Part I Demographic and Socioeconomic Household Characteristics

Household code
Woreda
Kebele
Agroecological zone
Age of respondants
Sex
Household type
Marital Status
Family Size
Educational Status
Religion
Source of income
PartII :Perception of local community to drought and its impacts
2.1. Understanding of local communities for Climate change context
2.1.1. What was your observation or experiences regarding the trend of temperature in your area for the last 35 years?
2.1.2. Did you face the following hazard/problems in the last 35 years? Choose all local indictors
2.1.2.1. Dos these hazards/ problems happened in your area?
Deforstation
Increasing the frequency of drought
Increasing the frequency of floods
Snow
Degradation of soil
Decreasing agriculture production
Disturbed timing of rainfall (Unexpected rain)
Gully formation
Degradation of range lands
Degradation of cultivated land
Strong wind storm
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new human disease
Occurrence of new crop disease
Emergences of new herbs
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new animal disease
Extinct of all/some wildlife from the area
Increasing the frequency of migration for job
2.1.2.2. Do you think this is related to climate change?
Deforstation
Increasing the frequency of drought
Increasing the frequency of floods
Degradation of soil
Decreasing agriculture production
Disturbed timing of rainfall (Unexpected rain)
Gully formation
Degradation of range lands
Degradation of cultivated land
Strong wind storm
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new human disease
Occurrence of new crop disease
Emergences of new herbs
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new animal disease
Extinct of all/some wildlife from the area
Increasing the frequency of migration for job
2.1.2.3. Do people practice any solution to decrease the impact of the hazard?
Reducing Deforstation
Reducing drought impacts
Reducing the frequency of floods
Reducing degradation of soil
Increasing agriculture production
Reducing disturbed timing of rainfall (Unexpected rain)
Reducing gully formation
Reducing degradation of range lands
Reducing degradation of cultivated land
Reducing strong wind storm
Reducing transmitted and occurrence of new human disease
Reducing occurrence of new crop disease
Reducing emergences of new herbs
Reducing transmitted and occurrence of new animal disease
Reducing the Extinct of all/some wildlife from the area
The reducing frequency of migration for job
2.1.3. What is your observation regarding the onset and termination of rainfall in your area during spring (Belg) and summer (K
Starting and end time of rain in Spring ( Mar-May) in (2007-2019)
Starting and end time of rain in Spring ( Mar-May) in (1996-2006)
Starting and end time of rain in Spring ( Mar-May) in (1983-1995)
Starting and end time of rain in summer ( Jun-Aug) in (2007-2019)
Starting and end time of rain in summer ( Jun-Aug) in (1996-2006)
Starting and end time of rain in summer ( Jun-Aug) in (1983-1995)
2.1.4 .For how long do you receive rainfall during the rainy season (Give average estimation)?
Duration/time of rainy season in (2007-2019)
Duration/time of rainy season in (1996-2006)
Duration/time of rainy season in(1983-1995)
2.1.5. Which water source do you utilize for your farm activity? (you can select more than one answer)Currently (2011)
water source for the years of 2019
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
Water source for the years of (2007-2018)
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
Water source for the years of (1996-2006)
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
Water source for the years of (1983-1995)
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
2.2. Perception of local communities for context of drought and its impacts
2.2.1. Do you have any know how about drought?
2.2.2. Which of season of the crop cultivation year frequently suffers from erratic rainfall?
2.2.3. How do you define drought related to rainfall?
2.2.4. How do you define drought in terms of crop failure?
2.2.5. How many quintals of cereals crop did you get from one hectare during good rainy season (no drought time)?
2.2.6. Have you ever faced crop failures because of drought?
2.2.7. If you have ever faced drought, how does the drought affect your productivity?
2.2.8. If a drought occurs, for how many months/years can your family survive without any aid?
2.2.9. How many times have you faced drought occurrences in your life?
ea for the last 35 years?
ng spring (Belg) and summer (Kremt) in the past 35 years?

nswer)Currently (2011)
n (no drought time)?
Part I Demographic and Socioeconomic Household Characteristics
Household code
Woreda
Kebele
Agroecological zone
Age of respondants
Sex
Household type
Marital Status
Family Size
Educational Status
Religion
Source of income
PartII :Perception of local community to drought and its impacts
2.1. Understanding of local communities for Climate change context
2.1.1. What was your observation or experiences regarding the trend of temperature in your area for the last 35 years?
2.1.2. Did you face the following hazard/problems in the last 35 years? Choose all local indictors
2.1.2.1. Dos these hazards/ problems happened in your area?
Deforstation
Increasing the frequency of drought
Increasing the frequency of floods
Snow
Degradation of soil
Decreasing agriculture production
Disturbed timing of rainfall (Unexpected rain)
Gully formation
Degradation of range lands
Degradation of cultivated land
Strong wind storm
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new human disease
Occurrence of new crop disease
Emergences of new herbs
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new animal disease
Extinct of all/some wildlife from the area
Increasing the frequency of migration for job
2.1.2.2. Do you think this is related to climate change?
Deforstation
Increasing the frequency of drought
Increasing the frequency of floods
Degradation of soil
Decreasing agriculture production
Disturbed timing of rainfall (Unexpected rain)
Gully formation
Degradation of range lands
Degradation of cultivated land
Strong wind storm
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new human disease
Occurrence of new crop disease
Emergences of new herbs
Increased transmitted and occurrence of new animal disease
Extinct of all/some wildlife from the area
Increasing the frequency of migration for job
2.1.2.3. Do people practice any solution to decrease the impact of the hazard?
Reducing Deforstation
Reducing drought impacts
Reducing the frequency of floods
Reducing degradation of soil
Increasing agriculture production
Reducing disturbed timing of rainfall (Unexpected rain)
Reducing gully formation
Reducing degradation of range lands
Reducing degradation of cultivated land
Reducing strong wind storm
Reducing transmitted and occurrence of new human disease
Reducing occurrence of new crop disease
Reducing emergences of new herbs
Reducing transmitted and occurrence of new animal disease
Reducing the Extinct of all/some wildlife from the area
The reducing frequency of migration for job
2.1.3. What is your observation regarding the onset and termination of rainfall in your area during spring (Belg) and summer (K
Starting and end time of rain in Spring ( Mar-May) in (2007-2019)
Starting and end time of rain in Spring ( Mar-May) in (1996-2006)
Starting and end time of rain in Spring ( Mar-May) in (1983-1995)
Starting and end time of rain in summer ( Jun-Aug) in (2007-2019)
Starting and end time of rain in summer ( Jun-Aug) in (1996-2006)
Starting and end time of rain in summer ( Jun-Aug) in (1983-1995)
2.1.4 .For how long do you receive rainfall during the rainy season (Give average estimation)?
Duration/time of rainy season in (2007-2019)
Duration/time of rainy season in (1996-2006)
Duration/time of rainy season in(1983-1995)
2.1.5. Which water source do you utilize for your farm activity? (you can select more than one answer)Currently (2011)
water source for the years of 2019
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
Water source for the years of (2007-2018)
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
Water source for the years of (1996-2006)
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
Water source for the years of (1983-1995)
Rainfall
Ponds
Groundwater/Irgaions
Springs
Rivers/flood
2.2. Perception of local communities for context of drought and its impacts
2.2.1. Do you have any know how about drought?
2.2.2. Which of season of the crop cultivation year frequently suffers from erratic rainfall?
2.2.3. How do you define drought related to rainfall?
2.2.4. How do you define drought in terms of crop failure?
2.2.5. How many quintals of cereals crop did you get from one hectare during good rainy season (no drought time)?
2.2.6. Have you ever faced crop failures because of drought?
2.2.7. If you have ever faced drought, how does the drought affect your productivity?
2.2.8. If a drought occurs, for how many months/years can your family survive without any aid?
2.2.9. How many times have you faced drought occurrences in your life?
(2007-2019)
(1996-2006)
(1983-1995)
2.2.10. Have you ever faced famine through your lifetime due to drought?
If yes , please list the years and the duration of famine:
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
 1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
If yes duration of famine:
2.2.11. Discusses the severity of each famine on your family
Faced death of family member
Migrated to other area
Affected by outbreack diseases
Faced food starvation
2.2.13. Have you faced any livestock loss because of drought in your life?
2.2.14.How does drought affect the local market or market accessibility and situation in your area?
a. Availability of crops
b. Cereals price
c. Availability of goods
d. Price level of goods
g. Livestock price
2.2.15. Does a drought affect your social interactions?
2.2.16. What is your perception about drought?
2.2.17. From your experience, how do the following factors aggravate your vulnerability to droughts?
Poor saving habits
Wedding ceremony
Funeral ceremony
Sadaka or Teskar
Tsebel
Mahber
Kirstina
Part III: Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Change and its Impact
3.1. Trends of landholding and crop Production through LULC changes
3.1.1. Do you have land for agricultural activities?
3.1.2. If yes, how did you get access to it?
3.1.3. How do you evaluate trend of the land use and land cover change in your area?
Severity of deforestation(2007-2019)
Severity of deforestation(1996-2006)
Severity of deforestation(1983-1995)
Extents of land degradation(2007-2019)
Extents of land degradation(1996-2006)
Extents of land degradation (1983-1995)
Severity of Water stress (2007-2019))
Severity of Water stress(1996-2006)
Severity of Water stress (1983-1995)
Severity of Climate change(2007-2019)
Severity of Climate change(1996-2006)
Severity of Climate change(1983-1995)
Severity of soil fertility decline(2007-2019)
Severity of soil fertility decline(1996-2006)
Severity of soil fertility decline(1983-1995)
Severity of gully formation(2007-2019)
Severity of gully formation(1996-2006)
Severity of gully formation(1983-1995)
Extent of settlement expansion (2007-2019)
Extent of settlement expansion (1996-2006)
Extent of settlement expansion (1983-1995)
Extent of farmland expansion (2007-2019)
Extent of farmland expansion (1996-2006)
Extent of farmland expansion (1983-1995)
Extent of Grassing land decline(2007-2019)
Extent of Grassing land decline(1996-2006)
Extent of Grassing land decline (1983-1995)
Reduction of productivity(2007-2019)
Reduction of productivity(1996-2006)
Reduction of productivity (1983-1995)
3.1.4. Current Landholding and land use of the household
3.1.5. Private land holding trends/farm size over the last 35 years:
In the past majority farmer were owned small farmlands
In the past the land were owned by few farmers who are rich .
I had large farm land which beyond my capacity to manage it
After 1991 the land is distributed equally depending on family sizes
I had not land before 1991
3.1.6. Trends of communal land holding over the last 35 years:
a. Communal grazing land
We had large communal grazing land than now
We have the same communal grazing land
We have large communal grazing land than past
Our communal grazing land totally converted to other land use type
b. Forest area
We had large forest area in the past
We have the same forest area
We have large forest area at peresent than past
Our forest area are converted to other land use
c. Closure area
We had large Closure area in the past
We have the same Closure area
We have large Closure area at peresent than in thepast
Our Closure area totally converted to other land use type
3.1.7. Trends of crop Production through LULC changes in quintal per hectare per year
When compare the productivity of the same plot today productivity is better than the past, becayse now we use pacheges
Even if the land we have is very small the productivity is better.
In the past we gate high production from large area but there were not management system
The production from large area in the past cannot compare with today’s production it was high.
We used flow and it had positive impacts on production
3.2. Trends of Livestock production through Land Use and Land Cover Change
3.2.1. Which livestock species are more suitable to your current land use system? You can have more than one answer.
a. Small ruminants (sheep, Goat)
b. Large ruminants (Cattle; dairy improved or beef)
c. Camel
d. Equines (Donkey, Horse or mule)
f. Bee
g.Poultry
h. Others (specify) there is no space , no forage , no animal raring
3.2.2. Why do you select this animal for your current land use system? You can have more than one answer.
a. More productive\More adaptable to the fluctuation of weather condition
b. More adaptable to the fluctuation of weather condition
c. Suitable to other farming practices (as draft power/ input like manure fertilizer
d. High market demand for that animals
e. There is no alternative to select animals
3.2.3. What are the challenges and opportunities for rearing livestock in the existing land use system?
Opportunities:
a. Good Government support,
b. High demand,
c. Better productivity,
d. Integration with other farm activity
e. Grazing land Forage availability
f. No opportunity
Challenges:
a. Resources scarcity
b. Limited technology,
c. No finance,
d. Lack of market,
e. Regulatory/policy problem
f. Lack of grazing land Forage availability
3.2.4. What kinds of negative impacts do land use land cover changes have on livestock production in your area?
On Social impact:
a. Loss of prestige due to livestock reduction
b. Loss of culture (Livestock supported ceremonies/custom)
c. Spiritual (selected animal scarifies for religious ceremony)
d. Recreation
Economic impact:
a. Reduce production/yield
b. Aggravated food insecurity
c. Reduce number of animals/species and then their profits
Environmental impact:
a. Land competition for the other enterprises,
b. Loss of biodiversity,
c. Imbalance of ecosystem
3.2.5. Were the following parameters constraints for livestock rearing in past 35 years?
Shortage of grazing lands in the year of (2007-2019)
Shortage of grazing lands in the year of (1996-2006)
Shortage of grazing lands in the year of (1983-1995)
Lack of fodder in the year of (2007-2019)
Lack of fodder in the year of (1996-2006)
Lack of fodder in the year of (1983-1995)
Shortage of water in the year of (2007-2019)
Shortage of water in the year of (1996-2006)
Shortage of water in the year of (1983-1995)
Diseases in the year of (2007-2019)
Diseases in the year of (1996-2006)
Diseases in the year of (1983-1995)
Luck of sufficient veterinary services in the year of (2007-2019)
Luck of sufficient veterinary services in the year of (1996-2006)
Luck of sufficient veterinary services in the year of (1983-1995)
Failure to properly use stock products in the year of (2007-2019)
Failure to properly use stock products in the year of (1996-2006)
Failure to properly use stock productsin the year of (1983-1995)
Lack of market for stock and their products in the year of (2007-2019)
Lack of market for stock and their products in the year of (1996-2006)
Lack of market for stock and their products in the year of (1983-1995)
Lack of access to better stock breeds in the year of (2007-2019)
Lack of access to better stock breeds in the year of (1996-2006)
Lack of access to better stock breeds in the year of (1983-1995)
Attack by wildlife in the year of (2007-2019)
Attack by wildlife in the year of (1996-2006)
Attack by wildlife in the year of (1983-1995)
3.2.6. What are the major forage and pasture sources based on their importance and availability ?
Teff straw in the years of (2007-2019)
Teff straw in the years of (1996-2006)
Teff straw in the years of (1983-1995)
Wheat straw in the years of (2007-2019)
Wheat straw in the years of (1996-2006)
TWheat straw in the years of (1983-1995)
Sorghum Stover and green leaves in the years of (2007-2019)
Sorghum Stover and green leaves in the years of (1996-2006)
Sorghum Stover and green leaves in the years of (1983-1995)
Maize Stover and green leaves in the years of (2007-2019)
Maize Stover and green leaves in the years of (1996-2006)
Maize Stover and green leaves in the years of (1983-1995)
Millet Stover and green leave in the years of (2007-2019)
Millet Stover and green leave in the years of (1996-2006)
Millet Stover and green leave in the years of (1983-1995)
Feed cactus leave in the years of (2007-2019)
Feed cactus leave in the years of (1996-2006)
Feed cactus leave in the years of (1983-1995)
Hay from private pastures in the years of (2007-2019)
Hay from private pastures in the years of (1996-2006)
Hay from private pastures in the years of 1976-1988
Hay from communal land in the years of (2007-2019)
Hay from communal land in the years of (1996-2006)
Hay from communal land in the years of (1983-1995)
Tree pods and fodder in the years of (2007-2019)
Tree pods and fodder in the years of (1996-2006)
Tree pods and fodder in the years of (1983-1995)
Grazing natural private pastures in the years of (2007-2019)
Grazing natural private pastures in the years of (1996-2006)
Grazing natural private pastures in the years of (1983-1995)
Grazing improved private pasture in the years of (2007-2019)
Grazing improved private pasture in the years of (1996-2006)
Grazing improved private pasture in the years of(1983-1995)
Grazing communal grazing land in the years of (2007-2019)
Grazing communal grazing land in the years of(1996-2006)
Grazing communal grazing land in the years of (1983-1995)
Grazing near homestead in the years of (2007-2019)
Grazing near homestead in the years of (1996-2006)
Grazing near homestead in the years of (1983-1995)
Grazing wetlands in the years of (2007-2019)
Grazing wetlands in the years of (1996-2006)
Grazing wetlands in the years of (1983-1995)
3.2.7. What is the contribution of livestock production to land use change?
a. Positive contribution (soil fertility)
Sources for biogas
Source for soil fertility
Sources for alternative fire wood
b. Negative contribution (like degradation
Sources for methane emission and climate change
Causes land degradation
3.2.8. What is your general suggestion on the trends and sustainable and profitable livestock-based land use?
Grazing land converted to other land use and affects all livestock types
We have suffered to rare livestock because of forage problems
The alternatives to rare livestock are cut and carry system
There is no pure water for livestock
There is no improved forage development system and technology
3.3. Natural resources problems through Land Use and Land cover Change
3.3.1. What are the major problems associated with water resources in your area?
We have serious water problems.
Human pressure
Drought
Deforestation
Lack of technology
3.3.2. How land use land cover change is affecting water sources in your area?
It accelerated run offs
Consequence climate changes
Affects rain patterns
Consequence fuel wood problems
Consequence land degradation
3.3.3. What are the major causes for deforestation in your area?
Human pressures
Competitions
Lack of alternative incomes
fuel wood demands for household consumption and for markets
There are not control mechanism and management systems.
Farmland and settlement expansions
Land distributions for youth
Land distributions for investors
Erratic rain and frequency drought occurrences
3.3.4. What is the extent of deforestation ?
3.3.5. What challenges have you and your community faced because of deforestation?
Lack of raw materials
Affects rain patterns
Consequences degradation
Lack of free space and grazing lands
Consequences Climate changes
Lack of fuel wood for household consumption
3.3.6. What are your fuel wood sources?
Fuel wood source in the years of (2007-2019)
Charcoal
Fire wood
Lamps
Livestock dungs
Crop residues
Electric power
Moderate stove
Solar energy
Biogas
Fuel wood source in the years of (1996-2006)
Charcoal
Fire wood
Lamps
Livestock dungs
Crop residues
Electric power
Moderate stove
Solar energy
Fuel wood source in the years of (1983-1995)
Charcoal
Fire wood
Lamps
Livestock dungs
Crop residues
Electric power
Moderate stove
Solar energy
3.3.7. Do you have fuel wood problem in your area?
3.3.8. If yes, can you please tell us the cause of the problem and the solution you used?
Deforestation
human pressures ( demographic )
3.3.9. How does land distribution for the landless youth affect your livelihood system?
Land allocation for youth is good for youth and their family and but it has impacts on forests and grazing area and land spaces
There is slope area which is not appropriate for farm lands
There are gully formation and land degradations because of deforestations
There is deforestations
3.3.10. How does land distribution to investors affect your livelihood system?
Large forest area converting to farm
There are severe problems of grazing lands
Displacement from farm land
Affecting livestock sectors
Aggravated climate change and rain patterns
There are interest conflicts
Affects fuel wood resources
3.3.11. What types of benefits do you obtain from extension services regarding land use land cover change?
Awareness
Agricultural inputs from extensions
Experiences
3.3.12. Wha you learned from previous land use land and cover change trends?
We learned the value of lands,
We learned the value of forests for our lives
We learned the impacts of human on natural resources
Part IV: Drought adaptation, coping strategies and resilience building of the local community
4.1. Do you participate in community organization?
4.2. How do the following social factors help you to cop up with drought impacts?
“Equb”
“Mahber”
Eddir”
“Ofera” ”
“Zeka”
Lifnt
4.3. Have you ever practiced diversification of agricultural activities to maximize your profits due to the LULC changes?
4.4. If yes, what types of activities do you perform?
Eucalyptus in the years of (2007-2019)
Eucalyptus in the years of (1996-2006)
Eucalyptus in the years of (1983-1995)
Chat in the years of (2007-2019)
Chat in the years of (1996-2006)
Chat in the years of (1983-1995)
Cotton in the years of (2007-2019)
Cotton in the years of (1996-2006)
Cotton in the years of (1983-1995)
“Gesho” in the years of (2007-2019)
“Gesho” in the years of (1996-2006)
“Gesho” in the years of (1983-1995)
Fruits (Banana,Mango,Papaya…..) in the years of (2007-2019)
Fruits (Banana,Mango,Papaya…..) in the years of (1996-2006)
Fruits (Banana,Mango,Papaya…..) in the years of (1983-1995)
4.5. What are the driving factors to practice annual cash crops, fruits, vegetables?
4.6. Do you (your family) practice any climate change coping method/strategies to withstand drought problems?
4.7. If yes, which strategies/methods you practice to protect the HHs livelihood from drought shocks in crop production?
Crop interring
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Crop diversification
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Applying fertilizer
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Applying compost or manure
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Planting early/shortly maturing crop
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Planting drought tolerant /moisture stress resistant improved seeds
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Training on improved crop input use
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Training on improved production practices
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Extension advise on improved crop input use
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Pesticides
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Herbicides
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Applying physical soil and water
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Use of traditional (diversion or pump)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Use of improved irrigation (diversion or pump)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Use of rain water harvesting practice
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Applying water efficient practices
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Applying row planting
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Applying repeated weeding
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Maintain proper crop density (spacing)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Maintaining crop residue to maintain soil fertility
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Use of tractor for plough
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Use of dee 1
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Shifting to high value (better price) crops
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Practicing value addition process to attract high price
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Extension advise on marketing network
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
Market linkage advise
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Practicing agro-forestry on farmlands
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Community seed bank
4.8. Strategies /methods you practice to protect the HHs livelihood from drought shocks in livestock production?
Improved chicken
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Improved dairy cow
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Use of artificial insemination
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Improved sheep/goats breed
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Choosing raring few animals
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Practicing improved fodder production
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Improved bee hive
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Practicing activities that result in better income like fattening (sheep, goat, ox)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Practicing water harvesting (pond or wall development) for livestock production purpose
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Livestock forage management and feed storag
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Use of cut and carry forage management
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Hay production for forage shortage period
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Veterinary service-vaccination
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
 Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Practicing rotational/controlled grazing
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
Market information
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Market
Fellow farmers/ Model farmer
Own stalk/ Own experience
Cooperative/union
4.9. What do you do during a drought event to sustain your livelihood needs?
Practicing rotational/controlled grazing
Destocking
Migration to nearby area
Consuming less cost foods
Borrowing grain from others
Borrowing cash from money lender
Firewood and charcoal selling
Rely on relief
Lease out land
4.10. Do you meet the all year-round food requirements of your household members from your farm?
4.11. If you are not self-sufficient, on average, for how many months do you consume your own production?
4.12. Did you gate emergency or safety net support in your life?
4.13. After the occurrences of drought, how many months/years would you need to recover from the impacts of the drought?
4.14. According to your own self-assessment, does your household:
Self-assessment in the years of (2007-2019)
Self-assessment in the years of (1996-2006)
Self-assessment in the years of (1983-1995)
4.15. Do you have any household member working in non-farm activities?
4.16. If yes, would you please list each activities?
4.17. What are the driving forces to participate your household in off-farm ventures?
4.18. Does the income you earn from non-farm activities enable you to buy food to fulfill your gap?
4.19. If none of your HH members is involved in non-farm activities, what are the reasons?
Part V: Improved land management
5.1. Which of the following land management practices have you carried out to improve the soil fertility of your farmland and
Soil and watter cconservation practices on farmlands in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Soil and water conservation practices on farmlands in the years of(1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Soil and water conservation practices on farmlands in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Constructing flood diverting detach for farmlands in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Constructing flood diverting detach for farmlands in the years of (1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Constructing flood diverting detach for farmlands in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Rain water harvesting in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Rain water harvesting in the years of (1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Rain water harvesting in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Fallowing in the years of(2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Fallowing in the years of (1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Fallowing in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Crop rotation in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Crop rotation in the years of (1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Crop rotation in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Organic Fertilizer (manure and compost) in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Organic Fertilizer (manure and compost) in the years of(1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Organic Fertilizer (manure and compost) in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Inter cropping in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Inter cropping in the years of (1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Inter cropping in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Leguminous tree in the years of (2007-2019)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Leguminous tree in the years of (1996-2006)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Leguminous tree in the years of (1983-1995)
Extension service/BoA
NGO
Research center;
Own stalk/ Own experience
Part VI: Policy gap Assessment for land use, emergency and relief
6.1. Is there any early warning system?
If yes, please explain the strengths and the weakness of the system
Strength:
They inform us about early preparation to drought hazards, to save our resources , to use agricultural packages, to reduce extr
They informs us about drought hazards and its risks
They provided us improved seeds
Weakness:
The demand and supply of agricultural packages inappropriate
There is no flow up
There are not documents
6.2. Is there any Safety net programme guidelines which explained its purpose ?
6.3. If yes please explain the strength and the weakness of the programme
Strength:
It has contribution to sustain life during food gaps
It has contribution for soil and water conservations
Weakness:
There is no flow up to meet the aims
It appreciated dependences and makes laze
The payment is too small to change livelihoods
It limited up to 5 family members
There are no documents
6.4. Do you have enough an access to agricultural technologies like fertilizer, improved seed and information?
6.5. Did you or your community member involve on any development plan in your area?
6.6. If yes how you/ your Community participated in project planning and implementation
Preparation of plan
Implementation of plan
Operation and maintenance of plan
Monitoring of plan
Community hearing on potential Environmental Impacts
6.7. Discuss investment and land use policies, practices and regulations that affect land management in your area at different
(2007-2019)
(1996-2006)
(1983-1995)
ea for the last 35 years?
ng spring (Belg) and summer (Kremt) in the past 35 years?

nswer)Currently (2011)
n (no drought time)?
ayse now we use pacheges

more than one answer.

one answer.

on in your area?
ased land use?
d grazing area and land spaces for community

ver change?
e to the LULC changes?

ought problems?
ocks in crop production?
tock production?
production?

m the impacts of the drought?

fertility of your farmland and who teach you/HH about the practice ?
ltural packages, to reduce extravagances

information?
ment in your area at different times and their impacts: