CHAPTER 1 :

Fundamental Operation
of Arithmetic
1. Fraction
2. Ratio and Proportion
3. Percentage
1.1 FRACTION
A fraction is a part of a whole. In arithmetic,
the number is expressed as a quotient, in
which the numerator is divided by the
denominator. In a simple fraction, both are
integers. A complex fraction has a fraction in
the numerator or denominator. In a proper
fraction, the numerator is less than the
denominator.

Equivalent fractions
 WHAT IS
1.1 FRACTION FRACTION?

Two numbers separated by a horizontal or

sloping line.
2 Numerator, N
E.g. Two seventh = 2/7 =
7 Denominator, D
Types of fraction
Types Definition Examples

Proper fraction Numerator < denominator

Improper fraction Numerator = or >

denominator
Mixed fractions Whole number + common
fraction
Equivalent fractions Two fractions that have
equals values
1.1 FRACTION Conversion
improper to
mixed

IMPROPER MIXED
Divide N by D as far as possible Multiply the whole number by D,
and express remainder as a proper fraction add N. Place the total over N.
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
1. ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
Same Denominators
Just add / minus the numerator
Different Denominators
Find a common denominator, then add / minus and
simplified the answer to the lowest term.
Example: Evaluate the followings; a) 1 + 3 + 6
5 5 5
3 1
b) +
7 5
2 2
c) −
5 3
3 2
d) 2 + 5
4 5
PRACTICE 1
1. Add together : 2. Subtract the following:
2 1
a)
2
+
1 a) −
3 5 3 4
5 1 3 2
b) + b) −
8 9 4 5
3 2 1 7 1
c) + + c) 5 −3
8 5 3 16 3
2 3 1 3
d) 3 +4 d) 5 − 2
3 5 3 4
1 1 1
e) 5 +4 +3 1
e) 7 − 3
3
2 3 5 2 5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
2. MULTIPLICATION 3. DIVISION
Product of the numerators Invert the divisor and
divide by the product of the change the division sign to
denominators. multiplication.
p r pr
 = p r p s p s
 =  =
q s q s q s q r q r
Can be simplified if possible
before multiplying.
Mixed fractions have to be
converted into improper
fractions before multiply.
PRACTICE 2
Calculate each of the following:
1 3
1)
5

4 6)1 
8 7 8 4
7)   1 1  2 
1
5 2
2) 
6 3 4  8 5

8)  1 7  2 2  − 3 2
1 3
3) 
4 5  8 5 5
3 5
4) 1  2  2 1  1
4 8 9)  − +
5 3 4 2
7 3

10)  2 2 + 1 1   5 4
5)
8 4
 3 5 5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
4. POWERS 5. SQUARE ROOTS
Raise both the numerator & Invert the divisor and
the denominator to that change the division sign to
power.  a n a n multiplication.
  = a = a
b bn b b

Example;  2 3 = 23 = 8 Example; 16 = 16 = 4

5 53 125 81 81 9
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
6. PRACTICAL APPLICATION
A girl spends 3/4 of her pocket money and has 90cents left. How
much did she have to start with? 3 1
1− = = 90 cents
4 4
1 = 4  90 = 360 cents
The girl had RM 3.60 to start with.

A group, of school children went to a hamburger bar, 2/5 of them bought

hamburgers only, 1/4 bought chips only and the remainder bought drinks only
What fraction bought food?
What fraction bought drinks? 1)Food =
2 1 13
+ 2)Drink = 1−
5 4 20
8 + 5 13 20 − 13 7
= = = =
20 20 20 20
PRACTICE 3
1. Jane takes 5 ¾ minutes to iron a blouse. How
many blouses can she iron in 23 minutes?
2. The profit of a business are RM 29 000. It is
shared between two partners A & B. If A
receives 9/20 of the profits, how much money
does B receive?
3. A man sells his car for RM 16 200 and as a
result, loses one tenth of the price he paid for it.
What price did he pay for it?
4. 5/8 of a fence has been built. If there is still 40
feet to be built, how long will the fence be?
5. A man left three eight of his money to his wife &
half the remainder to his son. The rest was
divided equally between his five daughters.
Determine what fraction of the money each
daughter received.
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
RATIO ?

PROPORTION
Comparison of 2 numbers or quantities as quotient.
Represent by x/y or x : y.
Generally reduced to lowest terms like fraction (by
dividing the HCF of the numbers).
Derived from quantities measured in the same units
Its just number, don’t have unit.
Its express the relationship between 2 or more
factors (or numbers)
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
RATIO ?

PROPORTION
E.g. Simplify the ratio 200g : 1 kg (different units)
= 200g : 1000g
=1:5
Example: Expressed the following ratio to the lowest
term; a) 78 : 52 =
78 3
=
52 2
5 3
b) : =
8 8
12 8
c) to
13 13
d) 10 cm2 : 10 mm2
1.2 RATIO &
PROPORTION
The equality of 2 ratios
E.g. 5 : 2 = 25 : 10
To solve problems dealing with proportion, we use
cross multiplication.
Types of proportion:
1. Direct proportion
If increase or decrease at the
same rate.
E.g. If we buy rice at RM 2 for 2
kg, then we expect to pay RM 4
for 4 kg.
WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?
2. Inverse proportion
If an increase (decrease) in one
quantity produces a decrease
(increase) in a second quantity
in the same time.
E.g. 5 men building a wall take
20 days. If 4 men, it will take
only 25 days.
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?
PROPORTION
Examples:
5 3 5x = 75
1. Find the value of x for 5 : 25 = 3 : x. = 
25 x x = 15

2. If a : b = 5 : 3, find
a. b : a

b. a : (a – b)

c. b : (a + b)

d. (a – b) : (a + b)

1. If a : c = 3 : 4, and a : b = 4 : 5, find b : c
 WHAT IS
1.3 PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE
?

Express a quantity as the number of parts in 100 parts.

Written as fraction, e.g. 20 percent = 20 % = 20/100 = 0.20
Conversion:
Then move dec. point
2 places to the right

÷ 100% x 100%

Fractions Percentage Decimal

x 100% ÷ 100% Then move dec. point

2 places to the left
1.3 PERCENTAGE
Example: Express each number as a fraction, decimal
and percent.
a. 86% b. 5.6%
c. 8 ½% d. 0.025
e. 1.5 f. 9/8
g. 17/1000