Lecture 4

§ Elementary Matrices .

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*=
Rz-3122+212 ,

÷÷
13×3

§ !)
-

Rz → Rz -1214

I:
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!
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Def :
If we
perform a
Sayle elementary row
operation
on an
identity matrix I ,
then the result
called
is an
elementary matrix .

Theorem : Let E be an
elementary matrix o b found
by
performing element new
operation 102 on
any
an

I.C
identity matrix) .

If we perform the
same element row
operation WAR on A then
ay
-

matrix is
the
resulting EA .

w÷::÷m::÷JRz

Rz ⇐ Ri
→ 5 R2

y
§ ,
If
£9]
"
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, ]
 [3-31]
Ee : a- =

① R, Rz
② Rz 3122+312 ,
③ Rz -3-2122

to]
① Ri RZE ,

② Rz→RzT3R
↳ ]
O
,
Ez -

③ Rz→ -2122
Ez

ARE #
-1%1-3323=[3%-3]
=

Az EA 7) [1%3]=[6%75]
-

As Es 's
-8%361%33=[62-8]
-

B- Estate
Es ? off:b ]
'
 BATE 's ] [73-3]=[6%-3] -
as .

Az =
Ez Ez E A
,
.

Yo Yo)
Exe : E =
Rs BB
→ -

414
q

#sxs
£2,708 ]=
Rz → Rst 4th or =
'
E
,

'

Egg Eog ?]
⇐ ⇐

Ex.
-
-
.

'

[0%9]
EE =

'
the
E is inverse
of E !
( make Than Aes
Def of inverse If : A-is an nxa x.

invertible if I am uxa mate x B St

ABEBA =L )
 invertible
Theorem :

Elementary matrices are

Theorem : Air mate x

au n xn then the
following
are equivalent -

① A is invertible
② A a = b- has unique solution for all off to
③ Az = o has
only the trivial solution
④ A can be roar reduced to an
identity matrix .

CE O±④±①)
not be C .

③ ④ suppose A- a = o has
only trivialsolution .

Let U be the reduced echelon four A

of .

Siree there is
only one Sol to the above systa A a o
-
-

sole to the linear

there is
only one system 0a = o

column of U is a pint Col

Beng
.
U hes a
liuadiy variable e n colleens . an sous .

U= Ima
A can be now reduced to anther identitymatrix .

④ ① suppose A can be row reeked to I then I

elementary matrices E Ee s 't

'

n - -
s

Ek . - -

EZE A ,
=
I
 ⑧ =
Ek - - -

EZE , BA -
I .

§ .

Computing iaveaes
of axa
mate's A .

A- is an invertible Then is B s - t ABE Luan .

* a

.÷÷g÷7÷÷ : : :D A-
T
i
a- an

B Ek bad
JEE
-
I
ee]
-
- - -
.
-
- -
. -

A bi =
first road of the matrix AB = e,

A-be Second
-
ad ' I
⇐ Ez
-
n

"

I
"

"

A-bys nth lol =

ee

be is a solution to the limas system Aa - et

A I ⇐
be
' '
=

:
I

A- It
ed
by "
 Solve A z e ee we take the augmented system
reduced
fee .
.
-
as I Ei ] → echelon form .

Consider Fae .
.
. .
as I ee .
. .
ee
]
[A 1 I) → row reeked echelon
four
will be
[I I ]
'
A-
.

§ 's]
A
Exe :
=

*
ft 's i . :]
-
- '

R 2 R
→ Rz g
-

Io : i. 's ] .

Rz → c- A Rz

co : ;
R -3 Rz
Rq →
,

[ i. I ? ] talk
'

o ? .
 EFE Eo :]
*B -
-

BA
[ ?]
-

EEE f) !
: A -
-

CAII ] =

I ÷ ! ! !? )
Rz -3122--1312
,

Rs → Rs -
er
,

I ; 3%9 )
's
'

:3 r
. *
-

on

'

⇐ I .is ;÷÷]¥I¥¥
[ I :3 ! !: g)
' '
m→*.
 '

i' ios .

: :D
*

[0%7]
BA -

[§ I -3,2 ]
±: A Fred
if # exists?
=
wivern
,

! ÷ ! I :?)
Eaters
fi
- -

, .

Rz → Rz -
Z R
,

Rz →
Rst 3 R,

I :÷÷i÷
Rz → Rz 52122
 ii.÷,
Ths mate x does not have an increase .