FLUID DYNAMICS:

The Continuity Equation and

Reynold’s Number

MEC 164
Continuity Equation

Ideal Actual
(Incompressible Fluid) (Compressible Fluid)
Reynold’s Number, Re

Types of Steady Flow in Pipes

Reynold’s Number, Re

Reynold’s Number for Circular Pipes

Reynold’s Number, Re

Example 1:

Answer: Re = 1.02 x 10⁵

Reynold’s Number, Re

Example 2:

Answer: Re = 1000, so Laminar Flow

Reynold’s Number, Re

Example 3:

Answer: 1.0175 m/s

Reynold’s Number, Re

Reynold’s Number for Different Channels

Reynold’s Number, Re

Example 4:

Answer: 0.44 ft
FLUID DYNAMICS:

The Bernoulli Principle

MEC 164
Energy and Head of

Newton’s 2nd Law

F = ma

Newton’s 2nd Law along a Streamline

Introduction

Newton’s 2nd Law along a Streamline

Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
Elevation Energy and Elevation Head
Pressure Energy (Energy Flow) and Pressure Head
Total Energy of Flow
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
Bernoulli’s Principle

• Increase in the speed of fluid occur simultaneously with a decrease in pressure

or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy
• In a horizontal pipe, the highest fluid pressure is in the section where the flow
speed is the lowest, and the lowest pressure is at the section where the flow
speed is biggest
Bernoulli’s Principle

• This principle can be

considered to be a statement
of energy principle
appropriate for flowing fluids

• Bernoulli effect is the lowering

of the fluid pressure in regions
where the flow velocity is
increased
Bernoulli’s Principle Application
Bernoulli’s Energy Equations (Neglecting Head Loss)
Different Forms of Bernoulli’s Equation

Pressure Form
(recommended for
gases)

Head Form
(recommended for
liquids)

Energy Form
Kinetic, Potential and Pressure Energy

Answer: 10.8 kPa

Energy Equations (with Pump)
Energy Equations (with Turbine)
Major Head Losses (in a Pipe)
Major Head Losses (in a Pipe)

Important note:
If not stated, use Darcy – Weisbach equation
Minor Head Losses (in a Pipe)
Pipe in Series
Pipe in Parallel
Other Related Topics: Force in Pressure and Impulse

Answer: 10.8 kPa

Example Problems

Example 1: Consider the water flowing through converging channel as

shown below and discharging freely to the atmosphere at the
exit. What is the gage pressure at the inlet? Assume the flow to
be incompressible and neglect any frictional effects

Answer: 10.8 kPa

Example Problems

Example 2: Given the following venturi meter and the two pressures as
shown, calculate the mass flow rate of water in the circular pipe.

Answer: 79 kg/s
Example Problems

Example 3: If the velocity of flow of a 75mm diameter fire hose is 0.50 m/s.
What is the velocity in a 25mm diameter jet from a nozzle
attached at the end of the pipe. Compute also the power
available in the jet.

Answer:
Answer: v = 4.5 m/s, P 10.8 kPaW
= 22.36