Lesson 9a: Heat transfer

(Temperature and heat)

Francis German Nano
Learning outcomes

1. Explain temperature and heat.

2. Calculate problems involving thermal expansion.
Basic concept

• A thermometer measures temperature.

• Two bodies in thermal equilibrium must have the same

temperature.

• A conducting material between two bodies permits them

to interact and come to thermal equilibrium; an insulating
material impedes this interaction
Thermal equilibrium

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

If objects A and B are

separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third object C,
then
A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Temperature scale
Heat

• Heat is the spontaneous Units of Heat

transfer of energy due to
a temperature difference, 1. Joule (J)
and it can change the 2. calorie (cal)
temperature of an object. 3. kilocalorie (kcal)

1 kcal = 1000 cal

1 kcal = 4186 J
Thermal expansion

Linear expansion
A temperature change ∆T causes a change in any linear
dimension Lo of a solid body. The change ∆L is approximately
proportional to Lo and ∆T.
Volume expansion
• A temperature change ∆T causes a change ∆V in the volume
V o of any solid or liquid material that is approximately
proportional to Vo and ∆T.

The quantities a and β are the coefficients of linear expansion and volume expansion,
respectively.

For solids, β = 3a.

Problem

• A copper telephone wire

has essentially no sag
between poles 35.0 m
apart on a winter da y
when the temperature is
-20°C. How much longer
is the wire on a summer
day when TC = 35°C?
Problem
• The concrete sections of a
certain superhighway are
designed to have a length of
25.0 m. The sections are
poured and cured at 10.0°C.
What minimum spacing
should the engineer leave
b e twe e n t h e s e c t i o n s t o
eliminate buckling if the
concrete is to reach a
temperature of 50.0°C?
Problem
• The active element of a
certain laser is made of a
glass rod 30.0 cm long by 1.50
cm in diameter. If the
temperature of the rod
increases by 65.0Cº, what is
the increase in (a) its length,
(b) its diameter, and (c) its
volume? Assume that the
average coefficient of linear
expansion of the glass is 9.00
x 10-6 (Cº) -1.
Problem
• The average coefficient of volume expansion for carbon
tetrachloride is 5.81 x 10-4 (Cº)-1. If a 50.0-gal steel container
is filled completely with carbon tetrachloride when the
temperature is 10.0°C, how much will spill over when the
temperature rises to 30.0°C?