? Ans. Metal Bearings, Rubber
Bearings
13. This type of bridge foundation is used when the existing soil lacks the stability necessary to
support the load, requiring transfer of loads to more stable soil or hard strata further down the
earth. Ans. Deep Foundation
14. This is when the lateral force resists the movement of the wall and pushes it back towards the soil.
Ans. Passive Earth Pressure
15. It is the force exerted by the weight of a water column above a certain depth. Ans. Vertical
Hydrostatic Pressure
16. This is a watertight retaining structure. It is a foundation that has a huge load-carrying capacity.
Ans. Caisson Foundation
17. Solid piers can be of mass concrete or masonry for heights of up to 6 m and spans up to about 10
m. Ans. False
18. Defined as a single support member having a ratio of clear height to the maximum width of 2.5 or
greater. Ans. Column Type Pier
19 - 20. What are the two types of wind pressure? Ans. Horizontal and Vertical Wind Pressure
Group 6
1-2. Give two types of bearings most often used in modern bridges. (ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS,
POT BEARINGS, SPHERICAL BEARINGS, ROCKER BEARINGS, ROLLER BEARINGS,
SLIDING BEARINGS)
3. Forces resisted by the bearing’s anchor bolts or shear keys that prevent the superstructure from moving
transversely. (TRANSVERSE FORCES)
4. Forces produced by the support reaction of a primary member acting directly on the center of the
bearing. (REACTION FORCES)
5. Give one consideration in designing and maintaining bridge foundation. (SOIL CONDITIONS,
LOAD FACTORS, MATERIAL SELECTION, CONSTRUCTION METHODS, MAINTENANCE
PRACTICES)
6. Because of the large sizes of the abutment stem walls, ____________ should be checked to control
cracks caused by bending, shrinkage, and temperature changes. (MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT)
7. A ________ is a protective system that can be composed of driven piles, rubber, spring elements, or
hydraulic-pneumatic components, designed to absorb the impact from a vehicle and thereby protect the
bridge element behind it. (FENDER)
8. ___________ can result from the backfill material becoming saturated with water or erosion of the side
slopes. (ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT)
9-10. Give the two fundamental issues that are faced by bridge engineers concerning seismic loading.
(SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING STRUCTURES, DESIGN OF NEW STRUCTURES
TO ACCOMMODATE SEISMIC LOADS)
11. TRUE OR FALSE. When one is analyzing a multiple column bent pier, an analysis technique such as
moment distribution may not be employed. (FALSE)
12. When a compression member is braced against sidesway, what value of k must be used? (1.0)
13. If the buckling stress Pe /A is greater than the proportion limit (or yield stress), then instead of the
standard Young modulus, a _________is used. (TANGENT MODULUS)
14. This makes useful design aids in calculating the required strength of a compression member.
(INTERACTION DIAGRAM)
15. TRUE OR FALSE. To prevent water intrusion from the horizontal joint into the structure, water-
proofing membrane should be provided on the back side of the stem wall and superstructure. (TRUE)
16. For integral abutment, stem walls are __________ with the superstructure, while for semi-integral
abutments, __________ are provided. (MONOLITHIC; HORIZONTAL EXPANSION)
17. are relatively short abutments placed at the top of an embankment or slope. (STUB
ABUTMENTS)
18. A utilizes two or more vertical columns or buttresses which have a cap beam on top of
them. ( SPILL-THROUGH ABUTMENT)
19. The triangular area defined by the sloping line proceeding from the heel of the footing or stem to the
top of backfill is known as the . (FAILURE WEDGE)
20. Are provided to assist an abutment in confining the earth behind it. (WINGWALLS)
Group 7
1. What do you call a pier cap supported on multiple steel or precast concrete piles?
a. Reinforced Concrete Single Column Piers
b. Pile Bents
c. Integral Piers
d. Steel Piers
2. What is meant to refer to any structure which supports the superstructure at intermediate points
between end supports?
a. Abutments
b. Foundation
c. Deep Foundation
d. Pier
3. All are forces on integral abutments except one.
a. Superstructure Dead Load
b. Substructure Live Load
c. Approach Slab Dead Load
d. Superstructure Live Load
4. This is one of the general design considerations that is ideally set to optimize the design of both the
columns and the pier cap, or to satisfy basic aesthetic proportioning guidelines, what is it?
a. Column Proportions
b. Height
c. Column Spacing
d. Bearing and Pier Fixity
5. What technique is sometimes used in the construction of pile bents to minimize environmental
impacts?
a. Top-down construction
b. Traditional pile driving methods
c. Precast concrete pile installation
d. Pile cap casting on-site
6. What is a significant design consideration for straddle bents?
a. Aesthetic enhancement
b. Internal inspection ease
c. Accessibility for maintenance
d. The passage of trucks or trains beneath the structure
7. What are some challenges associated with steel piers?
a. Poor adaptability to construction site conditions
b. Limited durability in harsh environments
c. Complex connection detailing due to reversible loads
d. Inability to handle high loads from superstructures
8. Which of the following considerations significantly influences the choice of specific features for
integral pier caps, according to the provided information?
a. Construction materials availability
b. Environmental regulations
c. Properties of the superstructure loads
d. Historical significance of the bridge
9. What is a type of design load criteria that can potentially have a significant effect on the substructure
design and can influence the choice of substructure and foundation types especially those located in
regions with significant seismic activity?
a. Seismic Loading
b. Seismic Capacity
c. Ground Displacement Loading
d. Routine Loading
10. What design criteria for highway and railroad crossings typically include indication of the number,
location, and alignment of lanes or tracks passing under the bridge, as well as minimum horizontal and
vertical clearance requirements?
a. Navigation Clearance Requirements
b. Vehicular Clearance Requirements
c. Overpass Clearance Requirements
11. An obvious influence on the choice of substructure type is the nature of the existing terrain, both in
terms of ______ and ______.
a. Topography and Geology
b. Aesthetic and Historic Commitments
c. Geography and Terrain
d. Weather and Land Formation
12. What is the nature of marine traffic that may directly influence selection of substructure type?
a. Vehicular Collision
b. Train Collision
c. Vessel Collision
d. Seismic Loading
13. Elements formed by creating a drilled hole into which structural steel and concrete is cast or placed.
a. Driven Pile Foundation
b. Drilled Shaft Foundation
c. Caisson Foundation
d. Well Foundation
14. The following are Specific Design Consideration for Driven Shafts, except:
a. Buckling and bending capacity Consideration.
a. Calculation of Settlement and Horizontal Movements.
b. Limitation of Drilled Shaft Spacing
c. Axial and Bending Capacity Consideration
15. This condition is used when the loading is slow and corresponds to a drained condition.
a. Capacity in Total Stress
b. Capacity in Lateral Stress
c. Capacity in Axial Stress
d. Capacity in Effective Stress
16. In this Analysis, a pile or drilled shaft can be modeled as a column fixed at its base, neglecting any
other lateral support along its length, and with boundary conditions at the top of the pile or drilled shaft
based on the structural configuration
a. Simplified Analysis
b. Rigorous Analysis
c. Structural Analysis
d. Foundation Analysis
17. It should be designed for the anticipated movements of the superstructure relative to the abutment.
a Backfill
b.Approach Slabs
c.Expansion Joints
d.Drainage
18. Sometimes called seat-type abutments
a. Integral Abutments
b. Semi-Integral Abutments
c. Conventional Abutments
d. Abutments
19. It should be sized to resist horizontal shear loads (arising from sources such as braking forces, wind
loads, seismic loads, etc.), and vertical pullout loads (as applicable).
a. Reinforcing
b. Anchor Bolts
c. Pile Embedment
d. Battered Piles
20. What is the class of abutments in which the superstructure is integrally connected to the abutment and
the abutment foundation.
a. Integral Abutments
b. Semi Integral Abutments
c. Conventional Abutments
d. Piers
Group 8
1-2. Give at least two of the advantages of steel stitching. Ans: Executable for any location, Minimal
Interruption of Traffic, Cost-effective and Economical Method
3. Construction starts from the top of a pier, and the concrete segment is normally fixed to the pier either
permanently or temporarily during the construction. BALANCED CANTILEVER METHOD
4-5. Give at least two classification of causes of fatigue on steel bridges WELDING DEFECTS,
INCORRECT STRUCTURAL DETAIL, DEFORMATIONS AND STRESSES UNEXPECTED IN
DESIGN, THE STRUCTURE BEHAVED DUE TO VIBRATION.
6. The balanced cantilever method is highly suitable for structure ________. CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGES
7. True or False, The increase in alignment corrections for cast-in-place construction compared to precast
construction relates directly to the age of the concrete when loaded. TRUE
8. True or False, The primary reason for using the incremental launching method in the U.S. 20 Iowa
River Bridge was due to a number of industrial restrictions near the project. FALSE
9. The launch geometry can either be designed by hand calculations or by? COMPUTER-AIDED
DESIGN or CAD
10. What is the bridge that was built in New South Wales, Australia that utilized the incremental
launching method? WORONORA RIVER BRIDGE
11. One of the highly mechanized erection method used in construction of bridges INCREMENTAL
LAUNCHING METHOD
12. Approximately _____________ long units of the bridge under factory conditions behind an abutment
and launch the units by sliding them on teflon bearings into final position without the aid of scaffolding.
10M TO 30M
13.To get the most economical design, the ______________ should be such that the sections at mid-span
and at support satisfy both the structural and architectural requirements and at the same time require a
minimum quantity of materials. PROPORTIONING OF THE MEMBERS
14. This method is applied against prefabricated steel stressing heads located at either end of the
crosshead EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONED CROSSHEADS
15-16. The structural system of a bridge completed using the balanced cantilever method can be classified
into a _______ and ________. RIGID FRAME BRIDGE, SUPPORTED BRIDGE
17. This technique is chosen when the loads applied to the pier will be increased, and at the same time,
increasing the cross sectional area of the pier is not permitted. STEEL JACKET
18. True or False. The balanced cantilever method is used for straight bridges or where the superstructure
has a spatial curve of fixed radius all over the length. FALSE
19. In seismic retrofitting of bridges, this analysis was conducted to determine the seismic suitability of
the old part of the structure. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
20. Give one example of an incrementally launched bridge. U.S. 20 IOWA RIVER BRIDGE/
WORONORA RIVER BRIDGE/ BANDERA BRIDGE
Group 9
1. TRUE OR FALSE Initial inspections are performed on new bridges or when existing bridges have no
appropriate database. This inspection provides a basis for all future inspections or modifications to a
bridge. (TRUE)
2. It involves reviewing the previous inspection report and visually examining the members.
a. Cursory inspection
b. Hands-on inspection
c. Routine inspection
d. Detailed inspection
3. Photographs should be a minimum of _______ pictures with additional pictures of problem areas.
a. 11
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
4. If the bridge is located less than 1km from the coastal area, concrete members will deteriorate due to
salt attack. It is recommended to apply _________ as preventive maintenance.
a. protective mortar
b. protective coating
c. patching
d. epoxy injection
5. This could be undertaken to cover special conditions such as occurrences of earthquakes, unusual
floods, passage of high intensity loading, and heavy deterioration, etc.
a. Special inspection
b. Inspection
c. Detailed inspection
d. Routine inspection
6. Visualization is often the first step in data exploration, enabling scientists and decision makers to
exploit the pattern recognition capabilities of the human visual system.
a. Data Analysis
b. Computer Vision
c. Sensor Network
d. Database Research
7. Includes tasks aimed at evaluating, calibrating, and applying several appropriate approaches for
detecting small structural changes or anomalies and quantifying their effects up to the decision making
process.
a. Database Research
b. Sensor Network
c. Data Analysis
d. Computer Vision
8. TRUE OR FALSE. Patch repair is performed to restore large areas where sound concrete is damaged
by spalling, scaling and impact. (FALSE)
9. The complexity of data sources and the need to perform advanced real-time and off-line analyses
requires a high performance computational infrastructure.
a. Computer Vision
b. Sensor Network
c. Data Analysis
d. Database Research
10.Consists of a dense network of heterogeneous sensors.
a. Sensor Network
b. Data Analysis
c. Database Research
d. Computer Vision
11. The service life of steel bridges could be expected to exceed 50 years if its surface is kept in good
protection using suitable paint coating. However, if corrosion occurs, ___________ is the only restoration
and effective method for steel structures.
a. repainting
b. anti-corrosion painting
c. protective coating
d. patching
12. Enhanced inspections to access all areas of bridges are done for bridges over 30 years old with a
maximum interval of ___________.
a. One year
b. Six months
c. Six years
d. Five years
13. This refers to sources of information or data that should be examined for data relevant to the bridge
assessment study.
a. Existing Drawings
b. Relevant Site Data
c. Structural Analysis
d. Building Information Modeling
14.Similar to Structural Health Monitoring (SMH), this approach also uses sensors for evaluating bridge
condition. However, the sensors are not embedded in the structure and are only used during inspections.
a. Non Destructive Evaluation
b. Laser Scanning
c. Wireless Sensors
d. Finite Model Modeling
15._____________ which involves casting of the damaged area, by placing concrete or grouting mortar
on the formwork, is usually most suitable for severely damaged concrete, or for largely damaged areas
with densely spaced rebar. areas with densely spaced rebar. (RECASTING METHOD)
16.Is the primary component of all existing Bridge Management Systems (BMSs). Routine visual
inspections are done within 24 month intervals.
a. Bridge Assessment
b. Rehabilitation
c. Real Time Monitoring
d. Visual Inspection
17.Give at least one of the several applications of prestress in strengthening steel or composite bridges.
(FRIARTON BRIDGE, AVONMOUTH BRIDGE)
18-19. Give two methods in strengthening concrete bridges. (TRADITIONAL METHODS,
EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING METHODS, STEEL PLATE BONDING, FRP SHEET)
20.What is the famous example of bridge replacement due to inheritance of construction technologies and
not due to economic reasons? (KINTAIKYO BRIDGE)
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS
1. What is the primary purpose of an inverted-tee pier cap in bridge design?
A. To increase the bending capacity of the concrete structure
B. To simplify the design process for bridge supports
C. To reduce the impact of the supported spans on the column design
D. To provide a shallow profile beneath the girders for improved aesthetics and clearance
Answer: To provide a shallow profile beneath the girders for improved aesthetics and clearance (D)
2. Which design method is recommended for the proper design process of inverted-tee pier caps?
A. Beam Theory
B. Strut-and-Tie Modeling (STM)
C. Truss Analogy
D. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Answer: Strut-and-Tie Modeling (STM) (A)
3. What consideration is crucial for the design of inverted-tee pier caps, particularly in areas
experiencing downward bending forces?
A. The torsional stiffness of the cap
B. The bending capacity of the concrete
C. The shear capacity of the concrete
D. The deflection limits of the cap
Answer: The bending capacity of the concrete (B)
4. Which part(s) of the inverted-tee pier cap require special attention during design?
A. The bearing seats
B. The ledge (corbel)
C. Both the ledge (corbel) and the web section
D. The web section
Answer: Both the ledge (corbel) and the web section (C)
5. What potential effect of the inverted-tee pier cap design on the column and foundation needs to be
considered?
A. Torsional effects due to offset bearing centerlines

B. Increased shear forces
C. Excessive deflection
D. Reduced bending capacity
Answer: Torsional effects due to offset bearing centerlines (A)
POST TEST QUESTIONS
1. Some assume the .............................. acts as a rigid plate, distributing weight

equally to all support points (piles).
Answer: cap
2. Others treat it as a flexible .............................. on pin supports, calculating the load

on each pile based on beam theory.
Answer: beam
3. Abutments can be complicated to ...............................
Answer: detail
4. Some prefer a single row of reinforcing and detail the connection as a

.............................., sometimes with other provisions such as the use of bond-breaker
materials.
Answer: hinge
5. The designer is simply advised to study the provided .............................. joint

details carefully and to detail the abutment appropriately to adequately accommodate
and anchor the expansion joint.
Answer: expansion
6. Different owner agencies have different details for the connection of approach
.............................. to abutments.
Answer: slabs
7. Pier caps can be various shapes, from square to ..............................-shaped.

Answer: T
8. Traditionally, pier caps were built on-site using .............................., but

prefabricated caps are becoming increasingly common.
Answer: concrete
9. The .............................. supports of a pier transfer the weight of the structure down
to the foundation.
Answer: vertical
10. Concrete columns were traditionally .............................. on-site, but prefabricated

columns are becoming increasingly popular.
Answer: built
Quiz (Pre-Test)
1. Lowest part of every construction building that could be broadly categorized as shallow or deep.
Answer: FOUNDATION
2. A type of footing that is also known as single footing which extends the life of a building or
bridge by minimizing structural damage. Answer: SPREAD FOOTING
3. It is known as the erosion of soil underwater. Anser: SCOUR
Quiz (Post Test)
1. Give 2 Design Checks (2pts)

1. Soil/Rock Bearing Resistance
2. Eccentricity (Overturning)
3. Sliding
4. Settlement
5. Horizontal Movement and Rotation
TRUE or FALSE.
FALSE 1. In soil, Service level bearing resistances for spread footings in rock are generally in the
range of 5 to 10 tons per square foot or higher.
FALSE 2. The pile or drilled shaft should have sufficient embedment in the soil to resist global
transition.
TRUE 3. The primary cause of deterioration comes from the corrosive chemicals.
Pre-test
Design criteria for highway and railroad crossings typically include indication of the number, location, and
alignment of lanes or tracks passing under the bridge, as well as minimum horizontal and vertical clearance
requirements. Answer: Vehicular Clearance Requirements
As part of this process, commitments are often made to various environmental agencies regarding the
location and configuration of bridges and the nature of both temporary construction activities and
permanent features of the project. Answer: Environmental Commitments
The nature of the marine traffic may directly influence selection of substructure type. These forces can
represent a significant design loading, and can influence desirable span lengths, substructure and
foundation types, and other parameters. Answer: Vessel Collision
Post test
Design criteria for highway and railroad crossings typically include indication of the number, location, and
alignment of lanes or tracks passing under the bridge, as well as minimum horizontal and vertical clearance
requirements. Answer: Vehicular Clearance Requirements
Design criteria for river, harbor, or other navigable water crossings often include minimum horizontal and
vertical clearance requirements for navigation. These determine span lengths and substructure heights,
and since higher bridges with longer spans often produce increased substructure loads, these are key
factors affecting the choice of substructure type for these bridges. Answer: Navigation Clearance
Requirements
Give at least 3 design load criteria involved in a substructure design (Write it with all the letters
CAPITALIZED)
Answers:
“Routine” Loading
Vessel Collision
Vehicular Collision
Train Collision
Seismic Loading
GROUP 5
POST - TEST
INTERMEDIATE SECTION
1. Elastomeric Bearings are often quite stiff when subjected to volumetric change yet very
inflexible in shear. FALSE
2. Three components of translation and two angles of rotation make up the five independent
degrees of freedom that are possible at a support. FALSE
3. They can only withstand loads in the vertical direction and do not accommodate rotational
movement in the longitudinal or transverse directions. PLANE BEARING, LINE
BEARING, POT BEARING
4. It can allow for movement in all six of these directions, or none at all. BEARING
5. A crucial component connecting the superstructure and substructure, allowing for
controlled movement and load transfer. BRIDGE BEARING
6. ___________ is the lower part of the bridge that _____ the superstructure, including piers
and abutments.
SUBSTRUCTURE,SUPPORTS
7. Bridge abutments are structural components at the _____ of a bridge span, connecting the
bridge _____ to the ground and providing support. ENDS,DECK
8. Functions of Bridge Abutments include transferring loads from the bridge to the ground,
___________, supporting the superstructure, retaining earth, and maintaining horizontal
stability. RESISTING OVERTURNING AND SLIDING
9. Time-dependent effects such as creep are also greatly influenced by the _______________
considered.
DEAD LOAD
10. The physical property of being inflexible and hard to bend. STIFFNESS
11. Time-dependent effects such as creep are also greatly influenced by the
_______________ considered.
DEAD LOAD
12-15 List three key considerations when selecting the most appropriate type of bridge
abutment. COST FACTORS,CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS,SAFETY AND
LONGEVITY, ENGINEERING AND DESIGN,AESTHETICS AND PRACTICALITY
16-20. List all Sub-stages of Substructures. EXCAVATION,LEVELLING & P.C.C. FOR
FOUNDATION,R.C.C. FOR FOUNDATION,R.C.C. COLUMNS UP TO
PLINTH,WATERPROOFING AND DRAINAGE,BACKFILLING, SUBSTRUCTURE
COMPLETION
ADVANCED SECTION
1-5 List three key considerations when selecting the most appropriate type of bridge
abutment. COST FACTORS,CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS,SAFETY AND
LONGEVITY, ENGINEERING AND DESIGN,AESTHETICS AND PRACTICALITY
6-10. List all Sub-stages of Substructures.
EXCAVATION,LEVELLING & P.C.C. FOR FOUNDATION,R.C.C. FOR
FOUNDATION,R.C.C. COLUMNS UP TO PLINTH,WATERPROOFING AND
DRAINAGE,BACKFILLING,SUBSTRUCTURE COMPLETION
11-15 Consider a fixed-free bridge pier having a circular cross section, its diameter is 2m and
an unsupported length of 20m. Compute for the slenderness ratio. 84
16-20. Consider a bridge pier having a circular cross section, its diameter is 4 feet and an
unsupported length of 65ft. Compute for the slenderness ratio. (Note that: column has
rotation fixed and translation fixed.)
42.3
EXPERT SECTION
1-10. A steel column built into the ground has a length, L = 5m, b = 250mm, d =300mm. The
fixed-free column is under compressive load P. (E=200GPa) a) Determine the critical
buckling load in Kn
6993.77
b) Determine the buckling stress in MPa
93.25
11-20. A fixed-fixed aluminum column built into the ground is under compressive load P and
has a length, L = 10m, b = 300mm, d =350mm. (E=70GPa)
a) Determine the critical buckling load
12877.21
b) Determine the buckling stress. Is it more likely to yield or buckle if the yield stress is 240
MPa. 122.64
GROUP 6
Post-test Items
1. Minimum service life of a permanent retaining wall (75-100 years)
2. These walls rely on their weight to resist the pressure of the soil behind them. They are
typically made of masonry or concrete and are suitable for heights up to 6 meters.
(Gravity walls)
3. Design compressive strength of class 4000W in psi. Note: “*” result of 40 percent
reduction from Class 4000. (2400 psi)
4. Recommend class for foundation seals. (4000W)
5. These are considered when designing bridges to ensure that the substructure blends in
with the overall visual design of the bridge and complements its architectural style and
surroundings. (Aesthetic factors)
6. These are asymmetric piers and are sometimes used when the location of the piers cannot
be centered on the bridge due to existing roads or obstacles. (Cantilever piers)
7. It is the base of a bridge that transmits the loads from the piers and abutments to the
supporting strata. (Foundations, Bridge foundation)
8. It is suitable for moderate height and can be built on dry ground that is sufficiently firm
to support the bridge structure. (Spread Footing)
9. TRUE OR FALSE. The height of the pier influences both the loads and capacity of it.
TRUE
10. TRUE OR FALSE. Piers supporting a bridge superstructure where it is shown by
calculation that the superstructure will not collapse with one column missing when
subjected to a live load including dynamic load allowance in the permanent travel lanes
with a load factor of 1.0 and to a full dead load with a 1.1 load factor have adequate
structural resistance to bridge collapse due to vehicular impacts and are not required to be
designed for the vehicular impact load. TRUE
11. TRUE OR FALSE. Collision walls extending 0.70 m above ground should be considered
for grade separation structures unless other protection is provided and Collision walls
extending 1.80 m above top of rail are required between columns for railroad overpasses.
TRUE
12. TRUE. OR FALSE. Designers should be aware that in many cases, the clear height of the
columns from pier cap to ground is shorter than the total design height of a pier. TRUE
13. How many inches are the diameter weep holes that shall be provided in all bridge
abutment walls? – 3 inches
14. It is exerted by fill in front of the abutment that should be neglected. – Earth pressures
15. It consists of a superstructure integrally connected to a stub abutment supported on a
single row of piles. – Bridge system
16. They are located at the approximate front toe of the approach embankment, restricting the
opening under the structure. – Full depth abutments
17. What is the typical minimum value of the top of slope elevation below the abutment seat
elevation? Answer: 1 ft, 1 foot, 1’
18. What is provided when reinforcing bars are not used for wingwalls? Answer: Expansion
joint
19. It is a composite structure of alternating layers of backfill and soil. Answer: Mechanically
Stabilized Earth Walls, Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls
20. What is the thickness of the coarse aggregate bed to be placed under the abutment footing
when frost penetration is anticipated? Answer: 0.90 m, 90 cm, 900 mm, 0.90 meters, 0.9
m
GROUP 7
Post-Test
1. FILL IN THE BLANKS. Determining the dimensions, materials, and support needs for
the piers, abutments, and foundations that make up a bridge's substructure is known as
Answer: SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN CALCULATIONS
2. FILL IN THE BLANKS. into the backfill. is the pressure in which the abutment is being
pushed
Answer: PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
3. FILL IN THE BLANKS. The active earth pressure represents the Answer: MINIMUM
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
4. TRUE OR FALSE. An abutment foundation, like that of a pier, must be designed to
satisfy two basic design requirements, which are safety against possible failure by
overturning and excessive settlement and sliding.
Answer: FALSE
5. TRUE OR FALSE. Implementing measures to prevent future deterioration, such as
improving drainage and applying protective coatings, is also essential to ensure the
short-term stability and safety of the abutments. Answer: FALSE
6. TRUE OR FALSE. Active or at-rest lateral pressure coefficient may be used depending
on how rigid the abutment is. Answer: TRUE
7. TRUE OR FALSE. A general difficulty with maintaining and rehabilitating decks is the
difficulty of inspecting them. Answer: FALSE
8. TRUE OR FALSE. The Mononobe-Okabe method was developed in the 1920s, and is a
widely used method for calculating the effects of seismic soil forces on bridge abutments.
Answer: TRUE
9. TRUE OR FALSE. Piles are used when the soil under a footing cannot provide adequate
support for the substructure. Answer: TRUE
10. TRUE OR FALSE. One of the contributory factors for bearings to be damaged is to
clogging of dirt. Answer: TRUE
11. TRUE OR FALSE. When the damage is beyond to be repaired. It is only then bridge
bearings are retrofitted. Answer: FALSE
12. TRUE OR FALSE, Corrective maintenance should be carried out to correct failures of
the bearings. While Preventive Maintenance is carried out to prevent failure of the
bearing. Answer: TRUE
13-16. ENUMERATION, What are the discussed forces acting on a bearing?
- REACTIONS
- LONGITUDINAL FORCES
- UPLIFT FORCES
- TRANSVERSE FORCES
17-20. PROBLEM SOLVING Calculate the total vertical load total vertical offset from the
tacting on a pair of piles for Service Limit State I of the figure below using these given values:
DL10 k, LL.20 k, Wi7k, W21 k, W 18 k, V, -2 k, and P.25 k. Use three decimal places in both the
process and the final answer.
What is the total vertical load? V=76 k
What is the vertical offset from the toe? e=5.941 ft
What is the total overturning moment acting on a pair of piles? MA-115.694 ft
GROUP 8
Post-Test Exam (20 items)
1. It is one of the advantages of constructing a balanced cantilever bridge wherein the
construction of a balanced cantilever bridge can be less disruptive to the environment and existing
infrastructure compared to other bridge construction methods that require temporary supports in
the water or on land. Ans. MINIMAL DISRUPTION
2-3. Name the two main factors that cause a loss in the prestressing force.
Ans. INSTANTANEOUS LOSS/IMMEDIATE LOSS, TIME-DEPENDENT
LOSS/LONG-TERM PRESTRESS LOSS
4. TRUE OR FALSE. The longitudinal balanced cantilever bridge can be modeled using the beam
element. The length of the beam elements for girders is planned considering the length of the
planned segment. If the tapered section property is available in the structural analysis software
being used, assign it to the beam element considering the varying longitudinal section of the
girder. Ans. FALSE
5. They have unusual thermos-mechanical properties that have been explored for the
purpose of earthquake protection and retrofitting measures in structures. Ans. SMART
MATERIALS
6-8. Concrete jackets use a thick layer of reinforced concrete around the column. The RC
jacket increases _______ strength, ________ strength and __________ of column. Ans.
FLEXURAL,SHEAR,DUCTILITY
9. TRUE OR FALSE. Typically, the length of the launch nose is approximately 50 percent of the
maximum span intended for launching. Ans. FALSE
10. If the longitudinal tendons are not inclined, _________________ may be installed in the web
to reinforce shear strength. Ans. VERTICAL WEB TENDONS
11. This type of retrofit may include: jacketing of bridge piers, replacement of bearings
and retrofit of foundations. Ans. GLOBAL RETROFIT
12- 14. The rigid frame bridge is a bridge that rigidly connects the superstructure and
substructure and it can be subdivided into: ________________ Answer. Partially Articulated
Bridge, Articulated Bridge, and Continuous Bridge.
15. With the incremental launching method, how higher does the amount of prestressing steel is
needed compared to bridges built using falsework? Ans. 40 TO 60%
16. Used to reduce stresses from alternating bending moments during launching. Ans.
CENTRAL PRESTRESSING
17. Helps distribute loads and stabilize the structure during construction. Ans. NOSE
18. Typical length of an increment. Ans. 15 TO 25 METERS
19.These are placed between the bridge superstructure and temporary bearings, featuring a sliding
surface to aid in the launching process. Ans. LAUNCH PADS
20. TRUE OR FALSE. The first steel bridge that used ILM is the bridge over River
Caroni,Venezuela. Ans. FALSE
PRETEST
1. This includes tasks aimed at evaluating, calibrating, and applying several appropriate
approaches for detecting small structural changes or anomalies and quantifying their
effects up to the decision-making process. Answer: DATA ANALYSIS
2. This may occur as a result of out-of-plane deformation or buckling of steel members

induced by local stress concentration, an excessive external load, collision, or seismic
load. Answer: LARGE DEFORMATION
3. It is introduced by tendons located outside of a structural member, only connected to the

member through deviators and end-anchorages. Answer: EXTERNAL
PRESTRESSING
4. This is used to enhance the welded section and increase the fatigue strength of uncracked
welds. Answer: SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
5. It plays a vital role in Japan and Europe, relying heavily on steel bridges in their railway
systems. A significant portion of these bridges, some over a century old, require
reinforcement or localized repairs. Answer: RAIL TRANSPORT
6. TRUE or FALSE: The complexity of data sources and the need to perform advanced
real-time and offline analyses require a high-performance computational infrastructure.
Answer: TRUE
7. TRUE or FALSE: Corrosion causes the loss of effective materials and a reduction in
concrete thickness, resulting in decreased stiffness and increased structural deformation.
Answer: FALSE
8. TRUE or FALSE: Steel plate bonding provides the concrete section with additional
tensile capacity at maximum eccentricity, where it is most effective for resisting the
bending moment. Answer: TRUE
9. TRUE or FALSE: Adding Doubler Plates involves decreasing cross-sectional area by

using doubler plates, which reduces stress ranges. Answer: FALSE
10. TRUE or FALSE: Heavyweight rapid hardening concrete is then poured to complete the
strengthening process. This method enables swift construction and is well-suited for
maintenance or repairs without disrupting public traffic, making it highly applicable for
railway bridge projects. Answer: TRUE
POST TEST
PART I. Multiple Choice
1. What is NOT an objective of bridge monitoring?

A) Identifying early signs of vulnerabilities
B) Optimizing preventive maintenance based on inspection results
C) Maximizing cost of monitoring system
D) Ensuring optimal risk follow-up with existing instrumentation
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a requirement for a sensor network in

bridge monitoring?
A) Scalability
B) Accessibility and control
C) Integration with social media platforms
D) Local processing and filtering of data
3. It is the progressive degradation of steel due to chemical reactions with its surroundings.
A) Corrosion
B) Fatigue
C) Large Deformation
D) Relaxation and Drop Off of High Strength Bolt
4. It is another major issue affecting the remaining service life of older steel bridges
A) Corrosion
B) Fatigue
C) Large Deformation
D) Relaxation and Drop Off of High Strength Bolt
5. The following are the reasons why external prestressing needs to be strengthened, except:
A) Changes in use
B) Structural degradation
C) Deficiencies in the design or construction phase
D) Regulatory changes or updates in building codes
6. This method is an active strengthening technique.

A) Traditional Methods
B) External Prestressing Method
C) Steel Plate Bonding
D) None of the above
7. Which of the following methods of repair is an active way to change the load or stress
distribution while also reducing displacement?
A) Adding Doubler Plates
B) Surface treatment
C) Prestressing Method
8. This is an effective solution for meeting increased cyclic loads or repairing corrosion or
fatigue cracking.
A) Doubler Plates
B) Bolting-stop Hole
C) Drilling Holes
D) Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
9. A significant portion of the bridges require reinforcement or localized repairs. To address

this, a rehabilitation approach was suggested to alleviate stress and prolong the fatigue
life of these aging steel bridges. This method focuses on each EXCEPT:
A) short-span railway bridges
B) connections between longitudinal and lateral girder in plate girder bridges
C) steel columns
10. Which of the following is then poured to complete the strengthening process?
A) Lightweight rapid hardening concrete
B) Lightweight slow hardening concrete
C) Heavyweight rapid hardening concrete
D) Heavyweight slow hardening concrete
PART II. True or False
11. The sensor network consists of a dense network of homogeneous sensors such as strain
gages, accelerometers, cameras, potentiometers, etc. Answer: FALSE
12. Shrinkage is a cause of metal bridge determination. Answer: FALSE
13. The application of external pre-stressing is particularly appropriate when there is a need
to substantially increase flexural strength or correct deficient service behavior. Answer:
TRUE
14. In applying FRP composites, galvanic corrosion must not be effectively prevented, and
adequate bonding must be provided to ensure the long-term behavior of the strengthened
steel bridges. Answer: FALSE
15. The process of strengthening methods in short-span aged railway superstructures aims to
transform the steel sections into composite sections, thereby reducing stress ranges and
extending the residual fatigue life of the aged structures. Answer: TRUE
Part III. Identification
16. It is often the first step in data exploration, enabling scientists and decision-makers to
exploit the pattern recognition capabilities of the human visual system. Answer:
VISUALIZATION
17. The most frequent type of inspection, typically conducted to identify any major issues
that could affect the bridge's safety and functionality. Answer: ROUTINE
INSPECTION
18. The development of these in recent years has created new possibilities, such as the plate
bonding method and the prestressing method. Answer: NEW TECHNIQUES AND
MATERIALS
19. Another option that may be more cost-effective for severely damaged bridges instead of
attempting to repair the structure. Answer: BRIDGE REPLACEMENT
20. What is first applied to the surface of the structural steel to protect it from corrosion,
increase bond strength, and reduce noise during service? Answer: RUBBER-LATEX
MORTAR
1. Pier are ______ structures erected between spans to support the superstructure and resist vertical and lateral
loads.
a. Horizontal
b. Vertical
c. Diagonal
d. Curve
2. Defining and determining load combinations and calculations is essential in the design of structures to ensure
their _______ and ______.
a. Safety and stability
b. Freedom and security
c. cover, and defense
d. Unsafety
3. We need design codes to have Safety, consistency, and reliability in design and construction.
a. True
b. False
4. Depending on the type of ______ and time period, the average acceleration response (Sa/g) is obtained.
a. Rocks
b. Speed
c. Position
d. Soil
5. Which part of the bridge structural system is responsible for transferring the loads to the ground?
a. Cables
b. Superstructure
c. Substructure
d. Bearing
6. This may be critical in case of regirdering works where maintaining existing rail / road level is the main
constraint.
a. Management of horizontal force transferred to the substructure
b. Maintenance Effort
c. Cost
d. Height of the Bearing
7. All bridges have bearings
a. True
b. False
8. What is the main goal of substructure design in bridge engineering?
a. Maximizing construction speed
b. Minimizing environmental impact
c. Ensuring structural integrity and safety
d. Enhancing aesthetic appeal
9. It is a type of bridge bearing that is a fixed bearings with a concave upper shoe and a convex lower shoe.
a. Roller Bearing
b. Rocker Bearing
c. Pivot Bearing
d. Pot Bearing
10. They are considered to either act normal or parallel to the carriageway and should not be combined.
a. Accidental or Collision Loads
b. Wind Loads on Live Loads
c. Accidental Force
d. Wind Force
11. Tractive loads occur as a consequence of the vehicle accelerating, whereas braking loads manifest due to
the vehicle decelerating during braking actions.
a. True
b. False
12. Develops and publishes specifications, guidelines, and documents for the design, construction, and
maintenance of U.S. transportation infrastructure. Each state's Department of Transportation conducts finite
element research and establishes region-specific design checks for bridge engineers, in addition to AASHTO
standards.
a. DPWH
b. NSCP
c. AASHTO
d. NBCP
13. This is an important consideration while upgrading the load carrying capacity/gauge conversion works.
a. Management of horizontal force transferred to the substructure
b. Maintenance Effort
c. Cost
d. Height of the Bearing
14. In which scenario is steel often used in bridge substructures?
a. Where deep foundations are required
b. Where aesthetics are a priority
c. In areas with low seismic activity
d. For constructing abutments
15. Which among the following choices are the critical components of bridge’s substructure?
a. Suspension, Beam, Roller
b. Abutment, Pier, Foundation
c. Deck, Cable, Bearing
d. Pier, Main girders, Bearing
16. What is the purpose of providing bearings in bridge substructures?
a. To enhance the aesthetic appeal
b. To permit controlled movement and decrease stress
c. To increase seismic resistance
d. To minimize construction cost
17. It enable the deck to translate and rotate, and resist a certain amount of loads in the longitudinal, transverse,
and vertical directions.
a. Pot Bearing
b. Elastomeric
c. Roller Bearing
d. Rocker Bearing
18. Bridge bearing allows the ‘permitted’ desirable movements.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
19. Bridge bearing transfers the load from substructure to superstructure.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
20. Lateral earth force on the bridges is applied depending on the situation where they are expected to move or
not.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
21. Loads applied by railings such as crash barriers, medians, and wearing courses.
a. Live Loads
b. Dead Loads
c. Wind Loads
d. Braking Loads
22. As a vehicle moves over the superstructure, different live load cases are obtained, producing the envelope of
results in which one vehicle position may produce maximum axial force.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
23. Which design consideration is crucial for ensuring substructures can withstand earthquake-induced forces?
a. Hydraulic considerations
b. Load analysis
c. Seismic design
d. Aesthetic analysis
24. What is the significance of understanding substructure components in bridge engineering?
a. It has no practical significance
b. It is essential for creating resilient, long-lasting bridge infrastructure
c. It only matters for aesthetic purposes
d. It is only relevant for historic bridges
25. What is the main goal of substructure design in bridge engineering?
a. Maximizing construction speed
b. Minimizing environmental impact
c. Ensuring structural integrity and safety
d. Enhancing aesthetic appeal
26. What are the two loads that need to be considered in load designation?
a. Permanent Loads and Transient Loads
b. Dead Load and Live Load
c. vertical loads and horizontal loads
d. wind load and earthquake load
27. The position and distribution of live loads, including vehicles, pedestrians, and environmental loads such as
wind and seismic forces, significantly impact load distribution.
a. Bridge Type and Configuration
b. Live Load Position and Distribution
c. Material Properties
d. Substructure Design and Condition
28. ________________ are responsible for transferring loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure.
a. Bridge span
b. Vehicles
c. Bridge bearings
d. Bridge deck
29. Bridge bearings are designed to support the bridge superstructures and not to prevent possible deformations
over time.
a. True
b. False
30. The properties of bridge materials, such as concrete, steel, timber, or composites, influence load distribution
and transmission.
a. Bridge Type and Configuration
b. Live Load Position and Distribution
c. Material Properties
d. Substructure Design and Condition
31. Any type of vertical structure between horizontal spans and foundation.
a. Piers
b. Abutments
c. Bearings
d. None of the above
32. It connects the pile to the ground. It consists of a horizontal surface that distributes the weight.
a. Footing of Abutment
b. Abutment
c. Tubular Piers
d. Bridge Seat
33. What materials are commonly used for granular backfill behind abutments?
a. Wood chips and mulch
b. Gravel or crushed stone
c. Concrete and asphalt
d. Plastic and metal
34. Deep foundations can usually take _________ loads than shallow foundations that occupy the same area of
the ground surface.
a. Better
b. Smaller
c. Larger
d. None of the Above
35. Which is used to build tubular piers that offer robust structural support and can be customized to meet certain
engineering specifications?
a. High-strength steel alloys
b. Mid-strength steel alloys
c. Reinforced Concrete
d. Advanced Composite Materials
36. The selection of the foundation system for a particular site depends on many considerations EXCEPT:
a. The nature of subsoil
b. Location where a bridge is proposed to be constructed
c. Resistance to Lateral Forces
d. The Scour depth
37. What is the purpose of drainage pipes installed behind abutments?
a. To increase integrity around the structure
b. To divert water away from the abutment
c. To retain water buildup around the abutment
d. To maintain water flow
38. Which has the ability to withstand lateral loads MORE effectively compared to traditional piers?
a. Expansion Joints
b. Bridge Deck
c. Abutments
d. Tubular Piers
39. Its function is to maintain equilibrium in the bridge by resisting vertical and horizontal loads.
a. Caissons Foundation
b. Raft Foundations
c. Well Foundations
d. Abutments
40. Which of the following is not considered in the Philippines Design Loads for Piers?
a. Ice pressure
b. Dead Load
c. Live Load
41. It resists lateral force by shear mechanism.
a. Piers
b. Columns
c. Abutments
42. A top-surface horizontal shelf on an Abutment supports the bridge deck. They hold on to the end span of the
embankment.
a. Bridge Deck
b. Bridge Seat
c. Bridge Railings
d. Bridge Wingwall
43. It is the simplest with square or rectangular shape, straight and often does not have lintels, and uses standard
steel formwork.
a. Straight Piers
b. Curved Piers
c. Skewed Piers
44. What role do wingwalls play in bridge abutments?
a. They direct traffic away from the bridge
b. They decrease the possibility of erosion
c. They provide extra support and direct traffic flow
d. They obstruct traffic flow
45. _______ can influence the performance of foundations and may require special consideration during design.
a. Hydrologic and Environmental Conditions
b. Geologic and Environmental Conditions
c. Meteorologic and Environmental Conditions
d. Hydrometeorological and Environmental Conditions
46. They are suitable for smaller bridges, especially those with relatively light loads and stable soil conditions.
a. Spread Footings
b. Raft Foundations
c. Pile Foundations
d. Well Foundations
47. What is the purpose of reinforced soil panels in mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls?
a. To decrease soil erosion
b. To strengthen the stability of MSE walls
c. To provide support for bridge abutments
d. To increase structural integrity
48. How do geotextile fabrics contribute to appropriate drainage and soil erosion control?
a. By preventing water from building up
b. By allowing water to pass through while retaining soil particles
c. By blocking soil particles
d. By increasing permeability of the particles
49. All of the following are considered loadings for abutments EXCEPT:
a. Earth Pressure
b. Longitudinal Forces
c. Wind Forces
d. Buoyancy
50. They are the most common types of foundations for both road and railway bridges. Such foundations can be
sunk to great depths and can carry very heavy vertical and lateral loads
a. Pile Foundations
b. Caissons Foundation
c. Deep Foundations
d. Well Foundations
51. These can be precast or prestressed in sections during construction to enhance their strength and stability.
a. Materials
b. Prismatic Configurations
c. Substructure
d. Bridge Deck
52. How are modular systems beneficial for bridge construction?
a. By decreasing construction time and expenses
b. By increasing efficiency and flexibility
c. By enabling speedy assembly and installation
d. For easement of shipment and assembly procedures
53. _______ abutments are rigidly attached to the superstructure and are supported on a spread or deep
foundations capable of permitting necessary horizontal movements.
a. U-Shaped
b. Integral
c. Differential
d. Counterfort
54. Tubular piers are frequently constructed from _________ because of these alloys' superior corrosion
resistance, durability, and load-bearing capacity.
a. High-strength steel alloys
b. Mid-strength steel alloys
c. Reinforced Concrete
d. Advanced Composite Materials
55. Tubular piers offer greater _________ in design, allowing for variations in diameter, wall thickness, and
configuration to optimize structural performance and adapt to specific site conditions.
a. Visually-appealing aesthetics
b. Flexibility
c. Corrosion Resistance
d. Load-bearing Capacity
56. Which of the following is crucial for sustaining forces and moments across various loading scenarios.
a. Wall Height
b. Materials
c. Wall Thickness
d. Environment
57. Traditionally, piers are designed for vertical loads but it is becoming common to resist high lateral loads caused
by ____________________.
a. Seismic events
b. Atmospherical events
c. Moving Loads
58. Use its dead weight to resist horizontal earth and water pressure. These abutments have a broad and solid
foundation.
a. Foundation
b. Abutment
c. Gravity Type Abutment
d. Piers
59. _________________ formwork that is tailored to the unique shape or requirements of a special pier or any
other structural element that deviates from standard designs.
a. Ad Hoc
b. Special Formwork
c. Straight Formwork
60. The following are the controlling factors in selecting the shape of the foundation EXCEPT:
a. he base dimensions of pier or abutment
b. The ease with which the foundation can be sunk
c. Impact of the forces to be resisted by the foundation
d. Considerations of tilt and shift
61. All are vertical loads, except:
a. Self-weight of abutment and its foundation
b. Soil behind the abutment stem on top of the footing
c. Dead load from superstructure
d. Braking force
62. A member is said to be slender when:
a. A tension member’s cross-sectional dimensions are smaller in comparison to its length
b. A compression member’s cross-sectional dimensions are smaller in comparison to its length
c. A tension member’s cross-sectional dimensions are larger in comparison to its length
d. A compression member’s cross-sectional dimensions are larger in comparison to its lengt
63. True or False: Friction drilled shafts rely on the load-bearing capacity along the sides of the shaft
a. True
b. False
64. According to AASHTO 5.10.11.4, for bridges in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, the total area of longitudinal
reinforcement should not be less than __ percent or more than ___ percent of the gross cross-sectional area.
a. 4; 9
b. 3; 8
c. 2; 7
d. 1; 6
65. Which of the following statements best describes the function of bearings in mechanical systems?
a. Bearings prevent movement due to thermal expansion and contraction.
b. Bearings interface between the substructure and the superstructure.
c. Bearings generate primary members in mechanical systems.
d. Bearings transmit loads from the superstructure to the substructure.
66. What type of forces can result from live load, wind, and earthquake motion acting on bearings?
a. Vertical and lateral forces
b. Rotational forces only
c. Longitudinal and transverse forces
d. Uplift forces only
67. It happens when a structure shifts horizontally due to changes in soil properties, water infiltration, or slope
failure.
a. Differential Settlement
b. Lateral movement
c. Rotational Movement
68. Piles are used when the soil under a footing cannot provide adequate support for the substructure.
a. True
b. False
69. Part of the abutment that serves as a retaining wall to hold soil behind it.
a. Abutment Stem
b. Wingwall
c. Backwall
d. Soil Catcher
70. Why does the minimum reinforcement of the abutment should be checked to control cracks caused by
bending, shrinkage, and temperature changes.
a. Because of the possibility of seismic activity occurring
b. Because of its large size
c. Because of loads transmitted from the superstructure to the substructure
d. Because of the gravity of the earth
71. For ________ columns, spiral reinforcement is preferred, but for _________ columns, ties will have to be
used.
a. Circular; triangular
b. Circular; rectangular
c. Lateral; longitudinal
d. Lateral; transverse
72. A column that is fixed at both ends will carry __ times as much load as when it is hinged.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 3
d. 5
73. ________ serve as a viable alternative to spread footings or piled foundations in situations where shallow
foundations are not suitable.
a. Pile
b. Bearing
c. Drilled Shafts
d. Pier
74. Which of the following statements best describes the function of bearings in mechanical systems?
a. Bearings prevent movement due to thermal expansion and contraction.
b. Bearings transmit loads from the superstructure to the substructure.
c. Bearings interface between the substructure and the superstructure.
d. Bearings generate primary members in mechanical systems
75. What is a major problem associated with roller bearings?
a. Accumulation of moisture in the rollers
b. High susceptibility to seismic activity
c. Accumulation of dirt and debris, hindering performance
d. Inability to handle vertical loads
76. What is the use of the Mononobe-Okabe method?
a. It is used for calculating the seismic forces acting upon the abutment
b. It is used for the calculation of earth pressure assuming that the friction on the abutment is zero
c. It is used for calculation of the effects of seismic soil forces acting on bridge abutment
d. It is used for calculation of the soil pressure considering the friction from the abutment
77. Piles can often be found in areas that are highly susceptible to erosion and scour. This implies that many piles
will be used in environments that can be considered harsh.
a. True
b. False
78. ____________ refers to the flaking or peeling away of the surface layer of concrete, typically caused by
freeze-thaw cycles, abrasion, or chemical exposure.
a. Spalling
b. Scaling
c. Pop-outs
d. Sloughing off of corners
79. This is to guarantee that the soil beneath the footing will not fail at the maximum bearing stress and that the
footing will not slide or overturn under the factored load circumstances.
a. Strength limit state
b. Fatigue limit state
c. Extreme events
d. Service limit state
80. Why does the minimum reinforcement of the abutment should be checked to control cracks caused by
bending, shrinkage, and temperature changes.
a. Because of its large size
b. Because of the gravity of the earth
c. Because of loads transmitted from the superstructure to the substructure
d. Because of the possibility of seismic activity occurring
81. It occurs when a structure tilts or overturns due to saturated backfill material or erosion of side slopes.
a. Differential Settlement
b. Lateral movement
c. Rotational Movement
82. Part of the abutment that serves as a retaining wall to hold soil behind it.
a. Soil Catcher
b. Backwall
c. Wingwall
d. Abutment Stem
83. If the buckling stress Pe /A is greater than the proportion limit (or yield stress), what modulus is used instead
of young modulus?
a. Tangent
b. Elastic
c. Bulk
d. Shear
84. What is the load factor for dead load?
a. 0.75
b. 1.5
c. 0.65
d. 1
85. What feature distinguishes lead rubber bridge bearings from traditional elastomeric bearings?
a. They provide post yield elasticity
b. They are made of reinforced steel laminates.
c. They have a lead core contributing to damping energy dissipation.
d. They are resistant to corrosion from chemical agents.
86. Which type of bearing offers restraint against translation and only accommodates rotation resulting from
superstructure deflection?
a. Elastomeric Bearings
b. Fixed Bearings
c. Pot Bearings
d. Roller Bearings
87. Coulomb earth pressure is a stress field solution that predicts active and passive earth pressure. It assumes
that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is non-battered and frictionless whilst the backfill is horizontal.
a. True
b. False
88. When a footing is subjected to ______, it's essential to consider the effective footing area to calculate bearing
stresses accurately.
a. Vertical loading
b. Vehicular loading
c. Eccentric loading
d. Ineccentric loading
89. When a pier is exposed to highway or railway traffic, it too must be protected. This is usually accomplished
with the incorporation of a ____________ barrier placed in front of the pier for highways
a. Delineator Tubes
b. Water-filled
c. Jersey-style
d. Traffic Cone
90. ____________ refers to the chipping or breaking away of concrete, often in larger pieces, from deeper within
the concrete structure.
a. Sloughing off of corners
b. Pop-outs
c. Scaling
d. Spalling
91. Refers to the process of installing the horizontal surface (deck) of a bridge, typically supported by beams,
girders, or other structural elements. It's a critical phase in bridge construction, where the deck is positioned
and secured in place to create a stable roadway or pathway across the span.
a. Bridge Construction
b. Bridge Deck Erection
c. Bridge Deck Assembly
d. Deck Installation
92. _______________ method of retrofitting consists in replacement of conventional bearings by base isolation
device.
a. Seismic Base Isolation
b. Smart Materials
c. Viscous Dampers
d. Structural Control
93. A type of bridge in which box girders are continuous for two or more spans, and the box girders are supported
by supports installed on piers and abutments.
a. Supported Bridge
b. Articulated Bridge
c. Continuous Bridge
d. Partially Articulated Bridge
94. A construction method commonly used in the building of bridges and viaducts.
a. Balanced Cantilever Erection
b. Incremental Launching Method
c. Heavy Lifting
d. Span-by-span Erection
95. Today, it is considered to be the most economical and rapid method of construction available for long bridges
and viaducts with individual spans up to _______.
a. 40 m
b. 50 m
c. 30 m
d. 60 m
96. Among the following, which is not a usage of the heavy-lifting technique?
a. Rotating and sliding of bridges
b. Lifting of bridges
c. Lifting and lowering of heavy loads
d. Rotating and lifting of foundations
97. A method in civil engineering of building a complete bridge deck from one abutment of the bridge only,
manufacturing the superstructure of the bridge by sections to the other side. In current applications, the
method is highly merchandised and uses pre-stressed concrete.
a. Heavy Lifting
b. Span-by-span Erection
c. Balanced Cantilever Erection
d. Incremental Launching Method
98. It is a specialist hydraulic cable lifting technique developed for exceptionally heavy loads. The technique
provides a particularly timely and economic solution for projects based on modular construction methods and
large, heavy, pre-fabricated elements.
a. Incremental Launching Method
b. Balanced Cantilever Erection
c. Heavy-lifting
99. Refers to a construction method that does not install scaffolding systems under the bridge and completes the
superstructure of the bridge by sequentially joining the segments to form a span by post-tensioning and
balancing them left and right from each pier using special erection equipment.
a. Heavy Lifting
b. Incremental Launching Method
c. Span-by-span Erection
d. Balanced Cantilever Erection
100. It involves wrapping the existing substructure element with steel plates or sections.
a. Concrete Jacketing
b. Seismic Base Isolation
c. Composite Material Jackets
d. Steel Jacketing
101. Among the following, which is not a usage of the heavy-lifting technique?
a. Lifting and lowering of heavy loads
b. Lifting of bridges
c. Rotating and sliding of bridges
d. Rotating and lifting of foundations
102. Today it is considered to be the most economical and rapid method of construction available for long bridges
and viaducts with individual spans up to _______.
a. 30 m
b. 40 m
c. 50 m
d. 60 m
103. It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or
soil failure due to earthquakes.
a. Retrofitting Deficiencies
b. Retrofitting
c. Retrofitting Objectives
d. Retrofitting Effectiveness
104. Refers to a construction method that does not install scaffolding systems under the bridge and completes the
superstructure of the bridge by sequentially joining the segments to form a span by post-tensioning and
balancing them left and right from each pier using special erection equipment.
d. Heavy Lifting
105. It is a retrofitting technique that involves extending the bearing seat to provide additional support and stability
to the bearing system.
a. Bearing Seat Extension
b. Base Isolation Bearings
c. Elastomeric Bearing
d. Provision of Stoppers and Device
106. The __________ is moved into place to erect the adjacent span.
a. Erection Girder
b. Prestressed Concrete Girder
c. Box Girder
107. A relatively new construction technique historically associated with cantilever construction but the
advancement in external prestressing has enabled its own potential use to grow.
b. Heavy Lifting
c. Balanced Cantilever Erection
108. A type of bridge in which box girders are continuous for two or more spans, and the box girders are supported
by supports installed on piers and abutments.
a. Continuous Bridge
b. Supported Bridge
c. Articulated Bridge
109. The __________ have unusual thermo mechanical properties that have been explored for the purpose of
earthquake protection and retrofitting measures in structures.
a. Smart Materials
b. Viscous Dampers
c. Seismic Base Isolation
d. Structural Control
110. It has a combination of two or more legs (towers) and an overhead beam or girder construction. They have
hydraulic legs, which enables them to perform lifts by extraction of their legs - which could be built over the
foundation.
a. Jack-up Systems
b. Hydraulic Gantries
c. Hydraulic Strand Jacks
d. Crane Alternative
111. In the incremental launching method used in bridge construction, it serves as the starting point for assembling
the bridge segments or sections before launching them into their final position.
a. Segments
b. Casting/Launching Bed
c. Pulling Jack
d. Launching Nose
112. A bridge type constructed using the cantilever method in which the central joint is treated as a hinge.
a. Continuous Bridge
b. Supported Bridge
c. Articulated Bridge
113. A method in civil engineering of building a complete bridge deck from one abutment of the bridge only,
manufacturing the superstructure of the bridge by sections to the other side. In current applications, the
method is highly merchandised and uses pre-stressed concrete.
d. Heavy Lifting
114. It is a specialist hydraulic cable lifting technique developed for exceptionally heavy loads. The technique
provides a particularly timely and economic solution for projects based on modular construction methods and
large, heavy, pre-fabricated elements.
a. Heavy-lifting
d. Incremental Launching Method
115. The segments for the entire span are assembled onto a temporary erection girder spanning between adjacent
permanent piers.
a. Stressing Tendons
b. Erecting Segment
c. Advancing the Girder
116. Refers to the process of installing the horizontal surface (deck) of a bridge, typically supported by beams,
girders, or other structural elements. It's a critical phase in bridge construction, where the deck is positioned
and secured in place to create a stable roadway or pathway across the span.
a. Bridge Construction
b. Deck Installation
c. Bridge Deck Erection
d. Bridge Deck Assembly
117. This method is used to increase the cross-sectional area of the substructure, enhancing its load-carrying
capacity and improving its resistance to compressive forces.
a. Steel Jacketing
b. Concrete Jacketing
c. Composite Material Jackets
d. Seismic Base Isolation
118. The superstructure of a balanced cantilever bridge.
a. Prestressed Concrete Girder
b. Box Girder
c. Bridge Deck
d. Casting/Launching Bed
119. Strandjacking was invented by _________________ in 1969 for concrete post tensioning systems.
a. Patrick Sponge & Bruce Ramsay
b. Patrick Kilkeary & Bruce Ramsay
c. Patrick Kilkeary & Gordon Lee
d. Patrick Bob & Gordon Bruce
120. The following are disadvantages of Incremental Launching Method except for:
a. The deck would experience both sagging and hogging moments that are higher than usual during
launching.
b. Special bearings are required at the supports.
c. Construction Process is not efficient
d. Launching is carried out by specialist contractors
121. The complexity of data sources (including real-time sensor and video streams, and the output of physics-
based and statistical models), and the need to perform advanced real-time and off-line analyses requires a
_________-performance computational infrastructure.
a. Low
b. Average
c. High
d. Hard
122. True or False: The second step involves cleaning the old structural steel and applying rubber-latex mortar to
protect against corrosion, enhance bond strength, and reduce noise.
a. True
b. False
123. Relaxation of _________ strength bolts may occur on members subjected to vibration loading, or due to the
inadequate tightening force during construction.
a. very high
b. high
c. low
d. very low
124. It is worth pointing out that not all bridges can be rehabilitated economically, and replacement (or
reconstruction) is also an alternative option and could be more cost-effective for seriously damaged bridges.
a. Strengthening Method
b. Bridge Rehabilitation
c. Bridge Monitoring
d. Bridge Replacement
125. The initial inspections that are performed on new bridges or when existing bridges have no appropriate
database.
a. Detailed inspection
b. Initial (inventory) inspection
c. “Hands-on” inspection
d. Special inspection
126. When the material is subjected to the repeated loading above a certain threshold, microscopic cracks will
begin to occur at locations in stress concentration. Then the crack will propagate suddenly causing the fracture
of the steel members. This type of damage to steel bridges is known as
_______________________________.
a. Large Deformation
b. Corrosion
c. Fatigue
d. Relaxation and Drop Off of High Strength Bolt
127. It Involves reviewing the previous inspection report and visually examining the members.
b. “Hands-on” inspection
128. ___________ is a common problem for steel bridges, and it is the gradual destruction of steel by chemical
reaction with their environment.
b. Corrosion
c. Fatigue
129. This may happen in steel bridges due to the buckling of steel members caused by the local stress
concentration, overlarge external load, impact, or seismic load.
a. large deformation
b. fatigue
c. cracking
d. corrosion
130. True or False: Number of measurement items is necessary to understand the structural behavior and follow
its evolution.
a. True
b. False
131. Relaxation of _________ strength bolts may occur on members subjected to vibration loading, or due to the
inadequate tightening force during construction.
a. very high
b. high
c. low
d. very low
132. I. Doubler plates method involves adding a cross-sectional area using doubler plates to lessen stress ranges.
II. While doubler plates can effectively repair fatigue cracks, they are not suitable for repairing heavily corroded
sections.
a. Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
b. Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false.
133. In situations involving severe damage like member fracture or extensive corrosion, this presents an
alternative that is both effective and economical.
a. repair of cracking
b. adding doubler plates
c. prestressing method
d. member replacement
134. All of the following are repair and retrofit technique categories except:
a. Surface treatments
b. Repair of through-thickness cracks
c. Modification of connections or global structure to address the cause of cracking.
d. Relaxation and drop off of high strength bolt
135. True or False: Number of measurement items is necessary to understand the structural behavior and follow
its evolution.
a. True
b. False
136. The complexity of data sources (including real-time sensor and video streams, and the output of physics-
based and statistical models), and the need to perform advanced real-time and off-line analyses requires a
_________-performance computational infrastructure.
a. Low
b. Average
c. High
d. Hard
137. It consists of a dense network of heterogeneous sensors (e.g., strain gages, accelerometers, cameras,
potentiometers, etc.).
a. Sensor Network
b. Computer Vision
c. Database Research
d. Local Processing
138. True or False: Only some other countries adopt component-oriented design and evaluation techniques to
verify the safety of structures.
a. True
b. False
139. True or False: The first step in the Strengthening Method involves cleaning the old structural steel and
applying rubber-latex mortar to protect against corrosion, enhance bond strength, and reduce noise.
a. True
b. False
140. The proposed method aims to be used for strengthening short-span steel railway bridge superstructures and
longitudinal-lateral beam connection in plate girder bridges.
a. Strengthening techniques
b. Strengthening method
c. Bridge Replacement
d. Prestressing method
141. Bridge replacement or reconstruction is not only due to economic reasons, but sometimes also for inheritance
of construction technologies.
a. Prestressing method
b. Bridge Replacement
c. Strengthening Method
d. Member replacement
142. The ___________ primarily constructed from wood, faces vulnerability to natural disasters.
a. Kintaikyo Bridge
b. Choshi Bridge
c. Mackinac Bridge
d. Brooklyn Bridge
143. Easy and fast nondestructive in situ tests are performed in detailed inspection in addition to direct visual
observation as a way of exploring every detail that may potentially lead to future problems
a. Detailed inspection
b. Special inspection
d. Cursory inspection
144. Requires the inspector to visually assess all defective surfaces at a distance no further than an arm’s length.
a. Routine inspection
b. Special inspection
c. “Hands-on” inspection
d. Cursory inspection
145. It Involves reviewing the previous inspection report and visually examining the members.
b. “Hands-on” inspection
146. ___________ is a common problem for steel bridges, and it is the gradual destruction of steel by chemical
reaction with their environment.
b. Corrosion
c. Fatigue
147. When the material is subjected to the repeated loading above a certain threshold, microscopic cracks will
begin to occur at locations in stress concentration. Then the crack will propagate suddenly causing the fracture
of the steel members. This type of damage to steel bridges is known as
_______________________________ .
b. Corrosion
c. Fatigue
148. Which of the following does NOT belong to the group for the Traditional Methods of Strengthening Concrete
in bridges?
a. Increase of the concrete member sections
b. Drilling and grouting additional reinforcement.
c. Increase the number of main girders, support points, or bearings
d. Increase the number and length of the span
149. Unlike the other strengthening techniques, ________________ method is an active strengthening technique
which is used to reinforce bridge structures by applying tensile forces to the concrete members from the
outside.
a. External Prestressing Method
b. Traditional Methods
c. Steel Plate (or FRP Sheet) Bonding
d. Member Replacement
150. In this method, the plate made of steel or fiber-reinforced composite materials is attached to the concrete
surface by bonding and to form a new composite section.
a. External Prestressing Method
b. Traditional Methods
c. Steel Plate (or FRP Sheet) Bonding
d. Member Replacement

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University

CES 402 - PROFESSIONAL COURSE 2: BRIDGE ENGINEERING

1. It is a superstructure element that provides an interface between the

CES 402 - PROFESSIONAL COURSE 2: BRIDGE ENGINEERING

1. It is a component of a bridge which is typically located between substructures

CES 402 - PROFESSIONAL COURSE 2: BRIDGE ENGINEERING

17. These stresses are caused due to temperature. THERMAL STRESSES

19. If a bridge is to be built on horizontal curves, then the movement of vehicles

1. A __________________ is built under the pier/abutment and over the fundamental

3. _______________ are substructures located at the ends of bridge spans at

5. It is a kind of deep foundation. It can be defined as a slender column or long cylinder

9. Generated by a vehicle traveling across a bridge. This factor is playing an important

13-16. Give at least 4 Structural Design Considerations

3. It is the deterioration of steel reinforced concrete, and is characterized by the appearance

4. It is defined as a general loss of surface mortar or mortar surrounding the coarse

8. When a compression member’s cross-sectional dimensions are small in comparison to

Pre Test (Answers)

9. Installing seismic joints at critical locations to accommodate bridge movement during

6. It assists in evaluating if the cantilever's cross-sectional design is adequate to endure the

1. What is the primary purpose of an inverted-tee pier cap in bridge design?

A. To increase the bending capacity of the concrete structure

B. To simplify the design process for bridge supports

C. To reduce the impact of the supported spans on the column design

B. Strut-and-Tie Modeling (STM)

D. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

Answer: Strut-and-Tie Modeling (STM) (A)

A. The torsional stiffness of the cap

B. The bending capacity of the concrete

C. The shear capacity of the concrete

D. The deflection limits of the cap

Answer: The bending capacity of the concrete (B)

A. The bearing seats

B. The ledge (corbel)

C. Both the ledge (corbel) and the web section

D. The web section

A. Torsional effects due to offset bearing centerlines

D. Reduced bending capacity

Answer: Torsional effects due to offset bearing centerlines (A)

POST TEST QUESTIONS

1. Some assume the .............................. acts as a rigid plate, distributing weight

2. Others treat it as a flexible .............................. on pin supports, calculating the load

3. Abutments can be complicated to ...............................

4. Some prefer a single row of reinforcing and detail the connection as a

5. The designer is simply advised to study the provided .............................. joint

7. Pier caps can be various shapes, from square to ..............................-shaped.

8. Traditionally, pier caps were built on-site using .............................., but

10. Concrete columns were traditionally .............................. on-site, but prefabricated

Quiz (Post Test)

1. Give 2 Design Checks (2pts)

18. Typical length of an increment. Ans. 15 TO 25 METERS

2. This may occur as a result of out-of-plane deformation or buckling of steel members

3. It is introduced by tendons located outside of a structural member, only connected to the

9. TRUE or FALSE: Adding Doubler Plates involves decreasing cross-sectional area by

PART I. Multiple Choice

1. What is NOT an objective of bridge monitoring?

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a requirement for a sensor network in

6. This method is an active strengthening technique.

9. A significant portion of the bridges require reinforcement or localized repairs. To address