Mineral & Energy Resources

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Minerals
A mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring
substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are

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found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest
diamond to the softest talc.
Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to
describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other
elements.
Minerals can be found in cracks, crevices, faults, or joints in igneous and
metamorphic rocks.
Minerals can be found in beds or layers in sedimentary rocks.
Minerals can be formed from the decomposition of surface rocks and the
removal of soluble constituents.

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Minerals can be found as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors
and the base of hills.
The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.
Classification of Minerals

Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the
production of metallic minerals.
Iron Ore
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of
iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It contains 50

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to 60% iron.
The major iron ore belts in India are:
Odisha-Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
Maharashtra-Goa belt
Manganese
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of
iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.

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Non-Ferrous Minerals
Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. These
minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and
electrical industries.
Copper
A malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and electricity.
Mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical
industries.
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in
Rajasthan and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading
producers of copper.
Bauxite
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a
wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has good
conductivity and great malleability.
Deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Non-Mettalic Minerals
Mica
Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can
be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
Mica is the most indispensable mineral used in the electric and
electronic industries.
Rock Minerals

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Limestone
Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates
or calcium and magnesium carbonates.
It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and
essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Conservation of Minerals
Recycling & Reuse: Conserve mineral resources by recycling
metals, plastics, and other materials.
Improved mining technologies: Reduce environmental impact and make

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mining more efficient.
Use of alternative materials: Use alternative materials instead of
minerals when possible.
Planned resource development: Governments and businesses should work
together to develop plans for the sustainable use of mineral resources.

Energy Resources
Energy resources can be classified as
Conventional Sources: It includes firewood,
cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and
electricity.
Non-Conventional Sources: It includes solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal, biogas and atomic energy
Conventional Sources of Energy
Coal
It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the
industry as well as for domestic needs.
Lignite is a low-grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.
Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is
bituminous coal.
Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.
Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro are important coalfields.
Petroleum

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It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and
raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic
textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production
areas in India.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is
considered an environment-friendly fuel.
The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of

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natural gas.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) is used in vehicles to replace
liquid fuels.
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the
Krishna-Godavari basin and Assam are major petroleum production
areas in India.
Electricity
The 2 main ways electricity is generated in India :
Hydroelectricity: Uses the power of running water to drive
turbines and generate electricity. It is a renewable resource.
Thermal power: Uses fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and
natural gas to drive turbines and generate electricity. It is a
non-renewable resource.
India has a number of hydroelectric power projects, such as
the Bhakra Nangal and Damodar Valley Corporation. It
also has a number of thermal power plants, which are
located in areas with abundant coal reserves.
Mnemonic
T - Thermal power
E - Electricity
TEN hp N - Natural gas
computer H - Hydroelectricity
P - Petrolium
Computer(C) - Coal
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

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Renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and
energy from waste material are called Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Nuclear/Atomic Energy
Nuclear Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic
or nuclear power.

Solar Energy
Solar energy is produced by the Sun’s light. Photovoltaic
technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
Wind Power

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Wind Energy or Power is the use of wind to generate electricity.
Wind turbines are used for this purpose. The largest wind farm
cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.
Biogas
Biogas is a type of biofuel that is naturally produced from the
decomposition of organic waste. Biogas is the most efficient use
of cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure.
Tidal Energy
Tidal energy harnesses tides for power, mainly electricity. In
India, Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kachchh (Gujarat), and
Sunderban (West Bengal) offer favorable sites for tidal energy
utilization.
Geo-Thermal Energy
When heat and electricity are produced by using the heat from
the interior of the earth, it is known as Geo-Thermal Energy. In
India, geothermal energy is harnessed from Parvati Valley near
Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and from Puga Valley, Ladakh.
Conservation of Energy Resources
Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport,
commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy. There is an urgent
need to develop a sustainable path for energy development. Here are some
ways that each one of us can contribute to saving energy resources:
Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles
Switching off electricity when not in use
Using power-saving devices.
Using non-conventional sources of energy
 PYQs

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1.Why are there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms,
lustre and density found in minerals?
2.How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
3.How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
4.Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged?
5.How are ‘Gobar gas plants’ beneficial to the farmers?

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6.Where is the largest solar plant located in India?
7.Name the industry which uses limestone as its main raw material.
8.How is energy an indispensable requirement of our modern life?
Explain with three examples.
9.Mention any three characteristics of ferrous group of minerals
found in India.
10.Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional sources of
energy in India? Explain any three reasons.
11.Make a distinction between hydroelectricity and thermal
electricity stating three points of distinction.
12.“Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.” Comment.
13.Mention any three major iron-ore belts of India. Write any three
characteristics of the southernmost iron-ore belt.
14.Classify energy resources into two categories. Give two examples of
each.
15.Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with
examples.

*NOTE : Worksheet [Important Questions Of All typology with

Answers) is provided as Seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com*