SD-WAN Terminologies:

Bandwidth:
Network bandwidth refers to the speed of a link or interface, in bits per second (bps). Think
bandwidth as speed, it helps to also think of bandwidth as the capacity of the link. Network
bandwidth is capacity of link how many bits can be sent over the link per second. Network
bandwidth is measured in number of bits that can be transmitted in single second. Network
bandwidth is measured in number of bits transmitted int bits per second (bps). Network device
may be described as having capability to perform at 10 gigabits per second.

Congestion:
Network Congestion occurs when the traffic flowing through a network exceeds its maximum
capacity. Congestion refers to when a network is overloaded with data like roads with cars.
Network congestion causes the Delay or Latency. Interface experiences congestion when it is
presented with more traffic than it can handle.

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Delay:
Delay or latency refers to time it takes for packet to travel from source to the destination. A
network delay is the amount of time required for one packet to go from its source to the
destination. Delay is the time it takes for data to move from one endpoint on the network to another.
The propagation delay is the amount of time a bit on the link needs to travel from the source to
the destination, where the speed is dependent on the medium of communication.

Time taken to put the data packet on the transmission link is called as transmission delay. Time
taken for one bit to travel from sender to receiver end of the link is called as propagation delay.
Time spent by the data packet waiting in the queue before it is taken for execution is called as
queuing delay. Time taken by the processor to process the data packet is called as processing
delay. It depends on the speed of the processor.

Jitter:
Variation in the delay of received packets. Jitter is the difference between the delays of the IP
packets. Jitter is the variation in delay of a streaming application. When the delay of latency of
the variate through the network it causes jitter. Jitter is the irregular time delay in the sending
of the data packets over the network. At sending side, packets are sent in continuous stream
with packets spaced evenly apart. Due to the network congestion, the improper queuing, or
the configuration errors. Delay & jitter need to be controlled minimized to support real-time &
interactive traffic. Number of seconds for disruption in data flow across network for each WAN
link over time.

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Latency:
Latency is the time required by a data packet to reach the destination from the source. Broadly,
the latency is the time elapsed between the execution of the two events. Latency is simply time
required to process messages at both source and destination ends. Latency is implying time
required to process and the delays generated in the given network. Latency is amount of time it
takes for packet to travel from point A to point B round-trip. One-way end-to-end delay, also
known as the network latency. Number of seconds for packet of data to travel across network
for each WAN link over time.

Packet Loss:
Packet loss occurs when your sent packets don’t reach their intended destination. Packet loss is
the failure of one or more transmitted packets (could be data, voice or video) to arrive at their
destination. Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer
network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is either caused by errors in data
transmission, typically across wireless networks or network congestion. Packet loss is measured
as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent. When congestion occurs, network
devices such as routers and switches can drop packets. Percentage of network data that failed
to reach its intended destination for each WAN link over time

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SLA:
SLA is a term which is stands for Service Level Agreement. Service Level Agreement is a formal
or informal contract between two parties. SLA uses active traffic monitoring to monitor
continuous traffic on the network. With IP SLAs, the FortiGate Firewall perform periodic
measurements. Service Level Agreement is feature of FortiGate Firewall that allows collecting
information. SLA is a feature to collect info about the performance of network in the real time.
which can be used to measure network performance. Continuously collect data about latency,
packet loss, jitter and response time.

SLA Targets:
The quality of service for the traffic associated with performance SLA is defined by the SLA
target. An SD-WAN member assigned to this performance SLA must meet the SLA target to get
selected over the other participating links. You can configure latency, Jitter and packet loss
thresholds to meet your needs and create granular SLA targets to fine tune SD-WAN for specific
applications.
Latency Threshold Latency for SLA to make decision, in milliseconds
(0 - 10000000, default = 5).
Jitter Threshold Jitter for SLA to make decision, in milliseconds
(0 - 10000000, default = 5).
Packet Loss Threshold Packet loss for SLA to make decision, in percentage
(0 - 100, default = 0).

Link Status:
The link status contains settings which specifies, how often a system checks the link status to
determine if it needs to transfer traffic to another link. The failure before an active and restore
link after setting prevents the system continuously sending traffic back and forth between links,
the condition known as flapping.

Link Quality Measurement:

The performance SLA or health checks measures the quality of links connected to the member
interface participating in a performance SLA. Three different criteria are used for these
measurements – latency, Jitter and Packet loss percentage.

Link Health Monitor:

It’s a mechanism which detects where the router on the path is stopped or degraded, FortiGate
can check health and status of each SD-WAN member interface participating in a performance
SLA, based on the detection mode you have selected.

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