Basics Of Operating Systems

Basic Outline
Operating System

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware.

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Examples Of Linux OS

1. Debian

2. Gentoo

3. Ubuntu

4. Linux Mint

5. Red Hat Enterprise Linux

6.Fedora
Why do we need operating system

The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer.

It performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process management, handling input and
output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Advantages Of OS

Some advantages of operating systems are listed below:

• Computing Source.
• User-Friendly Interface.
• Resource Sharing.
• No Coding Lines.
• Safeguard of Data.
• Software Update.
• Multitasking.
• Sharing Resources.
Examples Of latest OS Of Mobiles

Android

iOS

Symbian

Windows Phone

BlackBerry OS

webOS
 Difference Between Unix & Linux

Linux Unix
The Broader public has access to the Linux source The source code for Unix is private.
code.
Bourne Shell is the Unix shell.
BASH is Linux's default shell.
Wait time for the correct bug-fixing patch is longer
Linux offers quick threat identification and for Unix users.
resolution.
The Unix versions HP-UX, AIS, BSD, etc. are
The important Linux releases are Redhat, Ubuntu, significant ones.
OpenSource, and Solaris.
Most servers, workstations, and PCs run Unix.
Numerous devices run Linux, including desktops,
Unix is a licensed OS.
servers, cellphones, and mainframes.
The use of Linux is free.
History Of Operating System

Zeroth Generation – Mechanical Moving Parts

The first digital computer was designed by Charles Babbage (1791) an English
mathematician.

It had a mechanical design where wheels, gears, cogs,etc. were used.

History Of Operating System

Disadvantage:
This computer was slow and unreliable, This design could not really become very popular.
Operating System was no present such kind of this machine.
History Of Operating System

First Generation – Vaccum Tubes (1945-1955)

Around 1945, Howward Aiken at Harvard, John Von Neumann at Princeton, J.Eckert
and William Mauchely at the University of Pennsylvania, and K.Z use in Germany
succeeded in designing calculating machines with vaccum tubes as the central
components.
The firstcomputers used vaccum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of the first- generation computing
devices.
The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client.
History Of Operating System

These machine were huge expensive and their use generated a great deal of heat.
Water cooling pipe were used to cool such systems.
The vaccum tubes also get damaged very fast.
During one run of computer 10000-20000 tubes could be wasted.
Programming was done in machine language and generally batch processing was done.
It was not at all user friendly.
Hence Machine Language is called as first generation language.
History Of Operating System

Some computers of this generation were −

ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650

Advantages:
These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
They could perform computations in miliseconds.
History Of Operating System

Disadvantages:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported machine language only
Very costly
Generated a lot of heat
Slow input and output devices
Huge size
Need of AC
Non-portable
Consumed a lot of electricity
 History Of Operating System

Second Generation – Transistor (1955-1965) – Single User System

In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more
compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of
vacuum tubes.
Second generation computers moved from binary machine language to symbolic or
assembly languages, which allows programmers to special instructions in word.
Also, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic
disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.
History Of Operating System

New Feature Introduced with Second Generation:

The IBM- 1401 had to have a program which interpreted the print images from
the tape and actually printed the report.
Sequential file were used during this period.
Also there was the introduction of a library of standard routines.
For e.g. the Input Output Control System was developed in an assembly
language of the IBM-1401, called ‘Autocoder’ and was supplied with the
hardware.
The concept of a system call was introduced.
Transaction Processing was introduced.
History Of Operating System

Advantages:
Use of transistors
Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Supported machine and assembly languages
History Of Operating System

Disadvantages:
Commercial production was difficult and costly.
AC required
Frequent maintenance required
History Of Operating System
Third Generation

The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated
circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system
were used.
High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68
etc.) were used during this generation.
History Of Operating System

Advantages:
IC used
More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
Smaller size
Generated less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Consumed lesser electricity
Supported high-level language
History Of Operating System

Disadvantages:
Air Conditioning required in many cases.
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.
History Of Operating System
Fourth Generation- 1980 – Till Date – (Large Scale
Integration (LSI)):
The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their
associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution.
In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were
used.
All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
History Of Operating System

Advantages:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PCs
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No AC required
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available
History Of Operating System

Disadvantages:
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of LSI chips.
 History Of Operating System
Fifth Generation – Present and Further
The ULSI (ultra large scale integration) technology is used in this generation of computers.
Natural language processing is now in its fifth phase of development.
In this generation’s computers, artificial intelligence has progressed.
Parallel processing has advanced on these computers.
The fifth-generation computer includes more user-friendly interfaces and multimedia functions.
These PCs can be purchased for a lower price.
Computers that are more portable and powerful.
Computers are dependable and less expensive.
It’s easier to manufacture in a commercial setting.
Desktop computers are straightforward to operate.
Mainframe computers are extremely efficient.
History Of Operating System

Advantages of Fifth Generation of Computer

These computers are far quicker than previous generations.
These computers are simpler to repair.
These computers are substantially smaller in size than other generation computers.
They are lightweight and easy to move.
True artificial intelligence is being developed.
Parallel Processing has progressed.
Superconductor technology has progressed.
History Of Operating System

Disadvantages of Fifth Generation of Computer

They’re usually sophisticated but could be difficult to use.
They can give businesses additional power to monitor your activities and potentially infect
your machine.