PLACENTATION

The arrangement of ovule bearing cushions (Placenta) or ovules in the ovary of a

flowering plant is called as placentation. The different types of placentation found in plants
are
1. Marginal placentation: Ovary is one chambered and monocarpellary. The placenta
forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on the
ridge. Example: Peas
2. Axile placentation: The ovary is multilocular and bi to multicarpellary. There is
ingrowth of the septa from the margins of the fusing carpels towards the centre of
the ovary where they meet. The placenta is axial and the ovules are found in each
locule. Example: China rose, lemon and orange.
3. Parietal placentation: In this type of placentation, the ovules develop on the inner
wall of the ovary. Ovary has a single chamber (unilocular) and is bi to
multicarpellary. Carpels fuse by the margins but do not form septa. There may be a
false septum in some cases. example: Mustard and argemone.
4. Free central placentation: Ovary is multicarpellary and unilocular. Placenta develops
as upgrowth from the ovary base. The ovules are borne on the central axis. The
septum is absent in this type of placentation. Example: ,39:8 and primrose.
5. asal placentation: In this type of placentation, the placenta is situated at the base
of the ovary and a single ovule (or a few ovules) is attached to it. Ovary is bi to
multicarpellary and unilocular. Example: Sunflower.
6. Superficial placentation - Placenta are present all over the inner wall of the ovary
including the septa. Ovary is multicarpellary and mulilocular. Example - Nymphaea.

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Aestivation
The arrangement of sepals (or petals) in relation to one another in a flowr bud is called as
aestivation. There are following types of aestivation -
1. Open - Sepals (or petals) in a whorl are apart from each other. They do not touch
each other. (example - Mustard)
2. Valvate - Sepals or petals meet by their edges but do not overlap. (example -
Calotropis)
This aestivation has three subtypes -
a) Induplicate - Margins projected inwards
b) Reduplicate - Margins projected outwards
c) Involute - Margins rolled inwards
3. Twisted - The margins or sepals or petals are overlapping regularly. One margin of a
sepal (or petal) is overlapping the next sepal (or petal) and the other margin is being
overlapped by previous petal. Twisting may be clockwise or anti clockwise. (example
China Rose)
4. Imbricate - Margins of petals are overlapping irregularly. Out of 5, one petal is
completely internal, one external and the remaining three have one margin internal
and one margin external. (example - Murraya)
5. Ascending imbricate - It is imbricate aestivation with posterior petal internal. It is
being overlapped by lateral petals which are being overlapped by anterior petals.
(example - Cassia)
6. Descending imbricate (Vexillary) - It is imbricate aestivation with posterior petal
external. It is the largest petal that overlaps two lateral petals called wings while the
wings overlap the anterior petals. (Pea & Gram are examples)
7. Quincuncial - It is a modified form of imbricate aestivation. Two petal are external,
two are internal and fifth one has one margin external and one margin internal.