Contents

 L-section impedance matching

 Single and double stub matching
 Quarter wave transformer
 Theory of small reflections
 Multi section matching transformer
 Tapered lines
 Matching Network
An impedance matching network
is placed between a load
impedance and a transmission
line.
The matching network is ideally
lossless, to avoid any loss of
power
It is designed in such a way that
the impedance seen looking into
the matching network is 𝑍0 .
𝑍0 Matching
Network 𝑍𝐿
A matching network can be found as long
as 𝑍𝐿 has positive real part
Factors that are considered while selecting
a particular matching network are:
Complexity, bandwidth, Implementation
and adjustibility
 L-section impedance matching network
Uses two reactive elements to match an arbitrary load to a
transmission line

𝑗𝑋 𝑗𝑋

𝑍0 𝑗𝐵 𝑍𝐿 𝑍0 𝑗𝐵 𝑍𝐿

Used when 𝓏𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 Τ𝑍0 is inside the Used when 𝓏𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 Τ𝑍0 is outside the
1 + 𝑗𝑥 circle in the smith chart 1 + 𝑗𝑥 circle in the smith chart
 L-section impedance matching network
For this case 𝑅𝐿 > 𝑍0
𝑗𝑋
For impedance matching, we must have
1
𝑍0 = 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑍0 𝑗𝐵 𝑍𝐿
𝑗𝐵 + 1Τ 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑍0 = 𝑗𝑋 +
𝑗𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 + 1
𝑍0 𝑗𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 + 1
Used when 𝓏𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 Τ𝑍0 is inside the
= 𝑗𝑋 𝑗𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 + 1 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
1 + 𝑗𝑥 circle in the smith chart
Equating the real part from both sides
−𝑍0 𝐵𝑋𝐿 + 𝑍0 = −𝑋𝐵𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐿
𝐵 𝑋𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0
 L-section impedance matching network
𝑍0 𝑗𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 + 1 = 𝑗𝑋 𝑗𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 + 1 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
Equating the imaginary parts we can write
𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 = −𝑋𝐵𝑋𝐿 + X + 𝑋𝐿
⇒ 𝑋 1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿
We therefore have a set of two equations
𝐵 𝑋𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0
and
𝑋 1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿
from which 𝐵and 𝑋 are to be determined
 L-section impedance matching network
From 𝑋 1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿 ,

𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿
𝑋=
1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿

Substituting 𝑋 in 𝐵 𝑋𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0

𝑍0 𝐵2 𝑅𝐿2 − 𝐵𝑅𝐿 𝑋𝐿 − 𝐵𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 + 𝐵2 𝑍0 𝑋𝐿2 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝐵𝑋𝐿

𝐵2 𝑍0 (𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 ) − 2𝐵𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 = 0

L-section impedance matching network
𝐵2 𝑍0 (𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 ) − 2𝐵𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 = 0

2𝑍0 𝑋𝐿 ± 4𝑍02 𝑋𝐿2 + 4𝑍0 (𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 ) 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0

𝐵=
2𝑍0 (𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 )

𝑋𝐿 ± 𝑋𝐿2 + (𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 ) 𝑅𝐿 Τ𝑍0 − 1

𝐵=
(𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 )

𝑋𝐿 ± 𝑅𝐿 Τ𝑍0 𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 − 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0

𝐵=
(𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 )
 L-section impedance matching network
Since we use the matching network for 𝑅𝐿 > 𝑍0 , the term 𝑅𝐿2 +
𝑋𝐿2 − 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0 is always positive and therefore there exist a real
valued solution for 𝐵.

Once 𝐵 is calculated, 𝑋 can be calculated from

𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿
𝑋=
1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿
 Example: L-section matching
Let an impedance of 𝑍𝐿 = 100 − 𝑗50 Ω is to be matched to a 50Ω line using
a L-section matching network at an operating frequency of 500 MHz. Let us
design the matching network.
We have
𝑋𝐿 ± 𝑅𝐿 Τ𝑍0 𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 − 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0
𝐵=
(𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿2 )
−50 ± 100Τ50 1002 + 502 − 100 × 50 0.0058 Ω −1
𝐵= =ቊ
1002 + 502 −0.0138 Ω−1
𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿 61.2372 Ω
𝑋= =ቊ
1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 −61.2372 Ω
 Example: L-section matching
We have two solutions which are as follows:
Solution 1
𝐵
𝐶= = 1.85 pF
2𝜋𝑓
𝑋
𝐿= = 19.49 nH
2𝜋𝑓 Network for solution 1
Solution 2
1
𝐶=− = 5.2 pF
2𝜋𝑓𝑋
1
𝐿=− = 23.1 nH
2𝜋𝑓𝐵
Network for solution 2
 L-section matching
For the matching network as shown, we have
𝑅𝐿 < 𝑍0 𝑗𝑋
1 1
= 𝑗𝐵 +
𝑍0 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝑍0 𝑗𝐵 𝑍𝐿
1 1
= 𝑗𝐵 +
𝑍0 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗(𝑋 + 𝑋𝐿 )
𝑋 and 𝐵 can be found as Used when 𝓏𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 Τ𝑍0 is outside
the 1 + 𝑗𝑥 circle in the smith chart
𝑋 = ± 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿
𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿 /𝑅𝐿
𝐵=±
𝑍0
 Example: L-section matching with Smith chart
Let us now consider an example how L-
impedance can be done using a Smith chart. Since 𝑅𝐿 > 𝑍0 , we use
the following circuit

Let us discuss the matching of a 100 Ω load

with a transmission line of characteristic
impedance 50 Ω at 100 MHz. We use Smith 𝑗𝑋
chart to do this matching.
𝑍0 𝑗𝐵 𝑍𝐿

When we consider the matching in Smith chart

our starting point is normalized 𝓏𝐿 = 2 + 𝑗0
and after matching we reach 𝓏 = 1 + 𝑗0
 We mark 𝓏𝐿 = 2 + 𝑗0 on the smith chart.
Since we need to add an admittance first, we
first find 𝑦 = 0.5 + 𝑗0 and add a mirror of
𝑟 = 1 circle.
Rotated 𝑟 = 1 circle We add 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑗0.5 to reach rotated r = 1
circle
VSWR circle Therefore,
0.5
= 2𝜋 × 108 × 𝐶
50
𝑦 = 0.5 𝓏=2 𝐶 = 16 pF
Having determined we come back to 𝑟 = 1
circle and we land at the point (1 − 𝑗1 ).
We add a reactance of jx = 𝑗1 to move to the
centre of the Smith chart.
Therefore,
50 = 2𝜋 × 108 × 𝐿
𝐿 = 80 nH
 Stub Matching
A stub is a short section of transmission line which is either short circuited or
open circuited at one end.
A single stub matching circuit consists of a series or shunt stub as shown in the
figures below:
The design parameters are the distance of the stub 𝑑 from the load and length
of the stub 𝑙
Open or Short
−𝑗𝐵 𝑑

𝑙 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿
−𝑗𝑋

𝑍0 𝑑 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿 Open 𝑍0
or 𝑙
𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌0 + 𝑗𝐵
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑋 Short
Series Stub Matching Shunt Stub Matching
 Series Stub Matching
Analytical solution
Open or Short
The distance of the stub location 𝑑 is so
chosen that 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑋 𝑙 𝑍0
−𝑗𝑋
The stub length 𝑙 is then so chosen for a short
or open stub that input impedance of the stub 𝑍0 𝑑 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿
is −𝑗𝑋. This results in matching.
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑
We equate 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛 to 𝑍0 and find solution
for 𝑑.
 Series Stub Matching
Analytical solution
For the computed value of 𝑑 we calculate 𝑋.
The stub length 𝑙 is then found out for a short
Open or Short
or open stub to provide − 𝑗𝑋.
𝑙 𝑍0
−𝑗𝑋
Let us now derive the closed form
expressions 𝑍0 𝑑 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿
Let 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑋
1
𝑌𝐿 = = 𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗𝐵𝐿
𝑍𝐿
 Series Stub Matching
Let 𝑡 = tan 𝛽𝑑 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 =
𝑌𝑖𝑛
1 𝑌𝐿 + 𝑗𝑌0 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝑌𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑌0
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑌0 + 𝑗𝑌𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝐺𝐿 1 + 𝑡 2
𝑅= 2
𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗𝐵𝐿 + 𝑗𝑌0 𝑡 𝐺𝐿 + 𝐵𝐿 + 𝑌0 𝑡 2
= 𝑌0
𝑌0 + 𝑗 𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗𝐵𝐿 𝑡
𝐺𝐿2 𝑡 − 𝑌0 − 𝑡𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿 + 𝑡𝑌0
𝑋=
𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗 𝐵𝐿 + 𝑌0 𝑡 𝑌0 𝐺𝐿2 + 𝐵𝐿 + 𝑌0 𝑡 2
𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌0
𝑌0 − 𝐵𝐿 𝑡 + 𝑗𝐺𝐿 𝑡
 Series Stub Matching
𝐺𝐿 1+𝑡 2
From 𝑅 =
𝐺𝐿2 + 𝐵𝐿 +𝑌0 𝑡 2

𝑌0 𝐺𝐿 − 𝑌0 𝑡 2 − 2𝐵𝐿 𝑌0 𝑡 + 𝐺𝐿 𝑌0 − 𝐺𝐿2 − 𝐵𝐿2 = 0

If 𝐺𝐿 = 𝑌0 , 𝑡 = −𝐵𝐿 Τ 2𝑌0
else
𝐵𝐿 ± 𝐺𝐿 𝑌0 − 𝐺𝐿 2 + 𝐵𝐿2 Τ𝑌0
𝑡=
𝐺𝐿 − 𝑌0
 Series Stub Matching
We get two solutions for 𝑑 which are given by
1 −1
𝑑 tan 𝑡 𝑡≥0
= 2𝜋
𝜆 1
𝜋 + tan−1 𝑡 𝑡 < 0
2𝜋
With the values of 𝑡 calculated, we calculate the values of 𝑋. Necessary stub
reactance 𝑋𝑆 = −𝑋.
If 𝑙𝑜 and 𝑙𝑠 respectively denote the lengths for the open and short circuited stubs,
then
𝑙𝑠 1 𝑋 1 𝑋 𝑙𝑜 1 𝑍 1 𝑍0
= 2𝜋 tan−1 𝑍𝑆 = − 2𝜋 tan−1 𝑍 and = − 2𝜋 tan−1 𝑋0 = 2𝜋 tan−1
𝜆 0 0 𝜆 𝑆 𝑋
If any of the lengths comes out to be negative, 𝜆Τ2 is added.
 Example: Impedance Matching Series Stub
Let us consider an example where 𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗50 Ω is to be matched to a 50
Ω line. By applying the analytical solutions we get:
𝑡 = −0.333 = 𝑡1 and 𝑡 = 1.0 = 𝑡2 . We get two solutions for 𝑑
𝑑1 1
= 𝜋 + tan−1 𝑡1 = 0.45
𝜆 2𝜋
𝑑2 1
= tan−1 𝑡2 = 0.125
𝜆 2𝜋
We get two solutions for 𝑋 as 𝑋1 = 50 and 𝑋2 = −50
Let us now find the lengths of the open circuited stubs to complete the solution
𝑙𝑜1 1 𝑍 𝑙𝑜2 1 𝑍
= tan−1 0 =0.125 and = 0.5 + tan−1 0 =0.375
𝜆 2𝜋 𝑋1 𝜆 2𝜋 𝑋2
Solution: 1 𝑙1
𝑑 1 + 𝑗1
= 0.338 − 0.213 = 0.125
𝜆

𝑥 = −1
𝑥𝑆 = 1
𝑍𝐿 = 2 + 𝑗1
𝑙0
= 0.375
𝜆
Solution: 2
𝑑
= 0.5 − 0.213 − 0.164
𝜆
= 0.451

𝑥=1
𝑥𝑆 = −1
𝑙0 1 − 𝑗1
= 0.125
𝜆 𝑙2
 Shunt Stub Matching
Analytical solution
The distance of the stub location 𝑑 is so chosen that
𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌0 + 𝑗B −𝑗𝐵 𝑑
The stub length 𝑙 is then so chosen for a short or open
stub that input susceptance of the stub is −𝑗B. This
results in matching. 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 Open 𝑙
or 𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌0 + 𝑗𝐵
𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵 Short

We equate 𝑅𝑒 𝑌𝑖𝑛 = G to 𝑌0 and find solution for 𝑑.

 Shunt Stub Matching
Analytical solution

−𝑗𝐵 𝑑
For the computed value of 𝑑 we calculate 𝐵.
The stub length 𝑙 is then found out for a short 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿
or open stub to provide − 𝑗𝐵.
Open 𝑍0
Let us now derive the closed form or 𝑙
𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌0 + 𝑗𝐵
expressions Short
Let
1
𝑍𝐿 = = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑌𝐿
 Shunt Stub Matching
Similar to series stub matching, let 1
𝑡 = tan 𝛽𝑑 𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵 =
𝑍𝑖𝑛

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 𝑅𝐿 1 + 𝑡 2
𝐺= 2 2
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑍0 𝑡
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑡
= 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝑡 𝑅𝐿2 𝑡 − 𝑍0 − 𝑡𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑡𝑍0
𝐵=
𝑍0 𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑍0 𝑡 2
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑍0 𝑡
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 − 𝑋𝐿 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑅𝐿 𝑡
 Shunt Stub Matching
𝑅𝐿 1+𝑡 2
From 𝐺 =
𝑅𝐿2 + 𝑋𝐿 +𝑍0 𝑡 2

𝑍0 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝑡 2 − 2𝑋𝐿 𝑍0 𝑡 + 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿2 − 𝑋𝐿2 = 0

If 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑍0 , 𝑡 = −𝑋𝐿 Τ 2𝑍0
else
𝑋𝐿 ± 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 Τ𝑍0
𝑡=
𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0
 Shunt Stub Matching
We get two solutions for 𝑑 which are given by
1 −1
𝑑 tan 𝑡 𝑡≥0
= 2𝜋
𝜆 1
𝜋 + tan−1 𝑡 𝑡 < 0
2𝜋
With the values of 𝑡 calculated, we calculate the values of 𝐵. Necessary stub
reactance 𝐵𝑆 = −𝐵.
If 𝑙𝑜 and 𝑙𝑠 respectively denote the lengths for the open and short circuited stubs,
then
𝑙𝑜 1 𝐵𝑆 1 𝐵 𝑙𝑠 1 𝑌 1 𝑌0
= 2𝜋 tan−1 = − 2𝜋 tan−1 𝑌 and = − 2𝜋 tan−1 𝐵0 = 2𝜋 tan−1
𝜆 𝑌0 0 𝜆 𝑆 𝐵
If any of the lengths comes out to be negative, 𝜆Τ2 is added.
Example: Impedance Matching- Shunt Stub
Let us consider an example where 𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗60 Ω is to be matched to a 50
Ω line. By applying the analytical solutions we get:
𝑡 = 3.4091 = 𝑡1 and 𝑡 = −1.0091 = 𝑡2 . We get two solutions for 𝑑
𝑑1 1
= tan−1 𝑡1 = 0.2046
𝜆 2𝜋
𝑑2 1
= 𝜋 + tan−1 𝑡2 = 0.3743
𝜆 2𝜋
We get two solutions for 𝐵 as 𝐵1 = 0.0221and 𝐵2 = −0.0221
Let us now find the lengths of the open circuited stubs to complete the solution
𝑙𝑜1 1 𝐵 𝑙𝑜2 1 𝐵
= tan−1 1 =0.3671 and = 0.5 + tan−1 2 =0.1329
𝜆 2𝜋 𝑌0 𝜆 2𝜋 𝑌0
 Shunt Stub Matching using Open Stub

From Smith Chart

1 + 𝑗1.1
𝑑1
= 0.5 − 0.46 + 0.164 = 0.204
𝜆
𝑑2 2 + 𝑗1.2
= 0.5 − 0.46 + 0.336 = 0.376
𝜆

𝑙𝑜1 /𝜆 = 0.132
𝑙𝑜2 /𝜆 = 0.368

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗60 𝑦𝐿
Analytical
𝑡1 = 3.4091 1 − 𝑗1.1
𝑡2 = −1.0091
𝑑1 /𝜆 = 0.20459
𝑑2 /𝜆 = 0.37428
𝑙𝑜1 /𝜆 = 0.36710
𝑙𝑜2 /𝜆 = 0.13290
 Double Stub Matching
As shown in Fig.1, the load is at an
𝑑 arbitrary distance from the first
stub. 𝑑
𝑌0 𝑗𝐵2 𝑌0 𝑗𝐵1 𝑌0 𝑌𝐿′

𝑌0 𝑗𝐵2 𝑌0 𝑗𝐵1 𝑌𝐿

𝑙2 𝑙1 In Fig.2, the load 𝑌𝐿′ is

transformed to the position of 𝑙2 𝑙1

Open Open
the first stub as 𝑌𝐿
Or short Or short
Open Open
or short Or short
Fig.1
Fig.2
 Double Stub Matching
Analytical solution
𝑑
From the figure, we have
𝑌1 = 𝑌𝐿 + 𝑗𝐵1 = 𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗𝐵𝐿 + 𝑗𝐵1
𝑌0 𝑗𝐵2 𝑌0 𝑗𝐵1 𝑌𝐿
= 𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗 𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵1

𝑌1 + 𝑗𝑌0 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝑌2 = 𝑌0 𝑙2 𝑙1
𝑌0 + 𝑗𝑌1 tan 𝛽𝑑
We equate 𝑅𝑒 𝑌2 to 𝑌0 and find solution
for 𝑑. Open Open
or short Or short
 Double Stub Matching
Similar to earlier assumptions, let 𝑡 = tan 𝛽𝑑

𝑌1 + 𝑗𝑌0 tan 𝛽𝑑
𝑌2 = 𝑌0
𝑌0 + 𝑗𝑌1 tan 𝛽𝑑

𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗 𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵1 + 𝑗𝑌0 𝑡
= 𝑌0
𝑌0 + 𝑗 𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗 𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵1 𝑡

𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗 𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵1 + 𝑌0 𝑡
𝑌2 = 𝑌0
𝑌0 − 𝐵𝐿 𝑡 − 𝐵1 𝑡 + 𝑗𝐺𝐿 𝑡
 Double Stub Matching
On equating 𝑅𝑒 𝑌2 to 𝑌0
2 2
2
1 + 𝑡 𝑌0 − 𝐵𝐿 𝑡 − 𝐵1 𝑡
𝐺𝐿 + 𝐺𝐿 𝑌0 + =0
𝑡2 𝑡2
1 + 𝑡2 4𝑡 2 𝑌0 − 𝐵𝐿 𝑡 − 𝐵1 𝑡 2
𝐺𝐿 = 𝑌0 1± 1−
𝑡2 𝑌2 1 + 𝑡 2 2

∵ 𝐺𝐿 is real,
4𝑡 2 𝑌0 − 𝐵𝐿 𝑡 − 𝐵1 𝑡 2
0≤ ≤1
𝑌2 1 + 𝑡2 2

1 + 𝑡2 1 + tan2 𝛽𝑑 𝑌0
0 ≤ 𝐺𝐿 ≤ 𝑌0 2
= 𝑌0 2
=
𝑡 tan 𝛽𝑑 sin2 𝛽𝑑
 Double Stub Matching
𝑌0 ± 1 + 𝑡 2 𝐺𝐿 𝑌0 − 𝐺𝐿2 𝑡 2
𝐵1 = −𝐵𝐿 +
𝑡
𝑌0 1 + 𝑡 2 𝐺𝐿 𝑌0 − 𝐺𝐿2 𝑡 2 + 𝐺𝐿 𝑌0
𝐵2 = ±
𝐺𝐿 𝑡
If 𝑙𝑜 and 𝑙𝑠 respectively denote the lengths for the open and short
circuited stubs
𝑙𝑜 1 −1
𝐵
=− tan
𝜆 2𝜋 𝑌0
and
𝑙𝑠 1 −1
𝑌0
= tan
𝜆 2𝜋 𝐵
𝐵 = 𝐵1 or 𝐵2
 Double Stub Matching Using Smith Chart
𝑌𝑖 = 𝑌𝐵 + 𝑌𝑠𝐵 = 𝑌0
In normalized form, 1 = 𝑦𝐵 + 𝑦𝑠𝐵
Since 𝑦𝑠𝐵 is purely imaginary we must have, 𝐵 𝐴
𝑦𝐵 = 1 + 𝑗𝑏𝐵 and 𝑦𝑠𝐵 = −𝑗𝑏𝐵 𝑑
Therefore, in the Smith chart 𝑦𝐵 must lie in the 𝑔 = 1
𝑌𝑖 𝑌𝐴
circle. 𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝐿
To meet this requirement 𝑦𝐴 at 𝐴𝐴′ must lie on the 𝑌0 𝑌𝑠𝐵 𝑌𝑠𝐴
4𝜋𝑑
𝑔 = 1 circle rotated by 𝜆 counter clockwise
𝑌0 𝑌0
direction. 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐴
Since 𝑦𝑠𝐴 is purely imaginary, the real part of 𝑦𝐴 must
be contributed solely by real part of 𝑦𝐿 i.e. 𝑔𝐿 .
The solution of double stub matching is then Open
𝐵′ Open 𝐴′
determined by the intersection of 𝑔𝐿 circle with or short Or short
rotated 𝑔 = 1 circle .
 Procedure

Plot 𝑔 = 1 circle. 𝑦𝐵 should be located on

this circle
𝑦𝐴2
Plot the rotated circle where 𝑦𝐴 should be
located
𝑦𝐴1 𝑦𝐵1
Plot 𝑦𝐿
Find intersection of 𝑔 = 𝑔𝐿 circle with
rotated 𝑔 = 1 circle at 𝑦𝐴1 & 𝑦𝐴2
Find 𝑦𝐵 points on 𝑔 = 1 circle:
𝑦𝐵1 and 𝑦𝐵2 𝑦𝐵2
𝑦𝐿
Determine the stub lengths 𝑙𝐴 and 𝑙𝐵
The shaded
region is the
forbidden range
of load
admittances that
can not be
matched with the
given double
stub tuner
 Quarter-wave Transformer
𝜆
A quarter-wave transformer is transmission line section of length having
4
characteristic impedance 𝑍1 and used to match a real load 𝑅𝐿 to a
transmission line of characteristic impedance 𝑍0 , as shown in the figure.
We know that
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍1 tan 𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍1
𝑍1 + 𝑗𝑅𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑙 𝑙 = 𝜆Τ4

Dividing the numerator and

denominator by tan 𝛽𝑙 and take 𝑍0 𝑍1 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿
the limit as 𝛽𝑙 → 𝜋Τ2, we can
𝑍12
write 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = . Equating 𝑍𝑖𝑛 to
𝑅𝐿
𝑍0 we get 𝑍1 = 𝑅𝐿 𝑍0 𝑍𝑖𝑛
 Quarter-wave Transformer
We note that matching is obtained at the frequency at which the
transformer is quarter wavelength long and at all odd harmonics
where the length corresponds to 2𝑛 + 1 𝜆Τ4.
The fractional bandwidth of such quarter-wave transformer can be
found as:

∆𝑓 4 Γ𝑚 2 𝑍1 𝑅𝐿
=2− cos −1
𝑓0 𝜋 1 − Γ𝑚2 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ𝑚 is the magnitude of the acceptable value of reflection coefficient
 Use of Quarter-wave Transformer
Quarter-wave transformers can also be used in design of
matching network for matching complex load impedance to a
transmission line. The examples of such networks are shown:

𝑙 = 𝜆Τ4 𝑑 𝑙 = 𝜆Τ4

𝑍0 𝑍1 𝑍0 𝑍𝐿 𝑍0 𝑍1 𝑍𝐿

𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑍2
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑑
Short or Open
 Theory of Small Reflections
𝛽𝑙 = 𝜃
A single section transformer is
shown in figure. Γ 𝑇21
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝐿
The partial reflection and 𝑇12
transmission coefficient of the
single section transformer are:
Γ1 Γ2 Γ3
𝑍2 − 𝑍1
Γ1 = 𝐼
𝑍2 + 𝑍1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
Γ 2 = −Γ1 Γ1 𝑇21
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍2 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 Γ3
Γ3 = 𝑇12
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍2 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
2𝑍2 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
𝑇 21 = 1 + Γ 1 = 𝑇12 Γ3
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍2
2𝑍1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
𝑇 12 = 1 + Γ 2 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍2 Γ3
 Theory of Small Reflections
Thus, we can express the total reflection coefficient 𝛽𝑙 = 𝜃
as a sum of partial reflection and transmission
coefficients: Γ
𝑍1 𝑇21 𝑍2 𝑍𝐿
𝑇12
Γ = Γ1 + 𝑇12 𝑇21 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 + 𝑇12 𝑇21 Γ32 Γ2 𝑒 −𝑗4𝜃 + ⋯ Γ1 Γ2 Γ3
∞
𝐼
= Γ1 + 𝑇12 𝑇21 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 ෍ Γ2𝑛 Γ3𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑛𝜃 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
𝑛=0 Γ1 𝑇21 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
1 𝑇12 Γ3
∵ σ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 for 𝑥 < 1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃

𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
𝑇12 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 Γ3
We can write,
𝑇12 𝑇21 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
Γ = Γ1 +
1 − Γ2 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 Γ3
 Theory of Small Reflections
Using, Γ 2 = −Γ1 ,𝑇 21 = 1 + Γ 1 , 𝑇 12 = 1 − Γ 1 , we can write
𝑇12 𝑇21 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
Γ = Γ1 +
1 − Γ2 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
as
1 − Γ 1 1 + Γ 1 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
Γ = Γ1 +
1 − −Γ1 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
1 − Γ12 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
= Γ1 +
1 + Γ1 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
Γ1 + Γ12 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 + Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 − Γ12 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
=
1 + Γ1 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃

Γ1 + Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
∴Γ =
1 + Γ1 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
 Theory of Small Reflections
For a smaller discontinuity between 𝑍1 , 𝑍2 and 𝑍2 , 𝑍𝐿 , Γ1 Γ3 ≪ 1 and can be
neglected.

Γ1 +Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
Thus, Γ = can be written as
1+Γ1 Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃
Γ ≃ Γ1 + Γ3 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃

It may be noted that,

• 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 is the phase delay when the incident wave travels up and down .
• The total reflection coefficient is dependent on the initial reflection
coefficient (Γ1 ) between 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 , and on the first reflection (Γ3 ) between
𝑍2 and 𝑍𝐿 .
 Multi-section Matching Transformer

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃

Γ …
𝑍0 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑁 𝑍𝐿

Γ0 Γ1 Γ2 Γ𝑁

𝑍1 − 𝑍0 𝑍𝑛+1 − 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑁
Γ0 = Γ𝑛 = Γ𝑁 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍0 𝑍𝑛+1 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑁
 Multi-section Matching Transformer
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Γ 𝑍0 𝑍1 𝑍2 … 𝑍𝑁 𝑍𝐿

Γ0 Γ1 Γ2 Γ𝑁

Assume all 𝑍𝑛 increase or decrease monotonically across the transformer

and 𝑍𝐿 is real.
Γ 𝜃 = Γ0 + Γ1 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 + Γ2 𝑒 −𝑗4𝜃 + ⋯ + Γ𝑁 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑁𝜃

Further, on assuming the transformer to be symmetrical, we can write

Γ 𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃 Γ0 𝑒 𝑗𝑁𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃 + Γ1 𝑒 𝑗 𝑁−2 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑁−2 𝜃 +⋯

 Multi-section Matching Transformer
Γ 𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃 Γ0 𝑒 𝑗𝑁𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃 + Γ1 𝑒 𝑗 𝑁−2 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑁−2 𝜃 +⋯

If N is even, the last term will be Γ𝑁/2 .

If N is odd, the last term will be Γ 𝑁−1 /2 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 .

The above equation can also be written in terms of Fourier cosine series in 𝜃 as:

Γ0 cos 𝑁𝜃 + Γ1 cos 𝑁 − 2 𝜃 + ⋯ + Γ𝑛 cos 𝑁 − 2𝑛 𝜃 + ⋯

2𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
+ Γ𝑁/2
Γ 𝜃 = 2
Γ0 cos 𝑁𝜃 + Γ1 cos 𝑁 − 2 𝜃 + ⋯ + Γ𝑛 cos 𝑁 − 2𝑛 𝜃 + ⋯
2𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁 𝑜𝑑𝑑
+Γ 𝑁−1 /2 cos 𝜃
 Binomial Multi-section Matching Transformer
The passband response of a binomial matching transformer for a given number of
sections is as flat as possible near the design frequency.
Reflection coefficient of such a response is given by
−𝑗2𝜃 𝑁
Γ 𝜃 =𝐴 1+ 𝑒
−𝑗2𝜃 𝑁 𝑁
∴ Γ 𝜃 = 𝐴 1+ 𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
−𝑗𝜃 𝑁 𝑗𝜃 −𝑗𝜃 𝑁 𝑁
Γ 𝜃 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 = 𝐴 2 cos 𝜃

Γ 𝜃 = 2𝑁 𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑁

𝜋 𝜋
Γ 𝜃 = 0 for 𝜃 = and 𝑑 𝑛 Γ 𝜃 Τ𝑑𝜃 𝑛 = 0 at 𝜃 = for 𝑛 = 1,2 … … 𝑁 − 1
2 2
𝜋
𝜃 = 𝛽𝑙 = for 𝑙 = 𝜆Τ4 at the design frequency 𝑓0
2
 Binomial Multi-section Matching Transformer
Letting 𝑓 → 0 i.e.𝜃 = 𝛽𝑙 = 0, all sections are of zero electrical length.

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ 𝜃 = 0 = 2𝑁 𝐴 =
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

Thus, the constant 𝐴 can be determined as

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
𝐴= 2−𝑁
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
 Binomial Multi-section Matching Transformer
𝑁
On expanding Γ 𝜃 = 𝐴 1 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 using binomial expansion, we get

𝑁
𝑁
Γ 𝜃 = 𝐴 1 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 = 𝐴 ෍ 𝐶𝑛𝑁 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑛𝜃
𝑛=0
where,
𝑁!
𝐶𝑛𝑁 =
𝑁 − 𝑛 ! 𝑛!
On equating this response to the actual response, we get
𝑁

Γ 𝜃 = 𝐴 ෍ 𝐶𝑛𝑁 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑛𝜃 = Γ0 + Γ1 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃 + Γ2 𝑒 −𝑗4𝜃 + ⋯ + Γ𝑁 𝑒 −𝑗𝑁𝜃

𝑛=0
⇒ 𝐴𝐶𝑛𝑁 = Γ𝑛
 Binomial Multi-section Matching Transformer
Now
𝑍𝑛+1 − 𝑍𝑛
Γ𝑛 =
𝑍𝑛+1 + 𝑍𝑛
𝑍𝑛+1 𝑥−1
∵ ≈ 1 and ln 𝑥 ≃ 2 for 𝑥 close to unity,
𝑍𝑛 𝑥+1
1 𝑍𝑛+1
Γ𝑛 ≃ ln
2 𝑍𝑛
𝑍𝑛+1
⇒ 2Γ𝑛 = ln
𝑍𝑛
𝑍𝑛+1 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 𝑁
⇒ ln = 2𝐴𝐶𝑛𝑁 = 2 2−𝑁 𝐶𝑛
𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
𝑍𝑛+1 −𝑁 𝑁
𝑍𝐿
⇒ ln ≃ 2 𝐶𝑛 ln
𝑍𝑛 𝑍0
 Binomial Multi-section Matching Transformer
Let Γ𝑚 be the maximum value of the reflection coefficient that can tolerated over the
passband

1/𝑁
𝑁 𝑁 −1 1 Γ𝑚
Γ𝑚 = 2 𝐴 cos 𝜃𝑚 ⇒ 𝜃𝑚 = cos
2 𝐴

𝜋
where 𝜃𝑚 < , is the lower edge of the passband.
2

Therefore, the fractional bandwidth can be obtained as

1/𝑁
∆𝑓 2 𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑚 4𝜃𝑚 4 1 Γ𝑚
= =2− = 2 − cos −1
𝑓0 𝑓0 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝐴
 Impedance matching with Tapered lines
Let the impedance 𝑍of the line varies
with 𝑧 as shown
Let the tapered line being made up of
incremental line lengths ∆𝑧 as shown.
𝑍𝐿
𝑍 + Δ𝑍 − 𝑍 Δ𝑍 𝑍0 𝑍(𝑧)
∆Γ = ≃
𝑍 + Δ𝑍 + 𝑍 2𝑍
For ∆𝑧 → 0, 0 𝐿 𝑧
𝑑𝑍 1 𝑑 ln 𝑍Τ𝑍0 𝑍 Z+∆𝑍
𝑑Γ = = 𝑑𝑧
2𝑍 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 + ∆𝑧

𝑑 ln 𝑍Τ𝑍0 𝑍0 1 𝑑𝑍 𝑑𝑍
Note that: 𝑑𝑧= 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑍𝐿 is considered to be a resistive
𝑑𝑧 𝑍 𝑍0 𝑑𝑧 𝑍
load
 Impedance matching with Tapered lines

𝑑𝑍 1 𝑑 ln 𝑍Τ𝑍0
𝑑Γ = = 𝑑𝑧
2𝑍 2 𝑑𝑧
By theory of small reflection, the total reflection coefficient at
𝑧 = 0 is given by
1 𝐿 −2𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑑 ln 𝑍Τ𝑍0
Γ= න 𝑒 𝑑𝑧
2 0 𝑑𝑧
For a given 𝑍 𝑧 we can find Γ
 Exponential Taper
𝑍 𝑧 = 𝑍0 𝑒 𝛼𝑧 for 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝐿
1 𝑍𝐿
Since 𝑍 𝑧 = 𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝑒 𝛼𝐿 , therefore, 𝛼 = ln
𝐿 𝑍0
1 𝐿 −2𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑑 ln 𝑍Τ𝑍0
We have seen Γ = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑑𝑧
1 𝐿 −2𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑑 ln 𝑒 𝛼𝑧 1 𝐿 −2𝑗𝛽𝑧
Therefore, Γ = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑧 = 𝛼 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑑𝑧 2

1 𝑍𝐿 𝐿 −2𝑗𝛽𝑧 1 𝑍𝐿 −𝑗𝛽𝐿 sin 𝛽𝐿

Γ = ln න 𝑒 𝑑𝑧 = ln 𝑒
2𝐿 𝑍0 0 2 𝑍0 𝛽𝐿
 Exponential Taper
1 𝑍𝐿 −𝑗𝛽𝐿 sin 𝛽𝐿
Γ = ln 𝑒
2 𝑍0 𝛽𝐿
It may be noted that here 𝛽 is assumed
to be not a function of 𝑧.

Peak values of Γ decreases with 𝐿 and Γ

the length should greater than 𝜆Τ2 to
minimize mismatch at low frequency.

𝐿Τ𝜆