Topik 4  Linear

Kinetics of
Human
Movement

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the topic, you should be able to:

1. Explain Newton’s three law of motion;
2. Apply Newton’s law in the specific movement of sports;
3. Calculate the value of forces applied in any sports movement;
4. Elaborate different type of forces;
5. Explain the relationship between impulse and momentum; and
6. Define impact.

 INTRODUCTION

What can people do to improve traction when walking on a slippery path way in
the street or in the building? Why do some balls bounce higher on one surface
than on another? Why different type of balls bounce higher compared to the
other? Why do some balls travel longer distance after being hit? How can rugby
defence push larger opponents backward?
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 2

In this chapter, the topic of kinetics will be introduced with a discussion of some
important basic concepts and principles relating to linear kinetics.

NEWTON’S LAW
4.1

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) discovered many of fundamental

relationship that forms the foundation for the field of modern mechanics. He
formulated three laws of motion that explain why objects move as they do.
Although all of these laws cannot be proved on earth, even in ideal experimental
situations, they are accepted as universal truths to explain the effect of force.

4.1.1 Law of Inertia

This Newton’s first law which is also known as law of inertia states that;

A body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on

by an external force that changes the state.

This means that an object at rest remains at rest, and once in motion will continue
at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted on by a net force that alters either
the speed or the direction of the motion.
We assume that a piece of furniture such as a table will maintain a fixed position
unless pushed or pulled by a person exerting a net force to cause its motion. In
this case, the force mentioned is a kind of external force.

Picture of a static table or furniture in the living room...

 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 3

4.1.2 Law of Acceleration

Newton’s second law of motion is an expression of the interrelationships among

force, mass and acceleration. This law, known as the law of acceleration, may be
stated as follows:

A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a

magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and
inversely proportional to the body's mass.

Example: When a ball is thrown, kicked, or struck with an implement, it tends to

travel in the direction of the line of action of the applied force. Similarly the
greater the amount of force applied, the greater the speed the ball has.
Formula;
F= ma

F = force
m= mass (kg)
a = acceleration (ms-²)

Sample problem:
How much force must be applied by a worker to move a 300 kg load an
acceleration of 2 m/s²?

F = 100 kg X 2 m/s²
F = 200 kg.m/s²
F = 200 N
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 4

1.1.3 Law of Reaction

The third of Newton's laws of motion states that the reaction force accompanies
every applied force:

"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction"

In the terms of forces, the law is stated as;

When one body exerts a force on a second, the second body exerts a
reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
on the first body.

Example: When a person leans with a hand against a rigid wall, the wall pushes
back on the hand with a force that is equal and opposite to the exerted by the hand
on the wall. This implies that forces always exist pairs. Every time there is a push,
there has to be a push back without the reactive force that would be no motion.
In high jump event, as the jumper pushed down the ground, the ground pushes
back.

Sample problem:
A 90 kg ice hockey player collides head on with an 80 kg ice hockey player. If the
first player exerts a force of 450 N on the second player, how much force exerted
by the second player on the first?
Picture of the collision head on in ice hockey
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 5

m1 = 90 kg
m2 = 80 kg
F1 = 450 N
Solution
This problem does not require computation because according to Newton’s Third
law of motion, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If the force
exerted by the first player on the second has a magnitude of 450 N and a positive
direction, then the force exerted by the second player on the first has a magnitude
of 450 N and a negative direction.
= - 450 N

1.1.4 Law of Gravitation

Newton’s discovery of the law of universal gravitation was one of the most
significant contributions to the scientific Revolution and is considered as the mark
of modern science. Newton’s thoughts on gravitation were provoked by his
observation of a falling apple.

Newton’s law of gravitation states the following:

All bodies are attracted to one another with a force proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.

Expressed algebraically, the law reduces to:

F α m1m2
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 6

d²
F = the force acting on each particle
m1 and m2 = their respective masses, and
d² = the distance between them

The one body whose effect on others cannot be disregarded, and the one that
makes consideration of Newton’s law or gravitation of some significance in the
analysis of sports techniques, is the earth. The attraction that the earth has for all
other bodies is known as the gravity.

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BODIES IN CONTACT

4.2

According to Newton’s third law of motion, for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction. However, consider the case of a cow hitched to a cart. According to
Newton’s third law, when the cow exerts a force on the cart to cause forward motion, the
cart exerts a backward force of equal magnitude on the cow. Try to consider the cow and
the cart as a single mechanical system, if the two forces are equal in magnitude and
opposite direction, their vector sum should be zero.

How does the cow and the cart system achieve forward motion? There should another
force present and acts with a different magnitude on the cart than on the cow. This force is
called friction force.

Picture of kereta lembu

4.2.1 Friction
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 7

The force that opposes effort to slide or roll one over another. Force acting over the area
of contact between two surfaces in the direction opposite that of motion tendency.
Without friction it would to be impossible to move. Smooth surfaces have less friction
then rough surfaces. Friction is proportional to the force pressing two surfaces together.
Starting friction is greater than sliding friction. It takes less forces to keep something
sliding than it does to start it sliding. There are numerous examples in which we attempt
to increase friction for more effective performance.

An examples:
a. To increase friction for more effective performance
Use of rubber soled shoes on hardwood floor or wet decks, spike on golf shoes
that can improve with supporting surfaces.

b. To decrease friction for more effective performance

Sharp ice skate apply pressure on the ice and cause slight melting thus making it
easier for the skates to move across the ice.

a) Maximum static friction

Refers to maximum amount of friction that can be generated between two static
surface. This means that as the magnitude of the applied forces to push the heavy
box on the floor becomes greater and greater, the magnitude of opposing friction
force also increases to a certain critical point. At that point the friction force
present is termed maximum static friction (Fm). If the magnitude of the applied
forces increased beyond this value, motion will occur (the box will slide).

Fa

Fm

b) Kinetic friction
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 8

Once the box is in motion, an opposing friction force continues to act. The
friction force present during motion is reffered to as kinetic friction (Fk). Kinetic
friction is a constant-magnitude friction generated between two surfaces in
contact during motion.

c) Coefficient of friction (µ)

What factors determine the amount of applied force needed to move an object?
More force is requiered to move a refrigerator than to move the empty box. More
forces is also needed to slide the refrigerator across the carpeted floor than to do a
cross a smoth linoleum floor. Two factors govern the magnitude of the force of
maximum static friction or kinetic friction in any situation : the coefficient of
friction (mu - µ).

The coeffecient of friction is a number that serve as an index or a unitless number

indicating the relative ease of sliding, or the amount of mechanical and
molecular interaction between two surfaces in contact. Factors influencing the
value of µ are the relative roughness and hardness of the surfaces in contact.

d) Normal reaction force (R)

Is the force acting perpendicular to two surfaces in contact. It is represented by R.

Sample problem:
The coefficient of static friction between a sled (200N) and the snow is 0.16. How
much force directed parallel to the horizontal surface is required to start the sled in
motion?
µ = 0.16
wt = 200 N

Solution
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 9

To start the sled in motion, the applied force must exceed the force of maximum static
friction:
Fm = µR
Fm = 0.16 X 200N
Fm = 32 N

4.2.2 Momentum

A momentum (M) is a quantity of motion of the body or object possesses. It is equal to

the product of the body mass and the velocity. The magnitude of a body or object
momentum depends on its mass and velocity. An arrow which is being shot at high
velocity has a great momentum although it has a relatively low mass. Ironically, a steam-
roller that travels at low velocity also has a great momentum because it is relatively high
in mass. The formula equation for momentum is:

M= mv

M = Momentum
m = mass
v = velocity

A static object (with 0 velocity) has no momentum, that is, its momentum equals 0. A
change in a body's momentum may be caused by either a change in the body's mass or a
change in its velocity. Units of momentum are units of mass multiplied by units of
velocity, expressed in terms of kg · m/s.

When a head on collision between two objects occurs, there is a tendency for both object
continue moving in the direction of motion originally possessed by the object with the
greatest momentum.
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 10

Sample problem:
If a 90 kg hockey player traveling at 6 m/s to the right collides head on with an 80 kg
player traveling 7 m/s to the left. Find the final velocity and direction after collision.
The momentum of the first player is the following:
M= mv
M= (90 kg) (6 m/s)
M= 540 kg · m/s

The momentum of the second player is expressed as follows:

M= mv
M= (80 kg) (7 m/s)
M= 560 kg · m/s

To find the final velocity and direction the following formula has to be used:
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2) vf
(540 kg.m/s) + (- 560 kg.m/s) = (90 kg + 80 kg) vf
- 20 kg.m/s = 170 kg X vf
vf = - 20 kg.m/s
170 kg
vf = 0.12 m/s

Since the second player's momentum is greater, both players would tend to
continue moving in the direction of the second player's after the collision with a
final velocity of 0.12 m/s.
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 11

4.2.3 Impulse

The product of a force and the time over which this force act will produce a change in
the velocity of the mass. This product of force and time is called impulse.
I = Ft

I= Impulse
F= Force (N or kg.m/ s²)
t= time (s)

When an impulse acts on a system, the result is change in the system total momentum.
The relationship between impulse and momentum derive from Newton's second law.
F= ma
F= m (v2 – v1)
t
Ft = (mv)2 – (mv)1
I = (mv)2 – (mv)1

Sample problem:
A pitch ball with a mass of 1 kg reaches a catcher’s glove traveling at a velocity of 28
m/s. How much impulse is required to stop the ball?
I = (mv2) – (mv1)
V2 (final velocity) = 0 m/s
V1 (initial velocity) = 28 m/s
M = 1 kg

I = (1 kg X 28 m/s) - (1 kg X 0 m/s)
= 28 kg.m/s
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 12

4.2.4 Impact

The type of collision that occurs between a struck ball and a hockey stick is
known as impact. An impact involves the collision of two bodies over the
extremely small interval during which the two bodies exert relatively large forces
on each other. The bahavior or two objects following an impact depends not only
on their collective momentum but also on the nature of the impact.

There are two type of impact:

a) Perfectly elastic impact
The relative velocities of the two bodies after impact are the same as the
velocities before impact. The impact of the soccer ball with a hard surface
approach es perfect elasticity, because the ball speed diminishes little
during the collision with the surface.

Picture of a ball being hit by the hockey stick

b) Perfectly plastic impact

At least one of the bodies in contact deforms and does not regain its original
shape, and the bodies do not separate. This occur when bullet from the paint ball
is shot from the gun and stick to the bodies of the players.

Picture of a paint ball game...

 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 13

AKTIVITY 4.1

(a) <masukkan semak kendiri di sini>

(b) <masukkan semak kendiri di sini>

SEMAK KENDIRI 1.1

SEMAK KENDIRI 1.5

• Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) discovered many of fundamental relationship

that forms the foundation for the field of modern mechanics. He formulated
three laws of motion that explain why objects move as they do.

• The force that opposes effort to slide or roll one over another. Force acting
over the area of contact between two surfaces in the direction opposite that
of motion tendency.

• A momentum (M) is a quantity of motion of the body or object possesses. It

is equal to the product of the body mass and the velocity.

• The product of a force and the time over which this force act will produce a
change in the velocity of the mass.

• The type of collision that occurs between a struck ball and a hockey stick is
known as impact.

• Bodies projected into the air are projectiles.

• Three factors influence the trajectory (flight path) of a projectile which is the
angle of projection, the projection speed, and the relative height of
projection.
 TOPIC 4 LINEAR KINETICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT 14

Inertia Friction
Acceleration Momentum
Action and reaction Impulse
Gravitation Impact
Horizontal component Projection angle
Vertical component Projection height
Projection speed Perfectly plastic impact
Perfectly elastic impact

• Hall, S. J. (2007). Basic biomechanics (6th ed.). NY : McGraw Hill

• Hay, J. G. (1985). The biomechanics of sports techniques (3rd ed.). New Jersey :
Prentice-Hall Inc.