7.3B Analogies Among Mass, Heat, and Momentum Transfer 1. Introduction. In molecular transport of momentum, heat, or mass there are many similarities, which were pointed out in Chapters 2 to 6. The molecular diffusion equa- tions of Newton for momentum, Fourier for heat, and Fick for mass are very similar and we can say that we have analogies among these three molecular transport processes. There are also similarities in turbulent transport, as discussed in Sections 5.7C and 6.1A, where the flux equations were written using the turbulent eddy momentum diffusivity ¢,, the turbulent eddy thermal diffusivity @,, and the turbulent eddy mass diffusivity ey However, these similarities are not as well defined mathematically or physically and are more difficult to relate to each other. A great deal of effort has been devoted in the literature to developing ane among these three transport processes for turbulent transfer so as to allow predic 453 one from any of the others. We discuss several next, 2. Reynolds analogy. Reynolds was the first to note similarities in transport processes and relate turbulent momentum and heat transfer. Since then, mass transfer has also been related to momentum and heat transfer. We derive this analogy from Eqs. (6.1-4)- (6.1-6) for turbulent transport. For fluid flow in a pipe for heat transfer from the fluid to the wall, Eq, (6.1-5) becomes as follows, where z is distance from the wall 4 a 4m Peele +) (3-7)equation for the eddy diffusivity. These three equations are then combined to give the von Kérmén analogy. Since then, numerous other analogies have appeared (P1, S4). 4. Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy. The most successful and most widely used analogy is the Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy (C2). This analogy is based on experimental data for gases and liquids in both the laminar and turbulent flow regions and is written as follows: f h pe po dum Gg Wd = (weg (7313) Although this is an equation based on experimental data for both laminar and turbulent flow, it can be shown to satisfy the exact solution derived from laminar flow over a flat plate in Sections 3.10 and 5.7. Equation (7.3-13) has been shown to be quite useful in correlating momentum, heat, and mass transfer data. It permits the prediction of an unknown transfer coefficient when ‘one of the other coefficients is known. In momentum transfer the friction factor * obtained for the total drag or friction loss, which includes form drag or momentum lo: 454 due to blunt objects and also skin friction. For flow past a flat plate or in a pipe where form drag is present, {/2 = Jy = Jp. When form drag is present, such as in flow in packed beds or past other bluntobjects,f72 isigreater than Jy orJp and Jy &Jps