HIRO CEASAR C.

CABANTAC September 12, 2023

BSED-1 MAJOR IN ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT #1
STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH
13 MECHANISMS OF WORDS FORMATION

DERIVATION
PREFIXES
BASE DERIVATION MEANING EXAMPLES
FORM
I had to redo my entire project
Do Redo To do something again. because I made too many mistakes
in the first draft.
After the hurricane, the community
Build Rebuild To build again. came together to rebuild the
damaged houses and
infrastructure.
She felt unhappy when she realized
Happy Unhappy Not happy or sad. she had missed her best friend's
birthday party.
As he rushed to catch his train, his
Tied Untied Not tied or fastened. shoelaces came Untied twice,
causing him to be late for the
meeting.
To have a different Despite their close friendship, they
Agree Disagree opinion or not to agree. often disagree on matters of
politics and religion.
To see or show I got a preview of the new movie
View Preview something before it's before its official release, and it
fully available or looks amazing.
published.
The ex-president delivered a
President Ex-president A former president. speech at the charity event,
reflecting on his time in office and
discussing his post-political career.
It indicates something I apologize if I caused any
Understan Misunderstand is wrong or badly done. confusion; I didn't mean to
d misunderstand your instructions.
The scuba divers decided to
Merge Submerge It means below or submerge themselves into the
under. crystal-clear waters to explore the
vibrant coral reef below.
The student received a lower grade
Complete Incomplete This prefix can indicate on the assignment because it was
negation, not, or into. incomplete and missing several
important sections.
It suggests excessive or The computer system crashed
Load Overload above. because it couldn't handle the
overload of data during the peak
hours of online shopping.
It denotes between or The conference attracted
National International among. international participants from
over 30 countries, making it a truly
global event.
The Swiss Army knife is known for
Purpose Multipurpose It signifies many or its multipurpose design, featuring
multiple. various tools such as a knife,
scissors, and a screwdriver in one
compact package.
The hospital uses antibacterial
Bacterial Antibacterial It indicates against or soap in all patient rooms to
opposing. maintain a sterile environment and
reduce the risk of infections.
After completing her bachelor's
Graduate Postgraduate It means after or later. degree, she decided to pursue a
postgraduate program to specialize
in her field of study.
Hiro is a bilingual speaker, fluently
communicating in both English and
Lingual Bilingual It denotes two or twice. Spanish, which allows her to work
with a diverse range of clients and
colleagues.

means a stage in a
competition that
precedes the final she reached the semifinal after
match or event, where defeating her formidable opponent
Final Semifinal participants compete to in a thrilling quarterfinal match.
advance to the
championship round.
SUFFIXES
BASE DERIVATION MEANING EXAMPLES
FORM
Read Reading The act of reading. She spends her evenings reading
novels by her favorite authors.
Mrs. snow, the math teacher, is
Teach Teacher One who teaches. known for her engaging lessons
and dedication to her students'
success.
Upon receiving the good news, he
Joy Joyful Full of joy. couldn't help but feel joyful and
celebrated with his friends and
family.
Despite the challenging conditions,
Fear Fearless Without fear or brave. the mountain climber remained
fearless and continued to ascend
to the summit.
It is a close and supportive Their enduring friendship was
Friend Friendship relationship between evident in the way they supported
people who care about each other through both good
and trust each other. times and bad.
someone is the most Out of all the contestants, she
Smart Smartest intelligent or clever among proved to be the smartest by
a group of things or answering every difficult question
people. correctly during the quiz show.
means to do something She carefully examined each piece
Care Carefully with close attention, of artwork, taking her time to
caution, or without appreciate the intricate details and
making mistakes. craftsmanship.
referring to more than one The neighborhood is known for its
House Houses residential building where charming Victorian-style houses,
people live. each one uniquely painted and
well-maintained.
It means feeling relaxed After a long day of hiking, they
and at ease, often in a found a comfortable spot by the
Comfort Comfortable pleasant or cozy campfire, wrapped themselves in
environment. blankets, and enjoyed the peaceful
evening.
refers to the process of The city's rapid development in
growth, advancement, or recent years has led to the
Develop Development progress. construction of new skyscrapers,
improved infrastructure, and a
 thriving economy.

BACK FORMATION

-back-formation can lead to the creation of new words by removing suffixes or perceived affixes
from existing words, often to simplify or clarify their meanings or usage.

ORIGINAL WORD BACK MEANING EXAMPLE

FORMATION
Burglar Burgle To commit burglary or He attempted to burgle
steal the house last night.
To make changes or She needs to edit the
Editor Edit corrections in written or manuscript before it's
printed material published.
To give or contribute They decided to donate
Donation Donate something, usually to the charity.
money or goods
To bring something back The scientist attempted
Resurrection Resurrect to life or existence to resurrect the extinct
species.
To identify a disease or The doctor will
Diagnosis Diagnose medical condition diagnose your illness.
through examination
To remove the seeds She spent the
Ginny Gin from cotton afternoon ginning the
cotton.
To obtain entry or reach They needed to access
Accessible Access something the building through
the side entrance.
Television Televise To broadcast or show on They will televise the
television live concert.
Resignation Resign To voluntarily quit or She decided to resign
leave a position or job from her job.
To chemically react with The metal will oxidize
Oxidation Oxidize oxygen or other over time, forming rust.
substances
 COMPOUNDING

Closed or Solid Compounds: In closed compounds, the words are merged without spaces.
Sometimes, the spelling of the individual words may change slightly, or they may be
hyphenated.

Blackboard A board that is black, used for writing or

drawing with chalk.
Football A game played with a ball primarily using the
feet.
Toothpaste A paste used for cleaning teeth.

Open Compounds: In open compounds, the words are written separately. These compounds
often consist of two or more separate words that together convey a specific meaning. Examples
include:
Credit card A card used for making purchases on credit.
Real estate Property consisting of land and buildings.
High school A secondary school for older students.

COMPOUNDS WORD MEANING EXAMPLE

Toothbrush A brush used for cleaning I need to buy a new
teeth toothbrush.
Raincoat A coat made of waterproof Don't forget to bring your
material to protect against raincoat; it's going to rain
rain. today.
Firefighter A person whose job is to The firefighter bravely
extinguish fires. entered the burning building
to save lives.
Breakfast The first meal of the day, I had cereal for breakfast.
typically eaten in the
morning.
Lighthouse A tower with a strong light The lighthouse warned
used to guide ships and boats sailors of the rocky coastline.
at sea.
Mailbox A container for receiving I dropped the letter in the
mail. mailbox.
Sunglasses Glasses with tinted lenses to I always wear sunglasses on
protect the eyes from the sunny days.
sun.
Bookstore A store where books are sold. Let's visit the bookstore and
find a good novel to read.
 Football A team sport played with a The football game ended in a
ball, primarily using the feet. tie.
Bedroom A room designed for sleeping I'm redecorating my
or resting. bedroom.
Schoolteacher A teacher who works in a Our schoolteacher is very
school. dedicated to educating the
students.
Butterfly A flying insect with colorful The butterfly landed on the
wings. flower.

REPURPOSING

WORD ORIGINAL MEANING REPURPOSED EXAMPLE

MEANING
Mouse A small rodent. A pointing device Move the mouse to
used with computers. control the cursor on
the screen.
Cloud A visible mass of A technology term I store my files in the
water droplets in the referring to remote cloud.
sky. data storage and
computing.
Tablet A small flat slab or A handheld She uses a tablet for
surface. computing device reading e-books.
with a touchscreen
interface.
Stream A small, flowing body To watch or listen to Let's stream the
of water. digital content in movie online.
real-time over the
internet.
Virus A microscopic Malicious software My computer got a
infectious agent. that can infect virus from
computer systems. downloading a file.
Friend A person with whom To add someone as a I'll friend you on
one has a bond of connection on a Facebook.
mutual affection and social networking
trust. platform.
Text Written or printed To send a written I'll text you the
words. message address.
electronically via SMS
or messaging apps.
Like To find something To express approval I'll give your post a
 agreeable or or agreement on like.
enjoyable. social media.
Tweet The chirping sound A short message He sent out a tweet
made by birds. posted on Twitter. about the event.

CONVERSION

CONVERSIONS WORDS EXAMPLES

Noun to Verb Conversion Google I'll Google that information.
Verb to Noun Conversion Run I enjoy a morning run
Adjective to Noun Conversion Poor The poor need assistance
Noun to Adjective Conversion Paper This is a paper bag
Adjective to Verb Conversion Dry Please dry the clothes.
Adverb to Adjective Quickly That was a quick decision.
Conversion
Adjective to Adverb Clear Speak more clearly
Conversion
Noun to Adverb Conversion Home She went home
Adverb to Noun Conversion Now The now is the only moment
we have.
Verb to Adjective Conversion Smoke Smoking is harmful

EPONYMS

WORD MEANING EXAMPLES

Bowdlerize To remove or censor content
that is considered offensive
or inappropriate.
Mentor An experienced and trusted
advisor or teacher who
guides and supports
someone, often in their
career or personal
development.
Sandwich A food item consisting of one
The term "bowdlerize" comes
from Thomas Bowdler, who
published an expurgated
edition of Shakespeare's
works, removing what he
considered to be
objectionable material.
The word "mentor"
originates from Mentor, a
character in Homer's epic
poem "The Odyssey," who
served as a trusted advisor to
Odysseus's son, Telemachus.
The sandwich is named after
 or more fillings between
slices of bread.
Diesel A type of internal combustion
engine that uses compression from Rudolf Diesel, a German
ignition.
Galvanize To shock or stimulate into
action or awareness.
Paparazzi Aggressive photographers
who pursue celebrities to
capture candid and often
intrusive photographs.
Herculean Extremely strong or requiring
great strength and effort.
Shrapnel Fragments of an exploded
artillery shell or bomb.
Quixotic Exceedingly idealistic,
impractical, and unrealistic.
Turing test A test of a machine's ability
to exhibit intelligent behavior
indistinguishable from that of
a human.
ABBREVIATIONS
John Montagu, the 4th Earl of
Sandwich, who is said to have
popularized this convenient
way of eating.
The term "diesel" comes
engineer who invented the
diesel engine.
"Galvanize" is named after
Luigi Galvani, an Italian
physician who made
significant contributions to
the study of electricity and
muscle contractions.
The term "paparazzi" is
derived from the name of a
character, Paparazzo, in the
film "La Dolce Vita" by
Federico Fellini.
"Herculean" refers to
Hercules, a mythological
Greek hero known for his
extraordinary strength and
twelve labors.
The word "shrapnel" is
named after Henry Shrapnel,
a British artillery officer who
developed a type of artillery
shell that released fragments
upon explosion.
"Quixotic" is inspired by Don
Quixote, the main character
in Miguel de Cervantes'
novel, known for his
chivalrous but impractical
adventures.
Named after Alan Turing, the
British mathematician and
computer scientist who
proposed this test as a
measure of artificial
intelligence.
 ABBREVIATIONS ORIGINAL WORD
DR. DOCTOR (initial letter abbreviation)
AVE. AVENUE (initial letter abbreviation)
CORP. CORPORATION (initial letter abbreviation)
ETC. ET CETERA (syllable abbreviation)
MR. MISTER (initial letter abbreviation)

CLIPPINGS
BACKCLIPPING
ORIGINAL WORD BACKCLIPPED

EXAMINATION EXAM
HIKER HIKE
ADVERTISEMENT AD
MATHEMATICS MATH
SPECTACLES SPECS
GYMNASIUM GYM
REFRIGERATOR FRIDGE
LABORATORY LAB

FORECLIPPING
ORIGINAL WORD FORECLIPPED

AIRPLANE PLANE
TELEPHONE PHONE
OMNIBUS BUS
HELICOPTER COPTER
UNIVERSITY VARSITY
LAWN TENNIS TENNIS
INTERNET NET
ALLIGATOR GATOR

MIDDLE CLIPPING
ORIGINAL WORD MIDCLIPPED
INFLUENZA FLU
DETECTIVE TEC
APOLLINARIES POLLY
PAJAMAS JAMS
HEAD-SHRINKER SHRINK
COMPLEX CLIPPING
ORIGINAL WORD COMPLEX CLIPPED
CABLE TELEGRAM CABLEGRAM
OPTICAL ART OP ART
ORGANIZATION MAN ORG-MAN
LINOLEUM CUT LINOCUT
ROMANTIC COMEDY ROMCOM

ACCRONYMS

ACCRONYMS MEANING
NASA National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
WHO World Health Organization
PIN Personal Identification Number
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
LGBTQIA+ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or
Questioning, and others
AARP American Association of Retired Persons
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
IRS Internal Revenue Service
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging

INITIALISM
INITIALISM MEANING
UFO UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT
VIP VERY IMPORTANT PERSON
FIFA FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE FOOTBALL
ASSOCIATION
CEO CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
DIY DO IT YOURSELF
SUV SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLE
ATM AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE
WIFI WIRELESS FIDELITY
CNN CABLE NEWS NETWORK
GPS

LOAN WORDS
 LOAN WORDS COUNTRY MEANING
CAFÉ FRENCH A small restaurant or
coffeehouse.
A musical instrument with
PIANO ITALIAN keys that produce sounds
when struck by hammers.
GURU SANSKRIT A spiritual leader or teacher.
A Japanese dish consisting of
SUSHI JAPANESE vinegared rice combined with
various ingredients like fish,
vegetables, and seaweed.
FIANCE FRENCH A person to whom someone
is engaged to be married.
KINDERGARTEN GERMAN A preschool or nursery school
for young children.
A form of dance
BALLET FRENCH characterized by precise
movements and intricate
steps.
CHOCOLATE INDIGNOUS GROUP IN A sweet, typically brown, food
MEXICO made from cacao beans.
YOGA A sweet, typically brown, food
SANSKRIT made from cacao beans.
A clear alcoholic beverage
VODKA RUSSIAN made from fermented grains
or potatoes.

ONOMATOPEIA

ONOMATOPEIA WORDS MEANING EXAMPLES

BUZZ The sound of a bee or an The bees buzzed around the
insect flying around. flowers in the garden.
MEOW The sound a cat makes. The kitten let out a soft
meow when it wanted
attention.
WOOF The sound a dog makes. The dog's loud woof woke up
the entire neighborhood.
MOO The sound a cow makes. The cows in the field mooed
as the farmer approached
with food.
QUACK The sound a duck makes. The children laughed as they
heard the ducks quack at the
pond.
 CHIRP The high-pitched sound of
birds or insects.
HISS A sharp, sibilant sound, often
associated with snakes or
steam.
SPLASH The sound of something
hitting the water and creating
ripples.
CRASH A loud and sudden noise
associated with the collision
or breaking of objects.
TICK-TOCK The sound of a clock ticking.
The crickets chirped in the
warm summer night.
The angry cat hissed and
arched its back.
He made a big splash when
he jumped into the pool.
The crash of the falling tree
startled everyone in the
forest.
The old grandfather clock in
the corner went tick-tock all
night.

REDUPLICATION

REDUPLICATION WORDS MEANING EXAMPLES

CHIT-CHAT Casual or idle conversation. We engaged in some chit-
chat before the meeting.
PING-PONG A game played with a small Let's play ping-pong in the
ball and paddles. basement.
MISHMASH A jumbled or confused The room was filled with a
mixture. mishmash of furniture styles.
TEENAGE Referring to the period of She's going through typical
adolescence. teenage struggles.
JIBBER-JABBER Rapid and meaningless I couldn't understand a word
speech. of his jibber-jabber.
HODGEPODGE A mixture of different things. The buffet offered a
hodgepodge of international
dishes.
SUPER-DUPER Extremely good or The cake was super-duper
impressive. delicious.
DING-DONG The sound of a bell ringing. The ding-dong of the
doorbell signaled their arrival.
DILLY-DALLY To waste time or Stop dilly-dallying and get to
procrastinate. work.
HOKEY-POKEY A children's dance or a type The kids had a blast doing
of ice cream dessert. the hokey-pokey at the party.

BLENDING

BLENDED + EXAMPLES
 BRUNCH BREAKFAST + LUNCH Let's meet for brunch at 11
AM.
SMOG SMOKE + FOG The city's air quality was
affected by smog.
The camping utensils
SPORK SPOON + FORK included a spork for
convenience.
I can only give you a
GUESSTIMATE GUESS + ESTIMATE guesstimate of the project's
completion time.
INFOMERCIAL INFORMATION + The infomercial advertised
COMMERCIAL various kitchen gadgets.
MOTEL MOTOR + HOTEL We stayed at a roadside
motel during our road trip.
EMAIL ELECTRONIC MAIL I'll send you the details via
email.
It's important to follow
NETIQUETTE INTERNET + ETIQUETTE netiquette when interacting
online.
WEBINAR WEB + SEMINAR The company hosted a
webinar on digital marketing.
BRAVEHEART BRAVE + HEART He's a true Braveheart for
facing his fears.