Lecture 2

§ System of linear equations .

Exe : 3×+4 10
y } linear system of
-

2×+38 12 equations
y
=

solution b- a linear ordered set carb )

system is a

s -
t 3at4b= 10 and 291-86--12

¥
i solution .

Case)
•

A
system of lucas equations is collection of
Def : a

equations of the
four
toyzxzt rt Ain Xue b ,
Ag x - - -

Az , tazzxzt b2
⑧
X, -
-
-

t 92N Xu -

'

mix , tamzxzt -
- -
t Amu xn bum
 aij IE item b. n -
-
sbm are all constants
iejemnr ( real or

complex)
and Xi . . .
, Xu are variables ( unknowns)

•
A- solution ( s . . .
.
.su ) is an ordered set of n

numbers set
smh that if we Xi
-
-
si Kien

then the above

system is satisfied .

i. e
;
a- is ,t aizsz t -
- - t Ansar - bi leisner

ELI : 3xt4y= 10 .
①
2x toy 12 -
②
① x C-2) - 6×-8
y = -
20

12
② 2X +
8cg =

-41=-8

sub x=z in ① ( or②) to get 31231-491=10

€2 : Ox -

goy - o ①
-3×+5
y =
8 ②
① Gx -

log = O .

-6×+10 y
② xz =
16
-0=16 ← makes no sense !
 No solutions

Ex→ : 4X t 10J =
14 ①
- 6 X -
15
y x -

21 ② .

① X 312 txt 15
y = 21
6x 15g 21
② =
- -
-

O = O

E
x =
-

Ey .

x=
7/2-5/2 s
y = s .

← free parameter .

Theorem : A
system of levees equation has
① no solutions
② unique solution
③ infinitely solutions
many
.

II. EA
→

¥¥ .
 § Soley a
system of linear equation .

§
Elementary Operators .

Thereare3
elementary operators
① Interchange the position of two equation
② Multiply an equation by a nonnew contorta
③ Add multipleof one equation to another
a .

# These
elementary operations do not changethe
solution set .

IIT Waite ④ in the fog matrix foam

A- Ee = b

÷÷÷÷÷
.

. .
M Xn
 t Ain Xu
A Z Ay x taczxzt

§m
- - -

= ,

X, t 922×27 -
t 92N Xy
92,
-
-

× annexe - -
tamu
, ,

mxl

i:÷÷÷:÷÷ii÷s:÷÷÷ .

•
If b, =
be . . =bm= 0 then we
say
that the
system
is
Homogeneous
•
If the linear system s not
homogeneous iste called
a non -

homogeneous system .

Ef : 2x , -

3×2+10×3 =
-
2

X
,
-

2 Xz t 3×3 =
-
Z

XI +3 Xz 1- XS =
4 .
 [I 3g ? ! ;})
's Augmented form .

33 Y :?)
interchanges :
'

Added tins Rool b- Roo 2

i
:*:
Add Rool to Roos

i. Iii:S
Add c- 1) times Row 2 to Row 3

Is
'

i
 X 2X z t 3 Xz =
-
Z
y
-

X
z t 4 Xz = 2

← free parameter
Xz = s

Xz = 2- 4S

X = 2 -
ll S
, .

filed tale these solutions into the augural geter

-

z La its) 312 -
4S) t IO S 4 ZLS -6-1125+105 = -2
- -
= -

← -
ll )
s -
2
(2- as) +3 s =
2 -
Ils -
4+8 s t 35 = -
2

(2- lls ) +3 ( z 4S) +s 4

-2 +1 is 6 its -15
-
= =
a -

Def Elementary Row operations

:

①
hlerchaye two rows

① Multiply a row
by a
nonzero contact a

③ Replace a row with a sum

of that row and tie

scalar multiple of another row .

•
Equivalent mataias : Two matrices are equivalent if
one can be obtained from the

other
tanager a
sequence of elementary now
operations .

→ Hence equivalent augmented matai as corresponds to

equivalent systems .
 Theorem equivalent
Two
system of linear equation had
:

the sane solution .

• A matrix is in echelon foam if

①
Envy leading team column to the
left of
-

is in a

leading team below d-

-

tar
of the row

⑥ Any aero rows are at the bottom

of the matai x .

•
For a matrix in echelon fam the pivot positions
, .

are those that contain a

leadingteen .

•
pivot columns are the columns that contain post
portions .

Ee : 2x , -

2×2-6 xzt Xp =3

-
Xi t
Xz +3 Xz -

Xy = -

3
X
y
-

2×2
-

X
z -1×4 =
2

! :D
momma.
Ei I÷
II]
" ' '

III. y
s
'
Rz -SRztR ,
Rz →
Rg - 212
,

Rz →
Rz -12122

⇐ ÷ :÷i
2
X
, -2×2 -

Xz f- Xp =

Xz +2×3 = -

-3×4=3
-
Xy =

Xz=$ xz.ee/t2SX,--It5S