Differentia equation of & Vector Calculus (MA1201)

Unit-II Differential Equations of Higher order and Higher Degree

I. Find the general solution (C.F.) of the following equations.
1. Y11 –y1 -2y =0. Ans: y= c1e2x + c2e-x
2. (D3-9D2 +23D -15)y =0. Ans: y = c1ex + c2e3x + c3e5x
3. (4D2 -4D +1)y =0. Ans: y = (c1 + c2x)ex/2
√3
4. (D2 +D +1)y =0. Answer: y = e -x/2(c1Cos x +
2
√3
c2Sin x)
2
5. (D3-2D2 -3D)y =0. Answer: y = c1 + c2e3x + c3e-x
Home work
6. Y11 + 2y1 =0. Answer: y = c1 + c2e-2x
7. (D2 -6D +13)y =0. Answer: y = e3x(c1Cos2x + c2Sin2x)
8. (4D3+4D2 +D)y =0. Answer: y = (c1 + c2x)e-x/2 + c3
9.
II. Equations of the form f(D) = ∅(𝒙) when ∅(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 where a is constant
e2x
1. (D2 + 4D +3)y = e2x Answer: y = c1e-x + c2e-3x +
15
2 x 2x e−x xex
2. (D - 3D +2)y = Coshx . Answer: y = c1e + c2e + -
12 2
3. (D2 + 6D +9)y = 2e−3x . Answer: y = (c1 + c2 x)e-3x + 𝑥 𝑒 2 −3𝑥

Home work.
ex
4. (D2 + 5D +6)y = ex . Answer: y = c1e-2x + c2e-3x +
12
e5x
5. (D2 -3D +2)y = e5x . Answer: y = c1ex + c2e2x +
12
3𝑥e2x
6. (D2 - 4)y = 3e2x - 4e−2x. Answer: y= c1e-2x + c2e2x + + xe−2x
4

III. Equations of the form f(D) = ∅(𝒙) when ∅(𝒙) = Sinax or Cosax where a is
constant
(9Sin3x+7Cos3x)
1. (D2 - 3D +2)y = Cos3x. Ans: y = c1ex + c2e2x -
130
e−3x xSin4x
2. (D2+16)y=e−3x +Cos4x. Ans: y=c1Cos4x +c2Sin4x+ +
25 8
Cosx−2Sinx
3. (D2-2D+2)y=ex +Cosx. Ans: y=ex(c1Cosx+c2Sinx)+ + ex
5
 𝐶𝑜𝑠3𝑥 xSinx
4. (D2 +1)y = Sin2xSinx. Ans: y=c1Cosx +c2Sinx+ +
16 4

Home work:
5. (D2 + 4)y = ex + Sin2x + Cos2x. A
ex 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 xSin2x
Ans: y= c1Cos2x +c2Sin2x + - +
5 4 4
2 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛3𝑥
6. (D + 9)y = Cos3x. Ans: y = c1Cos3x +c2Sin3x +
6
2 −x
7. (D + 3D +2)y = e + Cosx
(3Sinx+Cosx)
Ans: y= c1e-x + c2e-2x – xe-x +
10

IV. Equations of the form f(D) = ∅(𝒙) when ∅(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒏 , n is a positive integer.
1. (D2 -3D +2)y = 2x 2 . Ans: y = c1ex + c2e2x – x2 + 3x + 7/2
1 25𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
2. (D3 –D2 -6D)y = 1 + x 2 . Ans: y= c1e3x + c2e-2x +c3 - ( − + −
6 18 6 3
5
)
18
3. (D2 + 3D +2)y = e−x + Cosx + x 2 .
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+7 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥+3𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
Ans: y = c1e-x + c2e-2x – e-x + +
4 10
Home work:
4. (D2 -6D +9)y = 54x + 18. Ans: y= (c1 + c2x)e3x +6x +6
8𝑥 2 −20𝑥+21
5. (D2 + 5D +4)y = x 2 . Ans: y = c1e-x + c2e-4x +
32
2 2 -x 2
6. (D + 2D +1)y = 1 + x . Ans: y= (c1 + c2x)e + x -4x +7

V. Equations of the form f(D) = ∅(𝒙) when ∅(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑽, V is a function of x .

𝑒 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
1. (D2 - 2D +4)y = ex Cosx. Ans: y=ex(c1Cos√3x + c2Sin√3x) +
2
𝑒 3𝑥
2. (D2 - 2D +1)y = x 2 e3x . Ans: y= (c1 + c2x)ex + (2x2 -4x +3)
8

Home work:
𝑒𝑥𝑥5
3. (D3 - 3D2 + 3D - 1)y = x 2 ex . Ans: y = (c1+c2x + c3x2)ex +
60
3x
4. (D – 6D + 13)y = 8e Sin2x.
2

Ans:y=e3x(c1Cos2x + c2Sin2x) -2xe3xCos2x

 VI. Equations of the form f(D) = ∅(𝒙) when ∅(𝒙) = xV, V is a function of x.
𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
1. (D2 + 2D +1)y = xCosx. Ans: y= (c1 + c2x)e-x + +
2 2
2 x x 𝑥
2. (D - 2D +1)y = xe Sinx. Ans: y= (c1 + c2x)e - 𝑒 (2𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥)
(1−𝑥 2 )𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
3. (D2 - 1)y = x 2 Cosx. Ans: y = c1e-x + c2ex + xSinx +
2

Home work:

4. (D2 - 1)y = xSinx + x 2 ex .

𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+3)
Ans:y=c1e-x+c2ex - +
2 12
2 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
5. (D + 4)y = xSinx. Ans: y = c1Cos2x + c2Sin2x + − .
3 9

Method of Variation of parameters:

1. (D2 + 1)y = Cosecx. Ans: y = c1Cosx +c2Sinx -xCosx + sinxlog(sinx).

2. (D2 + 𝑎2 )y = Tanax.
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
Ans:y =c1Cosax + c2Sinax - 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥|
𝑎2

Home work:

3. (D2 + 4)y = Sec2x.

𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
Ans: y = c1Cos2x + c2Sin2x + +
2 4

Homogeneous Linear Equations (Euler-Cauchy’s Linear equations)

1. (𝑥 2 𝐷 2 − 4𝑥𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . Ans: y = 𝑐1𝑥 3 + 𝑐2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

2. (𝑥 2 𝐷 2 − 3𝑥𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)2 .
1 𝑥 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
Ans: y = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑥 2 + + 2𝑥 +
4 2

Homework:

3. (𝑥 2 𝐷 2 − 𝑥𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. Ans: Ans: y = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )𝑥 + 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

Legendre’s Linear equations:

1. [(𝑥 + 1)2 𝐷 2 − 3(𝑥 + 1)𝐷 + 4)]𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1.

1 1
Ans: y = [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log(1 + 𝑥 )](1 + 𝑥 )2 + 2 [log(1 + 𝑥 )]2(1 + 𝑥)2 − (1 + 𝑥 ) + 4
2. [(2𝑥 − 1)3𝐷 3 + (2𝑥 − 1)𝐷 − 2)]𝑦 = 𝑥
√3 √3
Ans: y = 𝑐1(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐2(2𝑥 − 1)(1+ 2 ) +𝑐3(2𝑥 − 1)(1− 2 ) –
(2𝑥−1)log(2𝑥−1) 1
−
12 4

Homework:

3. [(𝑥 + 1)2 𝐷 2 + (𝑥 + 1)𝐷 + 1)]𝑦 = 4Coslog(1+x).

Ans: y = c1Coslog(1+x) + c2Sinlog(1+x) + 2log(1+x)Sinlog(1+x)