1

1 The structures of the reactants and products of a reaction are shown.

H H H H H H

H C C C H + Cl Cl → H C C C H

H H Cl Cl

Some bond energies are shown in the table.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

C−C 347

C=C 612

C−H 413

C−Cl 339

Cl−Cl 242

Calculate the energy for the reaction between propene and chlorine using the following steps.

• Calculate the energy needed to break the bonds.

..................................... kJ

• Calculate the energy released when bonds are formed.

..................................... kJ

• Calculate the energy change for the reaction between propene and chlorine.

..................................... kJ / mol [3]

[Total: 3]
 2

2 Hydrogen and chlorine react to form hydrogen chloride gas, as shown in the equation.

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

This equation can be represented as shown.

H−H + Cl−Cl → 2H−Cl

Some bond energies are shown in the table.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

H−H 436

Cl−Cl 243

H−Cl 432

Calculate the energy change for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, using the following
steps.

• Calculate the energy needed to break the bonds.

..................................... kJ

• Calculate the energy released when bonds are formed.

..................................... kJ

• Calculate the energy change for the reaction.

.............................. kJ / mol [3]

[Total: 3]
 3

3 Hydrogen fuel cells can be used to power vehicles.

Write the word equation for the overall reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 The equation for the complete combustion of ethanol is shown.

H H

H C C O H + 3 O O 2 O C O + 3 H O H

H H

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, for the complete
combustion of ethanol

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

C−C 347

C−H 413

C−O 358

C=O 805

O−H 464

O=O 498

(a) Energy needed to break bonds.

........................... kJ [1]

(b) Energy released when bonds are formed.

........................... kJ [1]
 4

(c) Energy change for the complete combustion of ethanol.

energy change = ........................... kJ / mol [1]

[Total: 3]

5 Gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, reacts with gaseous chlorine to form gaseous phosphorus(V)
chloride, PCl5.

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → PCl5(g)

The chemical equation for this reaction can be represented as shown.

Cl Cl
Cl
Cl P Cl + Cl Cl P Cl
Cl
Cl

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the reaction.

bond bond energy in kJ / mol

P−Cl 326

Cl−Cl 243

(a) Energy needed to break bonds.

........................... kJ [1]
 5

(b) Energy released when bonds are formed.

........................... kJ [1]

(c) Energy change of reaction.

energy change = ........................... kJ / mol [1]

(d) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

6 Ammonia reacts with oxygen.

The chemical equation for the reaction can be represented as shown.

4 H N H + 5 O O 4 N O + 6 H O H

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, which occurs when
one mole of NH3 reacts.

bond N−H O=O N=O O−H

bond energy in kJ / mol 391 498 587 464

 6

(a) Energy needed to break bonds.

........................... kJ [1]

(b) Energy released when bonds are formed.

........................... kJ [1]

(c) Energy change when one mole of NH3 reacts.

energy change = ........................... kJ / mol [2]

[Total: 4]

7 One element in the first 36 elements in the Periodic Table is used as the fuel in a fuel cell.

(a) Name this element.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write the overall chemical equation for the reaction which occurs when the element in (a)
reacts in a fuel cell.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]
 7

8 The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol is exothermic.

Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction.

On your diagram label:
● the reactants and products
● the energy change of the reaction, ΔH.

energy

progress of reaction
[3]

[Total: 3]

9 The energy level diagram shows the energy profile for the reaction between zinc and
dilute sulfuric acid.

energy Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)

progress of reaction

(a) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. Include state symbols.
[3]

(b) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the activation energy.

[1]

(c) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]
 8

10 The reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid can be catalysed by the addition of aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.

On the diagram, add the energy profile for the catalysed reaction.

energy Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)

progress of reaction
[1]

[Total: 1]

11 Ammonia reacts with chlorine.

The chemical equation can be represented as shown.

2 H N H + 3 Cl Cl N N + 6 H Cl

Use the bond energies in the table to determine the energy change, ΔH, for the reaction between
ammonia and chlorine.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

N−H 390

Cl−Cl 240

945

H−Cl 430

(a) Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

........................... kJ [1]
 9

(b) Calculate the energy released when bonds are formed.

........................... kJ [1]

(c) Calculate the energy change, ΔH, for the reaction between ammonia and chlorine.

........................... kJ [1]

(d) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

12 The chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH, is shown.

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

The energy released when one mole of ethanol undergoes complete combustion is 1280 kJ.

Part of the energy level diagram for this reaction is shown.

X
C2H5OH + 3O2

energy
 10

(a) Complete the energy level diagram to show:

● the products of the reaction
● the overall energy change of the reaction.
[3]

(b) What does X represent?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

13 The chemical equation for the complete combustion of methanol, CH3OH, is shown.

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

The equation can be represented as shown.

2 H C O H + 3 O O 2 O C O + 4 H O H

Use the bond energies in the table to determine the energy change, ΔH, for the complete combustion
of one mole of methanol.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

C−H 410

C−O 360

O−H 460

O=O 500

C=O 805

(a) energy needed to break bonds

.....................................kJ [1]
 11

(b) energy released when bonds are formed

.....................................kJ [1]

(c) energy change, ΔH, for the complete combustion of one mole of methanol

.....................................kJ / mol [2]

[Total: 4]

14 Hydrogen fuel cells are being developed as alternatives to petrol engines in cars.

(a) Give one advantage of hydrogen fuel cells compared to petrol engines.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give one disadvantage of hydrogen fuel cells compared to petrol engines.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]
 12

15 The energy level diagram for the combustion of methane is shown.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)

energy energy change

CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Which row gives the equation and energy change for this reaction?

equation energy change in kJ / mol

A CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) +891

B CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) −891

C CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(I) +891

D CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(I) −891

[1]

[Total: 1]
 13

16 Hydrazine, N2H4, decomposes as shown.

H H

N N N N + 2H H

H H

The energy change for this reaction is −95 kJ / mol.

The table shows some bond energies involved.

bond bond energy in kJ / mol

N≡N 945

N−H 391

H−H 436

What is the bond energy of the N−N bond?

A 158 kJ / mol B 315 kJ / mol C 348 kJ / mol D 895 kJ / mol

[1]

[Total: 1]

17 (a) Calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Complete the energy level diagram for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate by
writing these words on the diagram:
• reactant
• products

energy

progress of reaction

[1]
 14

(b) Explain, using information on the energy level diagram, how you know that this reaction is
endothermic.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

18 The reaction of sodium with water is exothermic.

What is meant by the term exothermic?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

19 Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent which can chemically remove water from
substances.

Both hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals and sucrose (a sugar), C12H22O11, can be completely
dehydrated by concentrated sulfuric acid.

Name the solid product formed in each case.

hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals ........................................................................................

sucrose ................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

20 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the

catalyst for this reaction.

A student measures the volume of oxygen produced at regular time intervals using the apparatus
shown. Large lumps of manganese(IV) oxide are used.

gas syringe
manganese(IV) oxide
aqueous hydrogen peroxide
catalyst

A graph of the results is shown.

 15

volume
of oxygen
produced
/ cm3

0
0 time / s

(a) What happens to the rate of this reaction as time increases?

In your answer, explain why the rate changes in this way.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) The experiment is repeated using the same mass of manganese(IV) oxide. Powdered
manganese(IV) oxide is used instead of large lumps. All other conditions stay the same.

Sketch a graph on the axes in (a) to show how the volume of oxygen changes with time.

[2]

(c) In terms of particles, explain what happens to the rate of this reaction when the temperature
is increased.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

21 When aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to aqueous iron(II) sulfate, a precipitate forms.

(a) What colour is this precipitate?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 16

(b) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 4]

22 Deduce the charge on the iron ion in each of these compounds.

FeF3 ........................................................................................................................................

Fe(NO3)3 ................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

23 PCl3 reacts with chlorine, Cl2, to form PCl5. This reaction is exothermic and reaches an equilibrium.

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(g)

(a) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State the effect, if any, on the position of this equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.

temperature is increased ................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

pressure is increased ......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of the forward reaction when the reaction
mixture is heated.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

24 Iron can be obtained by heating iron(III) oxide with zinc powder.

 17

Fe2O3 + 3Zn → 2Fe + 3ZnO

(a) What can be deduced about the reactivity of zinc from this reaction?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The ionic equation for this reaction is shown.

3+ 2+
2Fe + 3Zn → 2Fe + 3Zn

Identify the oxidising agent in this reaction.

Explain your answer in terms of electron transfer.

oxidising agent ..................................................................................................................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

25 Gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, reacts with gaseous chlorine to form gaseous
phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5.

Under certain conditions the reaction reaches equilibrium.

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(g)

State and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium if the pressure is increased.
All other conditions are unchanged.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

26 When aqueous ammonia is added to aqueous iron(II) sulfate a green precipitate is seen. This green
precipitate turns red-brown at the surface.

(a) Name the green precipitate.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest why the green precipitate turns red-brown at the surface.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
 18

(c) State what happens when an excess of aqueous ammonia is added to the green precipitate.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

27 Ethene gas reacts with steam to form gaseous ethanol.

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g)

The reaction can reach a position of equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the position of equilibrium.
All other conditions are unchanged.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Increasing the pressure of a gas increases its concentration.

State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the reaction.
All other conditions are unchanged.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the position of equilibrium.
All other conditions are unchanged.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

28 A student does experiments to show that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a
weak acid. The student adds an excess of hydrochloric acid and an excess of ethanoic acid to
separate samples of lumps of calcium carbonate.

Only the identity of the acid is changed between the experiments. All other conditions are kept the
same.
 19

(a) State two observations which would show that hydrochloric acid is a stronger acid than
ethanoic acid.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The student uses the same size container and checks that the pressure is the same for each
experiment.

State three other conditions which must be kept the same to ensure fair testing.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 5]

29 The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol reaches equilibrium.

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(a) The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol is exothermic.

State and explain the effect, if any, of increasing the temperature on the amount of ester at
equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State and explain the effect, if any, of removing water from the mixture on the amount of ester
at equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]
 20

30 The first step in the preparation of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is to add powdered
copper(II) carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid.

When the reaction in is done using lumps of copper(II) carbonate instead of powder, the rate of
reaction decreases. All other conditions are kept the same.

Give a reason for this. Explain your answer in terms of particles.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

31 Methanol is made industrially by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen. The gases react at a
temperature of 250 °C and a pressure of 75 atmospheres.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) Suggest a source of hydrogen for this industrial process.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
effect on the rate effect on the equilibrium
of the reverse reaction yield of CH3OH(g)

adding a catalyst no change

increasing the temperature increases

decreasing the pressure

[4]

[Total: 5]
 21

32 Ethanoic acid is manufactured from methanol and carbon monoxide.

CH3OH(g) + CO(g) ⇌ CH3COOH(g)

The process is done at 200 °C and 30 atmospheres pressure.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium
the forward reaction yield of CH3COOH(g)

adding a catalyst no change

increasing the temperature

decreasing the pressure decreases

[4]

[Total: 4]
 22

33 A student investigated the progress of the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, and an
excess of large pieces of marble, CaCO3, using the apparatus shown.

gas syringe

dilute
hydrochloric acid an excess of large
pieces of marble

The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the same.

Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between particles, the effect of using a higher temperature
on the time taken for the reaction to finish.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

34 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

The graph shows how the concentration of hydrogen iodide, HI, changes after hydrogen gas and
iodine gas are mixed together in a sealed container.
 23

concentration of
hydrogen iodide

time

(a) When is the rate of reaction fastest?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The reaction was repeated at the same temperature and pressure but in the presence of a
catalyst.

Draw a graph on the same axes to show how the concentration of hydrogen iodide changes
with time in the presence of a catalyst.
[2]

[Total: 3]
 24

35 A student investigated the progress of the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, and an
excess of large pieces of marble, CaCO3, using the apparatus shown.

gas syringe

dilute
hydrochloric acid an excess of large
pieces of marble

A graph of the volume of gas produced against time is shown.

150

100
volume of gas
produced / cm3
50

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
time / s

The experiment was repeated using the same mass of smaller pieces of marble. All other conditions
were kept the same.

Draw a graph on the grid to show the progress of the reaction using the smaller pieces of
marble. [2]

[Total: 2]
 25

36 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

What is meant by the term equilibrium?

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

37 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

A mixture of hydrogen gas and iodine gas is allowed to reach equilibrium.

(a) Increasing the pressure of a gas increases its concentration.

State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the forward reaction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of the reverse reaction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

38 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

 26

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

The graphs show how pressure affects the yield of hydrogen iodide, HI, at two different temperatures.

500 °C

yield of
hydrogen iodide
700 °C

pressure

(a) Explain why the yield at 500 °C does not change as the pressure is increased.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What can you conclude from the difference in the yield of hydrogen iodide at the two
temperatures shown?
Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]
 27

39 A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The calcium carbonate was in excess.

gas syringe

lumps of calcium carbonate dilute hydrochloric acid

What happens to the rate of reaction as the reaction proceeds? Explain your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
 28

40 A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The calcium carbonate was in excess.

gas syringe

lumps of calcium carbonate dilute hydrochloric acid

The student repeated the experiment at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the
same. The student found that the rate of reaction increased.

Explain, in terms of collisions, why the rate of reaction increased.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]