:Objectives

.Verification of Nodal analysis method -

.Verification of Mesh analysis method -

.Verification of Superposition technique -

.DC circuits analysis using PSpice -

:Theory

Nodal Analysis:
Nodal analysis method is a method of determining the voltage (potential difference) between
"nodes" (points where elements or branches connect) in an electrical circuit in terms of the
branch currents.

Analysis steps:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages v1, v2,…, vn-1 to the remaining n−1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.

2. Apply KCL to each of the n−1 non reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.

3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.

:Example

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 :(Applying nodal equation for the circuit of Figure (3-1

Mesh Analysis:
Mesh analysis is a method that is used to solve planar circuits for the currents (and indirectly
the voltages) at any place in the circuit.

A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.

Analysis steps:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, . . . , in to the n meshes.

2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the
mesh currents.

3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

:Example

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 :(Applying mesh loop equation for the circuit of Figure (2

Superposition technique:
The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that for a linear system the response
(voltage or current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one
independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent
source acting alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their
internal impedances.

Superposition steps:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current)
due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis.

2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.

3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.

Example:
- Disconnect the voltage source V2 and replace it with a wire (short circuit it) as shown in
Figure (3-3), Solve for IR1’.

- Disconnect the voltage source V1 and replace it with a wire (short circuit it) as shown in
Figure (3-3), Solve for IR1”.

- IR1 = IR1’ + IR1”

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 :Equipment
.DC Voltage Source -

.DMM -

.Bread Board -

.Discrete resistors -

:Experimental Procedure

Part (A): Nodal and Mesh Analysis:

- For the circuit shown in PSpice simulation, select (using color table in appendix B-1) and
measure (using DMM) the resistors. Fill the measured values of the resistors in table (1).

- Connect the circuit shown in PSpice, adjust V1 = 14 V and V2 = 14 V using DMM.

- Fill table (2).

Part (B): Superposition technique:

- Deactivate the voltage source V2, measure and fill table (3) for 𝑉� ′ and 𝐼�3 ′

- Deactivate the voltage source V1, measure and fill table (3) for 𝑉� "and 𝐼�3"

- Verify superposition technique and fill table (3) for 𝑉� and 𝐼�3.

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 :Data sheet

(Table (1

(R1(K Ω (R2(K Ω (R3(K Ω (R4(K Ω (R5(K Ω (R6(K Ω

Theoretical 2 2 3.9 2 2 10

Measured 1.98 1.98 3.88 0.99 0.98 10.1

(Table (2

) I R1 ¿ ¿ ¿ ) VB V C (V )
I R4 ¿ m I R6 ¿ m (V V A ¿
(mA (V
A) A)
PSpice 0.89172 1.783- 1.4 12.22 14 1.783
Measured 0.8953 1.782- 1.416 12.25 14.03 1.774

(Table (3
¿
(V V ' A ¿ (V) V ' ' A (V ) V A mA) I ' R 4 ) I ' 'R4 (mA) I R 4
( (mA
PSpice 10.48 1.739 12.22 3.522- 1.739 1.783-

Measured 10.49 1.755 12.25 3.521- 1.753 1.782-

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 Exercise

Pspice
Q.1) Verify superposition technique for VA and IR3.

VA = VA' + VA" = 10.48 + 1.739 = 12.2 V

IR3 = IR3' + IR3'' = 1.783 + .89172 = 2.675 mA

Part A
Q.1) Using the measured values of tables 3-4 and 3-5, verify nodal equations for A and B

=Node A : (VA – V2 –VC)/(R1+R2) + (VA – VC)/R3 + ( VA- VB)/R4

mA  0 00622.- = 0.98/(12.25-14.03) + 3.88/(12.25-1.774) + (1.98+1.98)/(12.25-14-1.774)

Node B: VB = 14.03  V1 =14

.Q.2) Using the measured values of tables 3-4 and 3-5, verify mesh equations

=Mesh L1: -V2 + IR1* R1 + (IR1-IR4)*R3 +IR1*R2

 0 0.0667-= 1.98*0.8953 + 3.88*(0.8953+1.782)+ 1.98*0.8953 + 14-

= Mesh L2: (IR4-IR1)*R3 + IR4* R4 + V1 + IR4*R5

 0 0.1 = 0.98*(1.782-) + 14 + 0.99*(1.782-) + 3.88*(1.782-0.8953-)

Mesh L3: -V1 + IR6*R6 = -14 + 1.416*10.1 =0.3016  0

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 :Conclusion
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative to the reference -
.(node (or ground

- The Kirchhoff’s current law which states that the current entering the node is equal to the
current leaving the node is applied in nodal analysis.

- Nodal analysis is the ideal technique for analysis when all the sources in a circuit are
independent current sources.

- The Mesh Current Method uses simultaneous equations, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, and
Ohm's Law to determine unknown currents in a network.

- A mesh current is the current flowing clockwise within a single mesh.

- The Superposition Theorem states that a circuit can be analyzed with only one source of
power at a time.

- In superposition analysis to negate all but one power source for analysis, replace any source
of voltage (batteries) with a wire; replace any current source with an open (break).

:References
.Electric Fundamentals 207 Lab Manual -

Wikipedia (Nodal analysis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodal_analysis -

.(- Wikipedia (Mesh analysis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_analysi

- Wikipedia (Superposition Theorem)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_theorem

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