Chapter One

Rotational Motion and the Law of Gravity

Rotational Motion: motion of a body that spins about an axis. For example, ferris wheel.

Circular Motion: movement of an object along the circumference of a circle.

*Any point of rotating object about an axis undergoes circular motion.

*The direction path of circular motion path is constantly changing, for this
reason circular motion is described in terms of the angle through which the
point on an object moves.

*All point of rigid rotation object moves through the same angle during any time
interval (except the points on axis).

*Angles can be measured in radians:

𝒔
𝜽=
𝒓
*The radian is a pure number, with no dimension. Because 𝜽 is ratio of an arc length to the length of
radiuses, the units cancel and the observation rad is their place.

𝒔 𝟐𝒎
Example: r=0.5m, s=2m: 𝜽= = = 𝟒𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒓 𝟎.𝟓𝒎

*Angles can be measured in degree ° or rev(revolution).

*When an object moves a long circumference (𝒔 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 )of a circle(r)) from I to f

𝜽 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅

𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝜽= = = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒓 𝒓

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 Chapter One
Change rad to deg.:
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝝅 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 =( ) 𝒐𝒓 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑° × 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝅
Example: change1- 𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 -2 𝟎. 𝟒𝛑 𝒓𝒂𝒅 to deg:

𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑° × 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑° × 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝒅𝒆𝒈

𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝟎. 𝟒𝛑

𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 =( ) = = 𝟕𝟐𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝝅 𝝅

Change deg to rad:

𝝅 × 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ( ) 𝒐𝒓 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑°
𝟏𝒎 → 𝒄𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐
Section review: convert the following 𝟏𝒎 → 𝒎𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
angles to rad: 𝟏𝒎 → 𝝁𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝟏𝒌𝒎 → 𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎
1 -𝟑𝟓° 2-𝟏𝟐𝟖° 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 → 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 × 𝟐𝝅
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 → 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝝅 × 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟑𝟓 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 → 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 × 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑°
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = =
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝟏𝟐𝟖
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟓𝟕. 𝟑 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑
Convert rev to rad:

𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅 × 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝐨𝐫 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗

Convert rad to rev:
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝐨𝐫 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 =
𝟐𝝅 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖
Chapter review: 1- convert 𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅 to deg and to rev?

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 Chapter One
𝟏𝟖𝟎° × 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏𝟖𝟎 × 𝝅
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 =( ) = = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝝅 𝝅
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝝅 𝟏
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = = = 𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
Convert rev to deg:
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 Convert deg to rad: 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 =
𝟑𝟔𝟎

Example: convert 𝟒𝟓° to rev?2018t1

𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝟒𝟓 𝟏
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = = = 𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟖
M: 1-270 degree is equal to……. rev (2017 t1)
𝟏
2- 𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 … … . . 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆.(2018t2)
𝟏𝟎

****************************

Angular displacement
The angle through which a point, line, or body is rotated in a
specified direction and about a specified axis.
∆𝒔
∆𝛉 = ∆𝒔, ∆𝜽 are considered Positive for counterclockwise
𝒓
rotation, negative for clockwise rotation.
Example1A: Sherzad ride a carousel that is rotating clockwise. He travels through an arc
length of 11.5m if the angular displacement is 𝟏𝟔𝟓°, what is the radius of the carousel?

∆𝒔 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝒎 ∆𝜽 = −𝟏𝟔𝟓° 𝒓 =?
𝝅 × 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝝅 × (−𝟏𝟔𝟓)
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟖𝟎
∆𝒔 ∆𝒔 −𝟏𝟏. 𝟓
∆𝛉 = → 𝒓= = = 𝟒𝒎
𝒓 ∆𝜽 −𝟐. 𝟖𝟖

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Practice 1A:

1-A beetle sits on the top of a bicycle ∆𝒔 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝒎 ∆𝜽 = −𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓 =?

wheel and flies away just before it
∆𝒔
would be squashed.If the wheel turns ∆𝛉 =
clockwise and the beetle’s angular
𝒓
displacement is 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅, corresponding ∆𝒔 −𝟏. 𝟐 −𝟏. 𝟐
𝒓= = =
an arc length of 1.2m what is the ∆𝜽 −𝝅 −𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
wheel’s radius? = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝒎
2-Fill in the unknown quantities in the following table:

∆𝜽 ∆𝒔 R

?rad..... +0.25m 0.1m A

+0.75rad ..... 8.5m B

….deg? -4.2m 0.75m C

+135° +2.6m ? D

∆𝒔 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝐀 ∆𝛉 = = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏
∆𝒔
𝐁 ∆𝛉 = → ∆𝒔 = ∆𝜽 × 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟖. 𝟓 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒎
𝒓
∆𝒔 −𝟒. 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎 × 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝐂 ∆𝛉 = = = −𝟓. 𝟔𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 = = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑 × −𝟓. 𝟔 = −𝟑𝟐𝟏°
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝝅
𝝅 × 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
𝑫 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = = × 𝟏𝟑𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎
∆𝒔 ∆𝒔 𝟐. 𝟔
∆𝛉 = → 𝒓= = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝒎
𝒓 ∆𝜽 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
Section review 1-1

2- A mosquito on a phonograph record 5cm from 𝒓 = 𝟓𝒄𝒎 ∆𝒔 = −𝟓𝒄𝒎 ∆𝜽 =?

recorder’s center. If the record turns clockwise so
that mosquito travels a long an arc length of 5cm. ∆𝒔 −𝟓
∆𝜽 = = = −𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅
what is the mosquitos’ angular displacement? 𝒓 𝟓

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
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 Chapter One
Angular Speed
The rate which a body rotates about an ∆𝜽
axis, or time rate of change of angular 𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
∆𝒕
displacement, usually expressed in
radians per meter. * Is the ratio of 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒗/𝒔
angular displacement ∆𝜽 to the time
interval.

*All point of rigid body has the same angular speed.

Sample problem 1B: 𝐫𝐚𝐝

𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟒 ∆𝛉 = 𝟖𝛑𝒓𝒂𝒅 ∆𝒕 =?
𝐬
Rezgar spins on stool in a counter
clockwise direction with average angular ∆𝜽 ∆𝜽 𝟖𝝅
𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 = → ∆𝒕 = = = 𝟐𝝅
speed of 4rad/s. In what time interval ∆𝒕 𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝟒
will Rezgar’s feet have an angular = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝒔
displacement of 𝟖𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅?

Practice 1B

1-A car tires rotate with an average 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅 × 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟑. 𝟓

angular speed 29rad/s. In what time = 𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅
interval will the tire rotate 3.5 time? ∆𝜽
𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟐𝟗𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬 ∆𝛉 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒓𝒆𝒗 ∆𝒕 =? ∆𝒕
∆𝜽 𝟐𝟐
∆𝒕 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝒔
𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝟐𝟗
2-Fill in the unknown quantities in the following table:

𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
∆𝜽
=
𝟐.𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝐀 ∆𝝎 ∆𝜽 ∆𝒕
∆𝒕 𝟏𝟎 𝒔
‫؟‬ +2.3 rad 10s A
∆𝜽 = 𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 × ∆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑩 0.75 rad/s ‫؟‬ 0.05 s B

𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅 × 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟐 × 𝝅 × −𝟏. 𝟐 ‫؟‬ -1.2 rev 1.2s C

= −𝟐. 𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
+𝟐𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬 +𝟏. 𝟓𝛑𝐫𝐚𝐝 ‫؟‬ D
∆𝜽 −𝟐. 𝟒𝝅
𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = = −𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∆𝒕 𝟏. 𝟐
= −𝟔. 𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔

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 Chapter One
∆𝜽 ∆𝜽 𝟏. 𝟓𝝅
𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 = → ∆𝒕 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒔 𝑫 ‫د‬١ −‫خ‬٢٠١٨
∆𝒕 𝝎𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝟐𝝅

Section Review 1-1

3- A bicyclist riders along track, if the bicyclist travels around exactly half
track in 10s, what is his average angular speed?

half-track=0.5rev=𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅

∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅 × ∆𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝒓𝒂𝒅

∆𝜽 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
𝛚= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∆𝒕 𝟏𝟎

Average speed of second hand:

∆𝜽 = −𝟐𝝅 ∆𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎𝒔
−∆𝜽 −𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝝎= = =− = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∆𝒕 𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟎
∆𝜽 −𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝝎= = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝒓𝒆𝒗/𝒔
∆𝒕 𝟔𝟎

Average speed of minute hand:

∆𝜽 = −𝟐𝝅 ∆𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔 𝒐𝒓 ∆𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒊𝒏

−∆𝜽 −𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝝎= = =− = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎𝒊𝒏
∆𝒕 𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟎
∆𝜽 −𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝝎= = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝒓𝒆𝒗/𝒎𝒊𝒏
∆𝒕 𝟔𝟎

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 Chapter One
Fast ways:
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈
1-If 𝜽 is given in degree: ∆𝒕 =
𝟔

2- If 𝜽 is given in rad: ∆𝒕 = ∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 × 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓

3- If 𝜽 is given in rev: ∆𝒕 = ∆𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 × 𝟔𝟎

Chapter review: 6-How long does it take the second hand of a clock to move through 4rad?
∆𝜽 −𝟐𝝅 𝝅
𝝎= = =− = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∆𝒕 𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟎

∆𝜽 −𝟒
∆𝒕 = = = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝒔 𝐨𝐫 ∆𝒕 = ∆𝜽 × 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟒 × 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟐 𝒔
𝝎 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕
Q:How long does it take the second hand of a clock to move through 𝟑𝟎°?2019t1
𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 −𝟑𝟎 ∆𝜽 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
∆𝜽 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝒓𝒂𝒅 ∆𝒕 = = = 𝟓𝒔
𝟓𝟕. 𝟑 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑 𝝎 − 𝝅/𝟑𝟎

𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝟑𝟎
𝒐𝒓 ∆𝒕 = = = 𝟓𝒔
𝟔 𝟔
Q:How long does it take the minute hand of a clock to move through 4rad?

27-Find the average angular speed of Earth about the sun in rad/s?2020t2

Hint: Earth orbits the sun every 365.25days.

∆𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚 ∆𝜽 = 𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒗

∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝛑 × ∆𝛉𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅

∆𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚 × 𝟐𝟒 𝒉 × 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 × 𝟔𝟎𝒔 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔

∆𝜽 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖
𝝎= = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∆𝒕 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎

Angular Acceleration

7
 Chapter One
The time rate of change of angular peed, ∆𝝎 𝝎𝒇 − 𝝎𝒊
expressed in radians per second. 2016 2020
𝛂𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝛂𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
*Increasing in angular speed 𝛂 𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. decreasing in angular speed 𝛂 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞.

-All point of rigid body has the same angular acceleration.2021

S.P.1C:

A car’s tire rotates at an initial angular 𝝎𝒇 − 𝝎𝒊 𝟐𝟖 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓

𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
speed of 21.5rad/s. The driver accelerates ∆𝒕 𝟑. 𝟓
and after 3.5s the angular speed is = 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐
28rad/s What is the tire’s average
acceleration during the 3.5s time interval? 𝒂 ∆𝛚 ∆𝐭
2017t2 2018t2 2020t2
‫؟‬ +121.5 rad/s 7s A
𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝛚𝒊 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 𝛚𝒇 = 𝟐𝟖 0.75rad/s2 ‫؟‬ 0.05s B
𝒔 𝒔
∆𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒔 𝒂 =?
P1C: ‫؟‬ -1.2 rev/s 1.2s C

1-Fill the unknown quantities in the following table:

∆𝝎 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟓
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = = 𝟏𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐 𝐀
∆𝒕 𝟕
∆𝛚 = 𝒂 × ∆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝐁
𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝐫𝐞𝐯 𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝛚 =𝛚 × 𝟐𝛑 𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝐂
𝐬 𝐬 𝒔 𝒔
∆𝛚 = −𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟐𝝅 = −𝟐. 𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∆𝝎 −𝟐. 𝟒𝝅
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = = −𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐 = −𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐
∆𝒕 𝟏. 𝟐
Section review 1-1:

4-Find the angular acceleration of a 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅

𝝎𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝝎𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟔
spinning amusement park ride that initially 𝒔 𝒔

travels at 0.5 rad/s then accelerates to ∆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒔 𝒂 =?

0.6rad/s during 0.5s time interval?

8
 Chapter One
𝝎𝒇 − 𝝎𝒊 𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒂= =
∆𝒕 𝟎. 𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐

Comparing Angular and linear Quantities

When I us it? Angular Linear

𝛚𝒇 = 𝛚𝒊 + 𝒂∆𝒕
Not mentioned ∆𝛉 𝝎𝒇 − 𝝎𝒊 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂∆𝒕
𝒂=
∆𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
Not mentioned 𝛚𝐟 ∆𝜽 = 𝛚𝒊 ∆𝒕 + 𝒂(∆𝒕)𝟐 ∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝒊 ∆𝒕 + 𝒂(∆𝒕)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Not mentioned ∆𝐭 𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = 𝛚𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝜽 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
Not mentioned 𝐚 ∆𝜽 = (𝛚 + 𝛚𝒇 )∆𝒕 ∆𝒙 = (𝒗 + 𝒗𝒇 )∆𝒕
𝟐 𝒊 𝟐 𝒊
S.P.1D:
The wheel on an upside-down bicycle moves through 11rad in 2s. what is the wheel’s
angular acceleration if its initial angular speed is 2 rad/s?

𝝎𝒊 = 𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 ∆𝒕 = 𝟐𝒔 ∆𝜽 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒂 =?
𝟏
∆𝜽 = 𝛚𝒊 ∆𝒕 + 𝒂(∆𝒕)𝟐 Not mentioned
𝟐
𝟏 𝛚𝐟
𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐 × 𝟐 + 𝒂 × (𝟐)𝟐
𝟐
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟒
𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒 + 𝟐𝒂 → 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟒 →𝒂= = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐
𝟐
P.1D:
1-A remote-controlled car’s wheel 10.8rad/s, what is the wheel’s angular
accelerates at 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐 .If the car speed after exactly three full turns?
wheel begins with an angular speed of

9
 Chapter One
𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = 𝛚𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝜽
𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 𝝎𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖
𝐬𝟐 𝐬
∆𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟑 𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝝎𝒇 =?
𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = (𝟏𝟎. 𝟖)𝟐 + 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟒

∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝛑 × ∆𝛉𝒓𝒆𝒗 𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟒 + 𝟖𝟒𝟒 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎. 𝟒

= 𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟑
𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = √𝟗𝟔𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟑𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅
2-How long does the wheel in item 1 take to make the three time?

𝛚𝒇 − 𝛚𝒊 𝟑𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐
∆𝒕 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝒔
𝒂 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒
Section Revieu1-1
5-What is the instantaneous angular speed ∆𝒕 = 𝟏𝒔 𝝎𝒇 ?
of spinning amusement-park ride that
accelerate from o.5rad/s at constant 𝛚𝒇 = 𝛚𝒊 + 𝒂∆𝒕
angular acceleration of o.2 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐 for 1s? 𝛚𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐 × 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝎𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒂= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔 𝒔

Chapter review:
6- A drill starts from rest. After 3.2s of Constance angular acceleration, the drill turns at
a rate of 2628rad/s:

a-Find the drill’s angular acceleration.

b- Determine the through which the drill rotates during this period?

𝝎𝒊 = 𝟎 ∆𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟐 𝒔 𝝎𝒇 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝒂 =? ∆𝜽 =?

𝝎𝒇 − 𝝎𝒊 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟖 − 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒂= = = 𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝟐 𝑨
∆𝒕 𝟑. 𝟐 𝒔
𝟏 𝟏
𝐛 − ∆𝜽 = (𝛚 + 𝛚𝒇 )∆𝒕 ∆𝜽 = (𝟎 + 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟖) × 𝟑. 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐 𝒊 𝟐
28- The tub within a washer goes into its spin cycle, starting from rest and reaching an
angular speed of 𝟏𝟏𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 in 8.0 s. At this point, the lid is opened, and a safety switch
turns off the washer. The tub slows to rest in 12.0 s. Through how many revolutions

10
 Chapter One
does the tub turn? Assume constant angular acceleration while the machine is starting
and stopping.

𝟎 → 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 → 𝟎
𝟎 → 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 switch on

𝛚𝒊 = 𝟎 𝛚𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 ∆𝒕 = 𝟖𝒔
𝟏 𝟏
∆𝛉 = (𝛚𝒊 + 𝛚𝒇 )∆𝒕 = (𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝝅) × 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟒𝟒𝝅
∆𝛉𝒓𝒆𝒗 = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 → 𝟎 switch off

𝛚𝒊 = 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝛚𝒇 = 𝟎 ∆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝒔

𝟏 𝟏
∆𝛉 = (𝛚𝒊 + 𝛚𝒇 )∆𝒕 = (𝟏𝟏𝝅 + 𝟎) × 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟔𝟔𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟔𝟔𝝅
∆𝛉𝒓𝒆𝒗 = = = 𝟑𝟑 𝒓𝒆𝒗 rev.total=22+33=55 rev
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

31-A coin with a diameter is 2.4cm is dropped onto a horizontal

surface. The coin starts out with an initial angular speed of
18rad/s and rolls in a straight line without slipping. the
rotational slows with an angular acceleration of magnitude
𝟏. 𝟗𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐 , how far does the coin roll before coming to rest?2020t1

𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝎𝒊 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒂 = −𝟏. 𝟗 𝝎𝒇 = 𝟎
𝒔 𝒔𝟐
𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝒄𝒎 ∆𝒔 =?

𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = 𝛚𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝜽

𝟎𝟐 = (𝟏𝟖)𝟐 + 𝟐 × (−𝟏. 𝟗) × ∆𝜽
𝟎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒 − 𝟑. 𝟖∆𝜽
𝟑𝟐𝟒
𝟑. 𝟖∆𝜽 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒 → ∆𝜽 = = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟑. 𝟖

11
 Chapter One
𝐃 𝟐. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟐
𝒓= = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒄𝒎 → = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎
∆𝒔
∆𝛉 = → ∆𝒔 = ∆𝜽 × 𝒓 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎
𝒓

32- A mass attached to a 50cm string starts from rest and is retinal a circular path
exactly 40 times in 1min before reaching a final angular speed. What is the angular
speed of the mass after 1min?
∆𝒕 = 𝟏𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟎𝒔 ∆𝜽 = 𝟒𝟎𝒓𝒆𝒗

𝝎𝒊 = 𝟎 𝝎𝒇 =?

∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝛑 × ∆𝛉𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟒𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅

𝟏
∆𝜽 = (𝛚 + 𝛚𝒇 )∆𝒕
𝟐 𝒊
𝟏
𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟐 = (𝟎 + 𝛚𝒇 ) × 𝟔𝟎
𝟐
𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝛚𝒇

𝛚𝒇 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔

*******************************

Tangential speed:
The instantaneous speed of an object that is
tangent to the object’s circular path.

𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎
The tangential speed depends on the distance from the object to the center of the
circular path and angular speed.

*𝒗𝒕𝑨 > 𝒗𝒕𝑩 , 𝝎𝑨 = 𝝎𝑩

12
 Chapter One
∆𝒔
To find the tangential speed, start with the equation for angular displacement: ∆𝜽 =
𝒓
: divide both sides of the equation by the time it takes to travel ∆s:

∆𝒔
∆𝒔 ∆𝜽 ∆𝒔 𝒗
∆𝜽 = → = 𝒓 → 𝛚= → 𝝎 = 𝒕 → 𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓𝝎
𝒓 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝒓 𝒓

S.P 1E:
The radius of a CD in a computer is o.o6m.
If a microbe riding on the disc’s rim has a

tangential of speed 1.88m/s, what is the

disc’s angular speed?2013t2 2019t1 2021t1 𝒗𝒕 𝝎 r
𝒎 ‫؟‬ 121.5 rad/s 0.03m A
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒎 𝒗𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝝎 =?
𝒔
0.75m/s ‫؟‬ 0.05m B
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎
𝒗𝒕 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 ‫؟‬ 1.2 rev/s 3.8 m C
𝝎= = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
P1E: 𝟐𝛑 𝐦/𝐬 1.5π rad/s ‫؟‬ D

1-Fill the unknown quantities in the following table:

𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 → 𝒗𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔 𝐀
𝒗𝒕 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 → 𝝎= = = 𝟏𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝐁
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝐫𝐞𝐯 𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝟏 = 𝟐𝛑 𝛚 = 𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟐𝛑 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟑𝟔 𝐂
𝐬 𝐬

𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 = 𝟑. 𝟖 × 𝟕. 𝟓𝟑𝟔 = 𝟐𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝒗𝒕 𝟐𝝅
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 → 𝒓= = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎 𝑫
𝝎 𝟏. 𝟓𝝅
S.R.1-2

13
 Chapter One
1-Find the tangential speed of a ball swung at a constant angular speed of a
5rad/s on a rope that is 5m long?

𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 = 𝟓 × 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
CH.R;

𝟖 − 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐚 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬, 𝐝𝐨 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞

𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝?
Ans: No because they have different distance from the center.
15- A small pebble breaks loose from the 𝒗𝒕 𝟒𝟗
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 → 𝝎= =
treads of a tire with a radius of 32cm.If the 𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐
pebble’s tangential speed is 49m/s, what 𝒓𝒂𝒅
= 𝟏𝟓𝟑
is the tire’s angular speed? 𝒔

Tangential Acceleration:
The instantaneous linear acceleration of an object direction directed along
the tangent to the object’s circular path, or the time rate of change of the
instantaneous speed in the tangential direction of the circular motion.

*Using the aquation of tangential velocity gives the following:

∆𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × ∆𝝎
∆𝒗𝒕 ∆𝝎
=𝒓×
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

2018 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓𝒂 𝒎/𝒔
𝟐

The tangential Acceleration depends on the distance from the object to the center of the
circular path and angular acceleration.

S.P 1F:

14
 Chapter One
A spinning ride at a carnival has an angular 𝟑𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒂𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟐
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐 𝒓 =?
acceleration of o.5 rad/s2. Haw far from 𝒔 𝒔
the center is rider who has a tangential 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝒂
acceleration of 3.3m/s2 ?
𝒂𝒕 𝟑. 𝟑
𝒓= = = 𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎
𝒂 𝟎. 𝟓
P1F:
1-A child on a merry-go-round undergoes a 1.5m/s2 linear acceleration. If the

merry-go-round’s angular acceleration is 1rad/s2 how far the child from the axis of
rotation?

𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝟏. 𝟓
𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒂=𝟏 𝒓 =? 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝒂 → 𝒓= = = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎
𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐 𝒂 𝟏
2-What is a tire’s angular acceleration if 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝒂
the tangential acceleration of radius of
15m is 𝟗. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎? 𝒂𝒕 𝟗. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝒂= =
𝒎
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝒂𝒕 = 𝟗. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐
𝒔𝟐
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒎 𝒂 =?
CH.R

30- A car traveling at 30m/s under goes a constant negative acceleration of magnitude
2m/s2 when the brakes are applied. How many revolutions does each tire makes before
the car comes stop, if the car does not skid and that the tires have radiuses of 0.3m?
𝒎 𝒎
𝒗𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒂𝒕 = −𝟐 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒎 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 =?
𝒔 𝒔𝟐
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎
𝒗𝒕 𝟑𝟎
𝝎= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑
𝒂𝒕 −𝟐
𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝒂 → 𝒂= = = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝟐
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑
𝛚𝒇 𝟐 = 𝛚𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝜽

𝟎𝟐 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟐 × (−𝟔. 𝟔𝟔) × ∆𝜽

15
 Chapter One
𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑∆𝜽
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑∆𝜽 → ∆𝜽 = = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
∆𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟕𝟓𝟎
∆𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒗 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝟐𝝅 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖
S.R 1-2
2-If an object has a tangential acceleration of 10m/s2, the angular speed will do which of
the following? a. decrease b. stay the same c. increase

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Centripetal Acceleration:
The time rate of the variation of the direction of velocity when it moves on a
circular path.

The Centripetal Acceleration depends on the distance from the object to the center
of the circular path and square of speed.

𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝒂𝒄 = 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒓

𝒂𝒄 = 𝝎𝟐 × 𝐫
Sample Problem G: A test car moves at a constant speed around a circular track. If the
car is 48.2 m from the track’s center and has a centripetal acceleration of 8.05 m/s2,
what is the car’s tangential speed?

𝒂𝒄 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟓𝒎/𝒔𝟐 𝒓 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝒎 𝒗𝒕 =?
𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
𝒓

16
 Chapter One
𝒗𝒕 𝟐 = 𝐫 × 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐 × 𝟖. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖 𝒗𝒕 = √𝟑𝟖𝟖 = 𝟐𝟎𝐦/𝐬

P1G
1-A race car moving along a circular track has a centripetal acceleration of 15.4 m/s2 . If
the car has a tangential speed of 30.0 m/s, what is the distance between the car and the
center of the track?

𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝒎/𝒔𝟐 𝒓 =?

𝒂𝒄 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒
𝒂𝒄 = 𝝎𝟐 × 𝐫 → 𝐫 = = = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝐦
𝝎𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐)𝟐
2-A pace of clay sits 0.2m from the center of a potter’s wheel, If the potter spins the
wheel at angular speed of 20.5rad/s, what is the magnitude of the centripetal
acceleration of the piece of clay on the wheel?

𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒎 𝝎 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝒂𝒄 =?

𝒂𝒄 = 𝝎𝟐 × 𝐫 = (𝟐𝟎. 𝟓)𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟒𝒎/𝒔𝟐

S.R 1-2
3-If a spinning amusement park ride has an angular speed of 1.2rad/s, what is the
centripetal acceleration of a person standing 12m from the center? 2021

𝒓 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎 𝝎 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝒂𝒄 =?

𝒂𝒄 = 𝝎𝟐 × 𝐫 = (𝟏. 𝟐)𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

CH.R.
16-A building superintendent twirls a set of keys in a circle at the end of a cord. If the
keys have a centripetal acceleration of 145 m/s2 and the cord has a length of 0.34 m,
what is the tangential speed of the keys? 2018t1 2020t2

𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝒂𝒄 = → 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 = 𝐫 × 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟒𝟓 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑
𝒓
𝒗𝒕 = √𝟒𝟗. 𝟑 = 𝟕𝐦/𝐬

17
 Chapter One
1. A rope attaches a tire to an overhanging tree limb. A girl swinging on the tire has a
centripetal acceleration of 3.0 m/s2 . If the length of the rope is 2.1 m, what is the girl’s
tangential speed?

2. As a young boy swings a yo-yo parallel to the ground and above his head, the yo-yo
has a centripetal acceleration of 250 m/s2 . If the yo-yo’s string is 0.50 m long, what is
the yo-yo’s tangential speed?

3. A dog sits 1.5 m from the center of a merry-go-round. The merry-go round is set in
motion, and the dog’s tangential speed is 1.5 m/s. What is the dog’s centripetal
acceleration?

Finding Total Acceleration :Any object moving in a circle has a centripetal

acceleration. When both components of acceleration exist simultaneously, the
tangential acceleration is tangent to the circular path and the centripetal acceleration
points toward the center of the circular path.

Because these components of acceleration are perpendicular to each other, the

magnitude of the total acceleration can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, as
follows:

𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒂𝒕 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒄 𝟐
𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = √𝒂𝒕 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒄 𝟐

The direction of the total acceleration, as shown in Figure 2, depends on the magnitude
of each component of acceleration and can be found using the inverse of the tangent
function.

the angle is between 𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

𝒂𝒄 𝒂𝒄 −𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕

Q2020t2:

18
 Chapter One
An object moving on circular path has a circular acceleration of 50 m/s2 if the total
acceleration is equal to 60 m/s2, find the centripetal acceleration of the object?

𝒂𝒕 = √𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 − 𝒂𝒄 𝟐 = √(𝟔𝟎)𝟐 − (𝟓𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝒎/𝒔𝟐

𝒂𝒄 𝟓𝟎
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟔°
𝒂𝒕 𝟑𝟑
Q: find the angle of total acceleration if centripetal acceleration is equal to
tangential acceleration?

CH.R
9- Correct the following statement: The racing car rounds the turn at a constant velocity
of 145 km/h. Ans: constant speed, not velocity.

10-Describe the path of a moving body whose acceleration is constant in magnitude at

all times and is perpendicular to the velocity. Ans: a circle.

11-An object moves in a circular path with constant speed v.

a. Is the object's velocity constant? No. because there is changing in direction

b. Is its acceleration constant?

12-Give an example of a situation in which an automobile driver can have a centripetal

acceleration but no tangential acceleration?

Ans: a car driving in a circle at a constant speed.

13-Can a car move around a circular racetrack so that the car has a tangential
acceleration but no centripetal acceleration? Ans: No, ac is necessary for circular motion.

14-The gas pedal and the. brakes of a car accelerate and decelerate the car. Could a
steering wheel perform either of these two actions? Explain.

Yes, by changing the direction.

Centripetal Force:

19
 Chapter One
The net force that is directed toward the center of an object’s circular path is called
centripetal force.

𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒏′ 𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒎𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝑭𝒄 =
𝒓

𝑭𝒄 deopends on: m, 𝒗𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓

𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄 → 𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎 𝛚 𝟐 𝐫
Any type of force or combination of forces can provide this net force. For example,
friction between a racecar’s tires and a circular track is a centripetal force that keeps the
car in a circular path. As another example, gravitational force is a centripetal force that
keeps the moon in its orbit.

4. Identify the forces that contribute to the

centripetal force on the object in each of the following examples:

a. a bicyclist moving around a flat, circular track

the forces that the bicycle seat, handlebars, and pedals exert on the bicyclist.

b. a bicycle moving around a flat, circular track

friction between the tires and the track.

20
 Chapter One
c. a car turning around a horizonal curve?

the friction between the tires and the road.

**************************
A ball that is on the end of a string is whirled in a
vertical circular path. If the string breaks at the position
shown in (a), the ball will move vertically upward in
free fall. (b) If the string breaks at the top of the ball’s
path, the ball will move along a parabolic path.

23-Why does mud fly off a rapidly turning wheel? The mud’s internal cohesion is not
able to provide enough force to maintain the circular motion

S.P.1H:A pilot is flying a small plane at 30 m/s in a circular path with a radius of 100 m.
The centripetal force needed to maintain the plane’s circular motion is 635 N. What is
the plane’s mass?

𝒗𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎/𝒔 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝑵

𝒎 × 𝒗𝟐 𝑭𝒄 𝒓 𝟔𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝒄 = → 𝒎= = = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟔𝐤𝐠
𝒓 𝒗𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟐
P1H: 1-A 2.10 m rope attaches a tire to an overhanging tree limb. A girl swinging on the
tire has a tangential speed of 2.50 m/s. If the magnitude of the centripetal force is 88.0
N, what is the girl’s mass?

𝒗𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎/𝒔 𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝒎 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟖𝟖𝑵

𝒎 × 𝒗𝟐 𝑭𝒄 𝒓 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟐. 𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟓
𝑭𝒄 = →𝒎= 𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝒌𝒈
𝒓 𝒗 (𝟐. 𝟓)𝟐 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓
2-A 905 kg car travels around a circular track with a circumference of 3.25 km. If the
magnitude of the centripetal force is 2140 N, what is the car’s tangential speed?

𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟎𝑵 𝒗𝒕 =?

𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝟐𝛑𝒓

𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝒓= = = 𝟓𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝒎
𝟐𝝅 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖

21
 Chapter One
𝒎 × 𝒗𝟐 𝑭𝒄 𝒓 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟎 × 𝟓𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
𝑭𝒄 = → 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟕
𝒓 𝒎 𝟗𝟎𝟓

𝒗𝒕 = √𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝒎/𝒔
Q: A bicyclist is riding at a tangential speed of 13.2 m/s around a circular track. The
magnitude of the centripetal force is 377 N, and the combined mass of the bicycle and
rider is 86.5 kg. What is the track’s radius? 40.0 m

Q:A dog sits 1.50 m from the center of a merry-go-round and revolves at a tangential
speed of 1.80 m/s. If the dog’s mass is 18.5 kg, what is the magnitude of the centripetal
force on the dog? 40.0 N

Ch.R 26:A roller-coaster car speeds down a hill past point A and then rolls up a hill past
point B, as shown below. a. The car has a speed of 20.0 m/s at point A. If the net force
on the car of 2.06 × 104 N at this point, what is the mass of the car? (Be sure to account
for gravitational force.) b. What is the maximum speed the car can have at point B for
the gravitational force to hold it on the track?

𝑭𝒄𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐍 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒕𝒂 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎/𝒔 𝒓𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎 𝒓𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓𝒎

𝒎 × 𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 =
𝒓
𝑭𝒄 × 𝒓 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐦= = = = 𝟓𝟏𝟓𝒌𝒈 − 𝐀
𝒗𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎

𝒎 × 𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 =
𝒓
→ 𝑭𝒄 = 𝑭𝐠 = 𝒎𝐠 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗𝒕𝟐 − 𝐁
𝒎 × 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 𝒎 × 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝒎𝐠 = → 𝐠= 𝐠=
𝒓 𝒎𝒓 𝒓

𝒗𝒕 𝟐 = 𝒓 × 𝐠 = 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟓 𝒗𝒕 = √𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎/𝒔

29-An Airplane is flying a horizontal circle at a speed of 105m/s. The 80kg of pilot does
not want the centripetal acceleration exceed 7 times free-fall acceleration:

22
 Chapter One
A-Find the minimum radius of the plane path.

B-At this radius, what is the net force that maintains circular motion exerted on the pilot
by the seat belts, the friction against the seat, and so forth?

𝒗𝒕 𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟓)𝟐
𝒂𝒄 = → 𝟕𝐠 =
𝒓 𝒓
(𝟏𝟎𝟓)𝟐
𝒓= = 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝐦
𝟕𝐠

𝒎 × 𝒗𝟐 𝟖𝟎 × (𝟏𝟎𝟓)𝟐
𝑭𝒄 = = = 𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟑𝑵
𝒓 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

Or: 𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄 = 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟕𝐠 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟑𝑵

33-. A 13 500 N car traveling at 50.0 km/h rounds a curve of radius 2.00 × 102 m. Find the
following: a. the centripetal acceleration of the car b. the centripetal force c. the
minimum coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road that will allow the
car to round the curve safely?
𝟓𝟎𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟑.𝟗𝒎
𝑭𝐠 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑵 𝒗𝒕 = × = 𝒓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝒉 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
Fn
𝒂𝒄 =? 𝝁𝒔 =?
Fs Fg
𝒗𝒕 𝟐 (𝟏𝟑. 𝟗)𝟐 𝒎
𝒂𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟓 𝟐 𝑨 r
𝒓 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒔
𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝐠 ……………𝟏

𝑭𝒔 = 𝑭𝐜 ……………𝟐
𝑭𝒔
𝝁𝒔 =
𝑭𝒏
𝒎 × 𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝑭𝒄 𝑭𝒄 𝒓 𝟏 𝒎 × 𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝝁𝒔 = = = = ×
𝑭𝐠 𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈 𝒓

𝒗𝒕 𝟐 (𝟏𝟑. 𝟗)𝟐
𝝁𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟓
𝒓𝒈 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

F.W:

23
 Chapter One
𝒗𝒕 𝟐 (𝟏𝟑.𝟗)𝟐
𝝁𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟓 2018t1
𝒓𝒈 𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟗.𝟖𝟏

34- A 2.00 × 103 kg car rounds a circular turn of radius 20.0 m. If the road is flat and the
coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road is 0.70, how fast can the car
go without skidding?

𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝝁𝒔 = → 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 = 𝝁𝒔 × 𝐫𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟑
𝒓𝒈

𝒗𝒕 = √𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎/𝒔

H.w.An automobile with a tangential speed of 55.0 km/h follows a circular road that has
a radius of 40.0 m. The automobile has a mass of 1350 kg. The pavement is wet and oily,
so the coefficient of kinetic friction between the car’s tires and the pavement is only
0.500. How large is the available frictional force? Is this frictional force large enough to
maintain the automobile’s circular motion? 6620 N; no (Fc = 7880 N)

35-A cupper block rests 300cm from the center of a steel turntable, The coefficient of
static fraction is 0.53. the turntable starts from rest and rotates with Constance angular
acceleration of 0.5rad/s2. After what time interval will the block start to slip on the
turntable?

𝒗𝒕 𝟐
𝝁𝒔 = → 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 = 𝝁𝒔 × 𝐫𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔
𝒓𝒈

𝒗𝒕 = √𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
𝒗𝒕 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒
𝒗𝒕 = 𝝎 × 𝒓 → 𝝎= = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑
𝟒. 𝟏𝟑
𝝎𝒇 = 𝝎𝒊 + 𝒂∆𝒕 → 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 × ∆𝒕 → ∆𝒕 = = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟔 𝒔
𝟎. 𝟓
36-In a popular amusement-park ride, a cylinder of radius 3m is set in
rotation at angular speed 5rad/s. The floor then drops away, leaving the
riders suspended against the wall in a vertical position. What minimum
coefficient of friction between a rider’s clothing and the wall of the cylinder is
needed to keep the rider from slipping?

𝒗𝒕 = 𝒓 × 𝝎 = 𝟑 × 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

24
 Chapter One
𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝐜 ……………𝟏 𝑭𝒔 = 𝑭𝐠 ……………𝟐
𝑭𝒔
𝝁𝒔 =
𝑭𝒏
𝑭𝐠 𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈 𝒓 𝒈 × 𝒓 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟑
𝝁𝒔 = = = 𝟐
= 𝒎𝒈 × 𝟐
= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝑭𝐜 𝑭𝒄 𝒎 × 𝒗𝒕 𝒎 × 𝒗𝒕 𝒗𝒕 𝟐 (𝟏𝟓)𝟐
𝒓

f.w
𝒈 × 𝒓 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟑
𝝁𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝒗𝒕 𝟐 (𝟏𝟓)𝟐

DESCRIBING A ROTATING SYSTEM:

To better understand the motion of a rotating system, consider a car traveling at high
speed and approaching an exit ramp that curves to the left. As the driver makes the
sharp left turn, the passenger slides to the right and hits the door. At that point, the
force of the door keeps the passenger from being ejected from the car. What causes the
passenger to move toward the door? A popular explanation is that a force must push
the passenger outward. This force is sometimes called the centrifugal force, but that
term often creates confusion, so it is not used in this textbook.

The phenomenon is correctly explained as follows: Before the car enters the ramp, the
passenger is moving in a straight path. As the car enters the ramp and travels along a
curved path, the passenger, because of inertia, tends to move along the original straight
path. This movement is in accordance with Newton’s first law.

Ch.R
17-Imagine that you attach a heavy object to one end of a spring and then, while holding
the spring’s other end, whirl the spring and object in a horizontal circle. Does the spring
stretch? Explain.

25
 Chapter One
Ans: yes; The object moves in a spiral path and because of inertia, the object’s distance
increases outward until the spring force is great enough to keep the
object at a constant radius.

18-Explain how it is possible for all the water to remain in a pail that
is whirled in a vertical path, as shown below.

The water remains in the pail even when the pail is upside down
because the water tends to move in a straight path due to inertia.

Gravitational force
The mutual force of attraction between particles of matter.

* Gravitational force exists between any

two masses, regardless of size. For
instance, desks in a classroom have a
mutual attraction because of gravitational
force.

𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐
𝑭𝐠 = 𝑮 ×
𝒓𝟐
𝑭𝐠 𝒓𝟐
𝑮= 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐
𝐫 = √𝑮 ×
𝑭𝐠

G is called the constant of universal gravitation. The value of G was unknown in

Newton’s Day, but experiments have since determined the value to be as follows:

−𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟐
2018t1 G= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐍.
𝐤𝒈𝟐

𝒎𝟐
𝐍. 2‫خ‬2019
𝐤𝒈𝟐

𝒎𝟐 𝒎 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟑
𝐍. 𝟐 → 𝐤𝒈 . 𝟐 . 𝟐 =
𝐤𝒈 𝒔 𝐤𝒈 𝒌𝒈. 𝒔𝟐

26
 Chapter One
𝑴𝑬 × 𝒎
𝑭𝐠 = 𝑮 × …….𝟏 𝑭𝐠 = 𝒎𝒈 … … … . . 𝟐
𝒓𝟐
Gravitational force is localized to the center of a spherical mass:
𝑴𝑬 × 𝒎
𝐦𝐠 = 𝑮 ×
𝒓𝟐
𝑴𝑬 × 𝒎
𝐠=𝑮×
𝒎𝒓𝟐
𝑴𝑬 −𝟏𝟏
𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
= 𝑮 × 𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 × = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟑𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒓 (𝟔. 𝟑𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟐

*Observe how the force of gravity is directly proportional to the product of

the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of
separation.

𝟏
𝑭𝐠 =
𝒓𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑭𝐠 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 =
𝒓 𝟐 𝟒

𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝑭𝐠 = = =𝟏× =𝟒
𝒓 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝟐) 𝟐

S.P1I:
Find the distance between a 0.300 kg billiard ball and a 0.400 kg billiard ball if the
magnitude of the gravitational force between them is 𝟖. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑵.

27
 Chapter One
𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐
𝑭𝐠 = 𝑮 ×
𝒓𝟐
𝒎𝟏 ×𝒎𝟐
𝒓𝟐 = 𝑮 ×
𝑭𝐠

𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 × = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟖
𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝐗𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏

𝒓 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎

P11I: 1-What must be the distance between two 0.800 kg balls if the magnitude of the
gravitational force between them is equal to that in Sample Problem C?
𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐
𝑭𝐠 = 𝑮 ×
𝒓𝟐
𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟖
𝒓𝟐 = 𝑮 × → 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 × = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
𝑭𝐠 𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝐗𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏

→ 𝒓𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑 𝒎

2-Find the magnitude of the gravitational force a 66.5 kg person would experience while
standing on the surface of each of the following planets:

Planet r m

A Earth 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 kg

B Mars 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝐠

𝟔𝟕.𝟓×𝟓.𝟗𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝑭𝐠 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 × = 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝐍
(𝟔.𝟑𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟐

or 𝑨: 𝑭𝐠 = 𝐨𝐫 𝒈 × 𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑𝐭𝟏

𝒎𝟏 ×𝒎𝟐
𝑩∶ 𝑭𝐠 = 𝑮 ×
𝒓𝟐

−𝟏𝟏
𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
𝑭𝐠 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 × = 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝐍
(𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟐

𝒐𝒓: 𝑭𝐠 = 𝒈 × 𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝑵

Q:Mars has a mass of about 6.4 × 1023 kg, and its moon Phobos has a mass of about

28
 Chapter One
9.6 × 1015 kg. If the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two bodies is

4.6 × 1015 N, how far apart are Mars and Phobos?

S.R.1-3

1-A roller coaster’s passengers are suspended upside down as it moves at a constant
speed through a vertical loop. What is the direction of the force that causes the coaster
and its passengers to move in a circle? What provides this force?

Ans: toward the center of the loop; the track and gravity.

2-Identify the forces that contribute to the centripetal force on the object in each of the
following examples:

a. a bicyclist moving around a flat, circular track .

the forces that the bicycle seat, handlebars, and pedals exert on the bicyclist.

b. a bicycle moving around a flat, circular track.friction between the tires and the track.

C-a bobsled turning a corner on the track?Normal force of curved road.

3- A 90.0 kg person rides a spinning amusement park ride that has a radius of 11.5 m. If
the person’s tangential speed is 13.2 m/s, what is the magnitude of the centripetal force
acting on the person?

𝒎 = 𝟗𝟎𝐤𝐠 𝛚 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬 𝐫 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝐦 𝑭𝒄 =?

𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎 × 𝝎𝟐 × 𝒓 = 𝟗𝟎 ×= (𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝑵

Or:

𝒂𝒄 = 𝝎𝟐 × 𝒓 = (𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟏𝒎/𝒔𝟐

𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎 × 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝑵

Ch.R

29
 Chapter One
2- Comment on the statement, “There is no gravity in outer space.”
Strong gravitational fields are present in orbits near planets. Far from any large celestial
bodies, the gravitational field may be so small that the force due to gravity is negligible.

21-Explane why earth is spherical in shape and why it bulges at the equator?
Earth is bulged out at equator and flattered at poles because of centripetal force. The earth
spins at constant rate but rate of movement is different the equator is moving fastest and
poles are not moving (ignoring the fact that earth is orbiting the sun). Because of this
movement centrifugal force is pulling matter closer to equator which structure outwards giving
earth slightly non-spherical shape.

22- Because of Earth's rotation, you would weigh slightly less at the equator than you
would at the poles. Why?

Since there is more centrifugal force at the equator to cancel gravity, your overall weight
at the equator versus at the poles is even less.𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒓

24-Astronauts floating around inside the space shuttle are not actually in a zero-gravity
environment. What is the real reason astronauts seem weightless?

The astronauts, the shuttle, and objects in the shuttle are all falling with the same free-
fall acceleration

Ch.R
5-When a wheel is rotated through an angle of 35°, a point on the circumference travels
through an arc length of 2.5 m. When the wheel is rotated through angles of 35 rad and
35 rev, the same point travels through arc lengths of 143 m and 9.0 x 10 m,respectively.
What is the radius of the wheel?

∆𝒔 𝟐. 𝟓
= = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝒎
∆𝛉 𝟑𝟓 ÷ 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑

∆𝒔 𝟏𝟒𝟑
𝒓= = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝒎
∆𝛉 𝟑𝟓
∆𝒔 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝒓= = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝒎
∆𝛉 𝟏𝟑𝟓 × 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖
MULTIPLE CHOICE

30
 Chapter One
1. An object moves in a circle at a constant speed. Which of the following is not true of
the object?

A. Its centripetal acceleration points toward the center of the circle.

B. Its tangential speed is constant.

C. Its velocity is constant.

D. A centripetal force acts on the object.

Use the passage below to answer questions 2–3.

A car traveling at 15 m/s on a flat surface turn in a circle with a radius

of 25 m.

2. What is the centripetal acceleration of the car?

A. 2.4 × 10−2 m/s2

B. 0.60 m/s2

C. 9.0 m/s2

D. zero

3. What is the most direct cause of the car’s centripetal acceleration?

A. the torque on the steering wheel

B. the torque on the tires of the car

C. the force of friction between the tires and the road

D. the normal force between the tires and the road

4. Earth (m = 5.97 × 1024 kg) orbits the sun (m = 1.99 ×1030 kg) at a mean distance of 1.50
× 1011 m. What

is the gravitational force of the sun on Earth? (G =6.673 × 10−11 N•m2/kg2)

A. 5.29 × 1032 N

B. 3.52 × 1022 N

C. 5.90 × 10−2 N

D. 1.77 × 10−8 N

31
 Chapter One
𝐦𝐄
5. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the expression :𝒂𝐠 = 𝐠 = 𝐆
𝐫𝟐

A. Gravitational field strength changes with an object’s distance from Earth.

B. Free-fall acceleration changes with an object’s distance from Earth.

C. Free-fall acceleration is independent of the falling object’s mass.

D. All of the above are correct interpretations.

6. What data do you need to calculate the orbital

speed of a satellite?

A. mass of satellite, mass of planet, radius of orbit

B. mass of satellite, radius of planet, area of orbit

C. mass of satellite and radius of orbit only

D. mass of planet and radius of orbit only

7. Which of the following choices correctly describes the orbital relationship between
Earth and the sun?

A. The sun orbits Earth in a perfect circle.

B. Earth orbits the sun in a perfect circle.

C. The sun orbits Earth in an ellipse, with Earth at one focus.

D. Earth orbits the sun in an ellipse, with the sun at one focus.

8-Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Mass and weight both vary with location.

B. Mass varies with location, but weight does not.

C. Weight varies with location, but mass doesn’t.

D. Neither mass nor weight varies with location.

13. Which astronomer discovered that planets travel in elliptical rather than circular
orbits?

A. Johannes Kepler

32
 Chapter One
B. Nicolaus Copernicus

C. Tycho Brahe

D. Claudius Ptolemy

10- Are the bodies that move in a circular path in equilibrium?

No, because there is a net force (not equal to zero).

Circular Motion and Gravitation MULTIPLE CHOICE In the space provided, write the
letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each
question. 1. When an object is moving with uniform circular motion, the object’s
tangential speed

a. is circular. b. is perpendicular to the plane of motion. c. is constant. d. is directed

toward the center of motion.

2. The centripetal force on an object in circular motion is

a. in the same direction as the tangential speed. b. in the direction opposite the
tangential speed. c. in the same direction as the centripetal acceleration. d. in the
direction opposite the centripetal acceleration.

3. A ball is whirled on a string, then the string breaks. What causes the ball to move off
in a straight line?

a. centripetal acceleration c. centrifugal force b. centripetal force d. inertia

4. If you lift an apple from the ground to some point above the ground, the gravitational
potential energy in the system increases. This potential energy is stored in

a. the apple. b. Earth. c. both the apple and Earth. d. the gravitational field between
Earth and the apple.

5. When calculating the gravitational force between two extended bodies, you should
measure the distance

a. from the closest points on each body. b. from the most distant points on each body. c.
from the center of each body. d. from the center of one body to the closest point on the
other body

33
 Chapter One
6. The gravitational force between two masses is 36 N. What is the gravitational force if
the distance between them is tripled? (G = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 )

a. 4.0 N b. 9.0 N c. 18 N d. 27

7.

8. 9.

10. How would the speed of Earth’s orbit around the sun change if Earth’s mass
increased by 4 times?

a. It would increase by a factor of 2. b. It would increase by a factor of 4. c. It would

decrease by a factor of 2. d. The speed would not change

11. When an astronaut in orbit experiences apparent weightlessness,

a. no forces act on the astronaut. b. no gravitational forces act on the astronaut. c. the
net gravitational force on the astronaut is zero. d. the net gravitational force on the
astronaut is not balanced by a normal force

34
Chapter One

35
 Chapter One

1 .A grindstone spinning at the rate of 8.3 rev/s has what approximate angular speed ?

a. 3.2 rad/s b. 26 rad/s c. 52 rad/s d. 81 rad/s

2 .A ventilation fan has blades 0.25 m in radius rotating at 20 rev/min. What is the
tangential speed of each blade tip ?

a. 0.02 m/s b. 0.52 m/s c. 5.0 m/s d. 20 m/s

3 .A ventilation fan has blades 0.25 m long rotating at 20 rev/min. What is the
centripetal acceleration of a point on the outer tip of a blade ?

a. 1.1 m/s2 b. 0.87 m/s2 c. 0.55 m/s2 d. 0.23 m/s2

4 .An automobile tire rotates how many rad after starting from rest and

accelerating at a constant 2.0 rad/s2 over a 5.0-s interval ?

a. 12.5 rad b. 25 rad c. 2.0 rad d. 0.50 rad

5 .A 0.30-m-radius automobile tire accelerates from rest at a constant 2.0 rad/s2 .What
is the centripetal acceleration of a point on the outer edge of the tire after 5.0 s ?

a. 300 m/s2 b. 33 m/s2 c. 30 m/s2 d. 3.0 m/s2

6 .A 0.30-m-radius automobile tire accelerates from rest at a constant 2.0 rad/s2

over a 5.0-s interval. What is the tangential component of acceleration for a point on
the outer edge of the tire during the 5-s interval ?

a. 33 m/s2 b. 6.7 m/s2 c. 0.60 m/s2 d. 0.30 m/s2

7 .A fan blade, initially at rest, rotates with a constant acceleration of 0.025 rad/s2.What
is its angular speed at the instant it goes through an angular displacement of 4.2 rad ?

a. 0.025 rad/s b. 0.11 rad/s c. 0.46 rad/s d. 1.2 rad/s

8 .A fan blade, initially at rest, rotates with a constant acceleration of 0.025 rad/s2

.What is the time interval required for it to reach a 4.2rad displacement after starting
from rest ? a. 1.8 s b. 2.0 s c. 16 s d. 18 s

9 .A 0.40-kg mass, attached to the end of a 0.75-m string, is whirled around in a circular

horizontal path. If the maximum tension that the string can withstand is 450 N, then
what maximum speed can the mass have if the string is not to break ?

36
 Chapter One
a. 370 m/s b. 22 m/s c. 19 m/s d. 29 m/s

10 .Two satellites are monitored as they orbit the Earth; satellite X is eight times as far
from the Earth’s center as is satellite Y. From Kepler’s third law one may conclude that
the period or revolution of X is what factor times that of Y ?

a. 1/2 b. 2.0 c. 4.0 d. 22.6

11 .A point on the rim of a 0.30-m-radius rotating wheel has a tangential speed of 4.0
m/s.What is the tangential speed of a point 0.20 m from the center of the same wheel ?

a. 1.0 m/s b. 1.3 m/s c. 2.7 m/s d. 8.0 m/s

12 .A point on the rim of a 0.25-m-radius fan blade has centripetal acceleration of 0.20
m/s2 .Find the centripetal acceleration of a point 0.05 m from the center of the same
wheel .

a. 0.01 m/s2 b. 0.02 m/s2 c. 0.04 m/s2 d. 0.08 m/s2

13 .A point on the rim of a 0.25-m-radius rotating wheel has a centripetal acceleration of

4.0 m/s2 .What is the angular speed of the wheel ?

a. 1.0 rad/s b. 2.0 rad/s c. 3.2 rad/s d. 4.0 rad/s

14 .A point on the rim of a 0.15-m-radius rotating disk has a centripetal acceleration of

5.0 m/s2 .What is the angular speed of a point 0.075 m from the center of the disk ?

a. 0.89 rad/s b. 1.6 rad/s c. 3.2 rad/s d. 5.8 rad/s

18 .Which of the following best describes the property of the period of orbital
revolution for an Earth satellite ?

a. greater when the orbital radius is smaller

b. greater when the orbital radius is larger

c. independent of the orbital radius

d. determined mainly by the satellite’s mass

20 .A 0.12-m-radius grinding wheel takes 5.5 s to speed up from 2.0 rad/s to 11.0 rad/s.
What is the wheel’s average angular acceleration ?

a. 9.6 rad/s2 b. 4.8 rad/s2 c. 1.6 rad/s2 d. 0.33 rad/s2

37
 Chapter One
21 .A 0.15-m-radius grinding wheel starts at rest and develops an angular speed of 12.0
rad/s in 4.0 s. What is the average tangential acceleration of a point on the wheel’s
edge ?a. 0.45 m/s2 b. 6.8 m/s2 c. 28 m/s2 d. 14 m/s2

22 .A 0.150-m-radius grinding wheel, starting at rest, develops an angular speed of 12.0

rad/s in a time interval of 4.00 s. What is the centripetal acceleration of a point 0.100 m
from the center when the wheel is moving at an angular speed of 12.0 rad/s ?

a. 0.450 m/s2 b. 7.20 m/s2 c. 14.4 m/s2 d. 28.8 m/s2

23 .A Ferris wheel starts at rest and builds up to a final angular speed of 0.70 rad/s while
rotating through an angular displacement of 4.9 rad. What is its average angular
acceleration ?

a. 0.10 rad/s2 b. 0.05 rad/s2 c. 1.8 rad/s2 d. 0.60 rad/s2

24 .A Ferris wheel, rotating initially at an angular speed of 0.50 rad/s, accelerates over a
7.0-s interval at a rate of 0.040 rad/s2 .What is its angular speed after this 7-s interval ?

a. 0.20 rad/s b. 0.30 rad/s c. 0.46 rad/s d. 0.78 rad/s

25 .A Ferris wheel, rotating initially at an angular speed of 0.500 rad/s, accelerates over
a 7.00-s interval at a rate of 0.040 0 rad/s2 .What angular displacement does the Ferris
wheel undergo in this 7-s interval ?

a. 4.48 rad b. 2.50 rad c. 3.00 rad d. 0.500 rad

26 .The distance from the center of a Ferris wheel to a passenger seat is 12 m. What
centripetal acceleration does a passenger experience when the wheel’s angular speed is
0.50 rad/s ?

a. 16.9 m/s2 b. 9.0 m/s2 c. 3.0 m/s2 d. 6.0 m/s2

27 .What centripetal force does an 80-kg passenger experience when seated 12 m from
the center of a Ferris wheel whose angular speed is 0.50 rad/s ?

a. 484 N b. 720 N c. 914 N d. 240 N

28 .A 0.400-kg object is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0.500-m-

length string. If the angular speed at the bottom is 8.00 rad/s, what is the tension in the
string when the object is at the bottom of the circle ?

a. 5.60 N b. 10.5 N c. 16.7 N d. 19.6 N

38
 Chapter One
29 .A 0.30-kg rock is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0.25-m-length
string .At the top of the path, the angular speed is 12.0 rad/s. What is the tension in the
string at that point ?

a. 7.9 N b. 16 N c. 18 N d. 83 N

30 .A 1 500-kg car rounds an unbanked curve with a radius of 52 m at a speed of 12 m/s.

What minimum coefficient of friction must exist between the road and tires to prevent
the car from slipping? (g = 9.8 m/s2

a. 0.18 b. 0.30 c. 0.28 d. 0.37

33 .An object of mass 0.50 kg is transported to the surface of Planet X where the
object’s weight is measured to be 20 N. The radius of the planet is 4.0 × 106

m. What is the mass of Planet X( ?G = 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2/kg2 )

a. 13 × 1019 kg b. 17 × 1022 kg c. 9.6 × 1024 kg d. 21 × 1025 kg

34 .An object of mass 0.50 kg is transported to the surface of Planet X where the
object’s weight is measured to be 20 N. The radius of the planet is 4.0 × 106 m. What
free fall acceleration will the 0.50-kg object experience when at the surface of Planet
X?

a. 48 m/s2 b. 20 m/s2 c. 16 m/s2 d. 40 m/s2

39 .Consider a point on a bicycle wheel as the wheel makes exactly four complete
revolutions about a fixed axis. Compare the linear and angular displacement of the
point .

a. Both are zero . b. Only the angular displacement is zero.

c. Only the linear displacement is zero . d. Neither is zero.

40 .Consider a point on a bicycle wheel as the wheel turns about a fixed axis, neither
speeding up nor slowing down. Compare the linear and angular velocities of the point .

a. Both are constant . b. Only the angular velocity is constant .

c. Only the linear velocity is constant . d. Neither is constant .

41 .Consider a point on a bicycle wheel as the wheel turns about a fixed axis, neither
speeding up nor slowing down. Compare the linear and angular accelerations of the
point . a. Both are zero . b. Only the angular acceleration is zero .

c. Only the linear acceleration is zero . d. Neither is zero .

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42 .Consider a point on a bicycle tire that is momentarily in contact with the ground as
the bicycle rolls across the ground with constant speed. The direction for the
acceleration for this point at that moment is :
a. upward . b. down toward the ground . c. forward .d. at that moment the acceleration is zero .

43 .Consider a child who is swinging. As she reaches the lowest point in her swing :

a. the tension in the rope is equal to her weight .

b. the tension in the rope is equal to her mass times her acceleration .

c. her acceleration is downward at 9.8 m/s2

.d. none of the above .

44 .An Earth satellite is orbiting at a distance from the Earth’s surface equal to one Earth
radius (4 000 miles). At this location, the acceleration due to gravity is what factor times
the value of g at the Earth’s surface ?

a. There is no acceleration since the satellite is in orbit . b. 2 c. 1/2 d. 1/4

45 .If a planet has 3 times the radius of the Earth, but has the same density as the Earth,
what is the gravitational acceleration at the surface of the planet? (g = 9.8 m/s2 )

a. 29.4 m/s2 b. 88.2 m/s2 c. 265 m/s2 d. 3.27 m/s2

46 .An object when orbiting the Earth at a height of three Earth radii from the center of
the Earth has a weight of 1.00 N. What is the object’s mass? (g at the surface of the
Earth is 9.8 m/s2 ).

a. 0.102 kg b. 0.306 kg c. 0.92 kg d. 1.0 kg

ANSWERS 6 .C 2 39. C 2 14 .D 2 47. A 2 22 .C 2 55. B 3

#Ans Difficulty # 7 .C 2 40. B 2 15 .D 2 48. C 2 23 .B 2 56. B 2

Ans Difficulty
8 .D 2 41. B 2 16 .A 1 49. A 1 24 .D 2 57. D 2
1 .C 1 34. D 2
9 .D 2 42. A 2 17 .A 1 50. B 2 25 .A 2 58. A 2
2 .B 1 35. D 3
10 .D 2 43. D 2 18 .B 1 51. C 2 26 .C 2 59. A 2
3 .A 1 36. C 2
11 .C 2 44. D 1 19 .A 1 52. A 2 27 .D 2 60. B 3
4 .B 1 37. B 2
12 .C 2 45. A 1 20 .C 1 53. C 2 28 .C 3 61. B 2
5 .C 2 38. C 2
13 .D 2 46. C 2 21 .A 2 54. A 2 29 .A 3 62. C 2

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30 .C 2 63. C 2

31 .C 2 64. D 3

32 .C 2 65. A 2

33. C 2 66. B 2

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