2022 AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BOARD EXAM REVIEWER

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, MS

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer
ASEAN Engineer

Volume 4 – Agricultural Mechanization

 Introduction

n Durability, service, and cost of agricultural machines

depend largely on the kind and quality of materials used in
manufacturing the machine.
n Machines fabricated from substandard materials easily
wear off and have short life span.
n Heavy materials entail more power requirement and may
result in low performance.
n Engineers should have knowledge of the physical
characteristics, selective and effective utilization of
materials and their processing techniques to avoid waste
and spoilage due to misuse of materials.
 Classifications

n Metals
¡ Ferrous - Iron and steel
§ Cast Iron, Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, etc.
¡ None- Ferrous
§ Aluminum, copper, magnesium, etc.
n Non-Metal
¡ Inorganic materials
§ glass, ceramics, plastic, etc.
¡ Organic Materials
§ wood, rubber, leather, canvass, etc.
 Manufacturing Metals

n Metallic ore is mined beneath the earth surface.

n Iron is produced from iron ore while copper is produced from
copper ore.
n Aluminum is produced from an ore called bauxite.
n A blast furnace is used to produce metal by passing hot gases
through the furnace that is mixed with iron ore, limestone, and
coke at about 3000°C.
n Melted metal is separated into a ladle for cooling to form pig iron.
n Pigs are then melted and poured into molds to make iron, steel,
and cast iron.
 Metal Characteristics

nHard
nEasy to shape
nHigh melting temperature
nLow specific heat
nGood electrical conductivity
nGood thermal conductivities
nAbility to be deformed without fracture
 Classifications of Metal

n Pure Metals – single element that are not combined

with any other chemical element. They are too soft,
low in strength, or low in some other desired property
to be used in any commercial applications.

n Alloys – mixture of two or more metals producing

new metal. Examples are stainless steel, bronze, etc.
 Iron

nIt is a pure ferrite.

nPig iron – produced from ore of hematite or magnetite
in the blast furnace by melting with limestone and
coke.
nCast Iron – with carbon content of 1.7 to 6/7%. They
are low cost, good casting property, high compressive
strength, high wearing resistance, brittle and lower
tensile strength.
 Steel

nIt is a molten steel that is cast into an ingot and then rolled,
forged, hammered, pressed, or machined into desired
shapes.

nStructural steel, steel bars and cylinders, and steel plates

are commonly used as machine elements and frames.

nSoft-Centered Steel – durable to shock because the mild

steel in the center layer is deformable and is higher wear
resistant than hard steel at the outer side. They are usually
used for moldboard and share of a plow.
nLow-Carbon Steel – with carbon content not exceeding
0.25%.

nMedium-Carbon Steel – contains 0.25 to 0.50% carbon.

They are usually used in making structural and machinery
steel.

nHigh-Carbon Steel – carbon content is above 0.50%.

They are usually used in the manufacture of spring and tool
steel.
n Mild Steel (MS) – contains carbon of 0.15 to 0.25%. They
are malleable and easy to cut and weld.

n Cold-Rolled Steel (CRS) – are medium-carbon steel

which are used for components of machine requiring
greater strength and hardness, such as shafting and
connecting rods.

n Stainless Steel (SS) – 1% Ni, 11-14% Cr, 0.6% Mn, 0.6%

Si. They have high resistance to corrosion and oxidation.
They are used for valves, nozzles, and dairy machines.
 Typical Properties of Iron and Steel

Material % Carbon Tensile % Brinell

(Approx) Strength elongation hardness
(kg/cm) in 5 cm Number
Iron 0.01 2800 40 50-90
(99.97%)
Soft Steel 0.10 3500 35 120
Structural 0.25 4200 30 150
Steel
Machinery 0.40 5600 25 180
Steel
Spring 0.75 7000 12 240
Steel
Tool Steel 0.90 9100 8 260
 Metal Shapes

nSheets, Strips, and Plates

¡ Sheet - a piece of metal which has been rolled into a
sheet of 3/16in. or less in thickness. Commonly available
sizes are 3’-wide x 6’-long and 4’-wide x 8’-long. The
thickness is expressed in terms of gauge number, which is
equivalent to the number of sheets in 1in.-thick pile of
metal sheet.

¡ Strips – long sheets of metal that is less than 12in. Wide.

¡ Plate – metal with thickness over 3/16in. Commonly

available size is 4’-wide x 8’-long. Thickness are given in
terms of mm or in inch.
n Metal Bars – made of different shapes and are usually available
in standard length of 20ft or 6m. They are purchased in terms of
quantity, shape, size, and kind of metal used.

n Structural Shapes – commonly used in the construction of

agricultural machines. They are specified in terms of quantity
wanted, kind of material and shape, size, and length of each
piece.

n Tubular Products – include all hollow metal shapes such as

pipes and tubes. They are available in round, square, and
rectangular shapes. Specifications are given in terms of shape,
schedule number, size, and length.
 Non-Ferrous

nIncludes all the metals such as copper, aluminum,

magnesium, and zinc in which iron is not present in
large amount
Non-Metallic Materials

nWood
nPlastics
nRubber
nCeramics
nFibers
nGlass
 Rubber
nMaterial obtained from rubber tree.
nCapable to withstand extreme deformability with more
or less complete recovery upon removal of deforming
force.
nEngineering applications:
• Shock, noise, and vibration control
• Sealing
• Corrosion protection
• Friction production
• Electrical and thermal insulations
• Waterproofing
• Confining other materials,
• Load bearing
 Plastics

nLarge group of materials consisting of combination of

carbon and oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other organic
and organic elements.
nNon-metallic materials that can be molded into shapes.
They are light in weight, resistant to deterioration by
moisture, low elastic and thermal conductivity, and good
color range.
nThey can be classified into thermoplastics and thermo-
setting plastics
 Examples

nAcrylic thermoplastics
nEpoxy
nFlouroplastics
nNylon
nPhenolic Resin
nPhenylene oxide
nPolystyrene
nPolyurethene
nPolyvinyl chloride
nSilicone
 Engineering Ceramics

nMaterials ranging from glass to furnace brick.

nThese include ceramic oxides, glass-ceramics,
carbides and nitrides.
 Fiber

nThe oldest engineering material that includes jute,

flax, and hemp.
nUsually used for engineered products such as rope,
cordage, nets, water hose, and containers. Plant and
animal fibers are used for felt, paper, brushes, and
heavy structural cloths.
nThis includes metal fibers, glass fibers, and aramid
fibers.
 Glass

nA non-crystalline or amorphous solid

nMost glasses are made from silica, lime, and sodium
carbonate.
nTypes include soda-lime glass, Borosilicate glass,
lead-alkali glass, aluminosilicate glass, silica glass,
and fused silica.
 Standard Materials

nStandard parts of agricultural machines play a very

important role in the construction and performance of
the machine.
nThey are especially manufactured and mass produced
to perform a specific function.
nThey can be readily purchased from stores and
hardware, and are available in various sizes.
 Bearings

nIt is used to hold power transmission parts in position.

nGeneral Classes
• Sliding Bearing
• Rolling Bearing
§ Ball Bearing
§ Roller Bearing
§ Tapered Roller
§ Spherical
§ Needle
 Oil Seals

nThey are used to prevent oil or any fluid from leaking

through bearing parts.
 Pulley and Belt

nUsed to transmit power from the driver shaft to the

driven shaft
nThey are classified into: (a) flat belt, and (b) V-belt
 Sprocket and Chain

nPart of the machine that transmits power, at higher

torque but at lower speed, from a driver to the driven
shaft.
nClassifications include: (a) Hook link chain, and (b)
roller chain
 Gears

nThey are used in transmitting power when the

machines are compact and shafts are placed close
together.
nClassifications include: (a) spur, (b) helical, (c) bevel,
(d) worm, (e) spheroid, (f) etc.
 Universal Joints and Flexible Shafts

nThey are a direct-drive transmission system used to

transmit power to a misaligned shaft.
 Cam

nA device that produces intermittent motion or a specific

motion to a member called follower.
nIt is a disc with a lobe on one side and when rotating
produces intermittent motion.
 Bolts and Nuts

nThey are threaded fastener intended to be mated with

nut.
n They are used to hold machine parts together.
 Screws

nThey are externally threaded fastener capable of being

inserted into holes in assembled parts of mating with a
preformed internal thread or forming its own thread.
Classes
• Set screw
• Cap screw
• Log screw
• Wood Screw
 Rivets

nThey are low-cost permanent fasteners well suited to

automatic assembly operation.
nThe primary reason for riveting is low in-place cost.
nClassifications: (a) Tubular rivet and (b) Blind rivet
 Washers

nThey are used on the end either beneath the head of

the bolt or beneath the nut.
nThey are used primarily as a seat to distribute load in a
fastener system.
nClassifications
• Flat or plain washer
• Lock washer
§ Internal tooth
§ External tooth
§ Helical-spring tooth
 Pins

nThey are inexpensive and effective fastener and are

used when loading in shear. They are commonly used
to fasten shaft in some control linkages.
nClassifications are: (a) hollow-spring pin, (b) tapered
Pin, (c) cotter pin, (d) “hair” pin.
 Retaining Rings

nThey are used to provide a removable shoulder to

accurately locate, retain, or lock components on shaft
or in bores and housing.
 References

n ASAE. 1997 ASAE Standards. Standard Engineering Practice

Data. ASAE USA.
n PAES. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards.
n Moore, H.F. and M.B. Moore. Textbook of the Material
Engineering. International Student Edition. McGraw-Hill Book
Company. Tokyo. 371pp.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. Materials used in the fabrication 4. Property of a material to join together
of agricultural machines. with other metal at liquid state.
a. Standard a. Ductility
b. Fabrication b. Workability
c. All of the above c. Fusibility
d. None of the above d. None of the above

2. Materials that are ready to be 5. Ability of a material to resist indention.

adopted as components of a. Brittleness
agricultural machines, such as b. Toughness
bearing, belts, pulley, etc. c. Hardness
a. Standard d. All of the above
b. Fabrication
c. All of the above 6. Materials that are rust resistant.
d. None of the above a. GI sheets
b. BI sheets
3. Materials that need to be c. All of the above
processed before it can be used as d. None of the above
component of agricultural
machines such as bars, sheets, 7. Recommended material for the
plates, etc. manufacture of pin sleeves and hitch pins
a. Standard for walking-type power tillers.
b. Fabrication a. Mild steel
c. All of the above b. Cold-rolled steel
d. None of the above c. Spring steel
d. None of the above
8. Material commonly used as axle for 12. What is the rule-of-thumb in
agricultural machines. the amperage requirement of a
a. Cold-rolled steel shaft welding rod?
b. Malleable steel round bar a. 1-in. diameter per 1000 amp
c. Round cast iron b. 0.001-in. diameter per 1 amp
d. None of the above c. 0.1-in. diameter per 100 amp
d. All of the above
9. Kind of steel used for making tractor
drawn disk plow bottoms. 13. Which of the following
a. Tool steel metals is the strongest?
b. Soft-centered steel a. Tool steel
c. Molybdenum steel b. Spring steel
d. None of the above c. Stainless steel
d. All of the above
10. Steel bar used as machine axle is ____.
a. hot-rolled steel 14. The higher the carbon
b. cold-rolled steel content of the steel, the ____ it
c. mild steel becomes.
d. None of the above a. weaker
b. stronger
11. Steel bars commonly used in the c. smaller
manufacture of agricultural machines. d. None of the above
a. Spring steel
b. Mild steel
c. Cold-rolled steel
d. None of the above
15. Standard length of bars
available in hardware.
a. 10 ft
b. 20 ft
c. 30 ft
d. None of the above
16. When buying angle bars, the
right specification is ____.
a. thickness and width
b. thickness and length
c. width and length
d. All of the above
17. Required material designation
for the construction of gear based
on PAES standard.
a. AISI designation 1021
b. AISI designation 1045
c. AISI designation 1080
d. None of the above
18. Mild steel with 0.15 to 0.23%
carbon content (cold rolled) is
designated by American Iron and
Steel Institute as ____.
a. AISI 1021
b. AISI 1080
c. AISI 1045
d. None of the above
19. Materials used in the
manufacture of disc plows and
disc blades for harrows.
a. AISI 1020
b. AISI 1080
c. AISI 1045
d. None of the above
20. Steel with at least 0.80%
carbon is designated by American
Iron and Steel Institute as ____.
a. AISI 1020
b. AISI 1080
c. AISI 1045
d. None of the above
21. Cold-rolled steel shaft with 24. Stainless steel used for food
0.37% to 0.44% carbon content industry.
is designated by American Iron a. SS series 400
and Steel Institute as ____. b. SS series 300
a. AISI 1040 c. SS series 200
b. AISI 1020 d. None of the above
c. AISI 1080
d. None of the above 25. Stainless steel used for high-
temperature applications.
22. ANSI means ____. a. SS 104
a. American National Steel b. SS 204
Institute c. SS 304
b. American National Standard d. None of the above
Institute
c. American National Steel and 26.Stainless steel used for
Iron architectural purposes such as for
d. None of the above rails for stairways.
a. SS 102
23. Material that is resistant to b. SS 202
salt corrosion. c. SS 302
a. Mild steel d. None of the above
b. Cast iron
c. Stainless steel
d. All of the above