PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE: TRADITIONS AND CULTURE

How does culture shape Architecture

Culture shaping architecture is a very inherent concept. But we usually tend to overlook this
concept or idea. In order to truly understand this concept, let us first try to understand what culture is.
Culture is defined as the ideas, customs and social behavior of particular people or society. The behaviors
we are accustomed to and have been taught are the factors determining the kind of spaces we need to
live in. Understanding how culture influences architectural design and the built environment is crucial for
creating spaces that resonate with the people who inhabit them. Let's delve deeper into this concept:
1. Cultural Influences on Design:
 Cultural values and norms significantly influence architectural design. These values may
pertain to aesthetics, functionality, and the use of space.
 The architectural styles, materials, and construction techniques in a particular region
often reflect the cultural heritage and history of that area.
2. Regional Variations:
 Different cultures and regions have distinct architectural styles and typologies. For
example, the architecture of a traditional Japanese tea house is quite different from a
Moroccan riad or a Scandinavian cabin, reflecting the unique cultural practices and
preferences of each region.
3. Climate and Geography:
 Cultural practices are often shaped by the local climate and geography, and this, in turn,
influences architectural design. For example, in hot and arid regions, you may find
designs that incorporate shaded courtyards or thick walls to mitigate the effects of heat.
4. Rituals and Traditions:
 Architectural spaces are often designed to accommodate cultural rituals, ceremonies,
and daily life practices. Religious buildings, for example, are designed to facilitate specific
rituals and practices associated with a particular faith.
5. Social Behavior and Space:
 The way people interact and use space is influenced by cultural norms. For example,
cultures that emphasize communal living may design homes with larger shared spaces,
while more individualistic cultures may prioritize private spaces.
6. Material and Construction Techniques:
 The choice of building materials and construction methods is often tied to cultural
practices and the availability of resources. For instance, adobe construction is closely
associated with Southwestern Native American cultures in the United States.
7. Symbolism and Meaning:
 Architecture often incorporates symbolism and meaning that is culturally significant. This
can include the use of specific colors, patterns, or motifs with deep cultural relevance.
8. Adaptation and Change:
 It's important to note that culture is not static, and architecture evolves in response to
changing cultural dynamics. Modern architecture, for example, reflects a shift in cultural
values towards efficiency, sustainability, and technology.
9. Globalization and Hybridization:
 In today's interconnected world, architectural styles and practices are often influenced by
global trends. This can result in the hybridization of architectural traditions and the
blending of cultural elements from different regions.

“Architecture becomes a frame for constructed situations”

– Bernard Tschumi
 Among the foremost things that decide the role of architecture or space, culture plays a very
significant role. The location of a space, the size required for that function and the way through which it
connects all are aided by the basic cultural significance space is being designed for. Space and culture
are interlinked together to the extent that space cannot be analyzed without that factor coming into play.
First, space is formed based on certain cultural requirements, later it may even influence some changes
in the existing culture.

Below are some examples that demonstrate this fact:

 The ancient temples of South India make this fact very evident. They have a prakara, the
circumambulatory path around the main idol, to fulfill the practice of going around the idol that is
the tradition of the Hindu people. They also have natyamandapas in front of the main veneration
area to provide as a stage for dances. These dances served the purpose of communicating some
principles of religion. The inscriptions on the temple’s upapitha (the portion above the plinth,
clearly demarcated on the façade) also tell stories. The need for this portion of the wall to be well
demarcated arises from the culture of telling stories through stories that are usually written on this
part. If the architect is not aware of these facts, then a temple that doesn’t fulfill these purposes
would be produced, hence defeating the purpose of the temple is a learning space. They are
raised to such great heights that they are made visible from long distances, to remind all people
living in the vicinity of the gods.

Clockwise-prakara, natyamandapa and upapitha of a South Indian temple – source-swadesi.com, wikipedia.com, and
mytouradvisor.blogspot.com
 In ancient Greece, the people were rigorously engaged in public debates about
philosophy, mythology, and science. It was considered a part of being Greek. That is
where the famous gathering place of the agoras was born. A place for public gatherings
to express their thoughts and consequently become a part of that society. The agoras are
what turned into public squares and can be seen even today in major cities modeled after
classical city centers.

Agora of ancient Greece – source- athenskey.com

 In ancient Rome, the concept of the

pantheon, where all their gods were
situated at an equivalent position in
comparison to each other, showed their
strong belief in polytheism. They had
transformed the idea of 12 equal beings
into space and architecture. The result was a
circular ace with 12 niches at equal
distances. And they decorated the way they
knew best, with classical Roman
proportions and orders. Today it stands as
the symbol for ancient Rome and classical
architecture.

The interior of the Pantheon at Rome- source-tripimprover.com

  The well-renowned Vastu Shastra, the rules and regulations for space as dictated by the
Hindu religion is being followed by the Hindu people. The Chinese have the Fengshui or
chi. All these rules or instructions have been drafted in accordance with the cultural
practices of the people following that religion. These were made to make sure that people
followed their culture. These instructions are looked at from a sacred point of view, even
today.

Vastushastra and Feng Shui – source-arthunt.com and artmoony.com

Culture reflected in architecture helps create or maintain identity in today’s world of globalization
and internationalism. It also helps maintain the integrity of the society. This principle makes sure that the
user is a good member of the society he/she belongs to. Hence good societies need architecture
sensitive to their culture. It is important to consider the way culture can reflect in and simultaneously
influence the growth of the architectural medium. Along the way, with the advent of modernism, this
principle has been forgotten. Buildings don’t have a unique style; they don’t even come close to creating
or even maintaining identities. We seem to have forgotten the way our ancestors used to do things. We
must realize that architecture and culture are two sides of the same coin. The faster we realize that the
better. We can avoid the progression of architectural uniformity of the future world. People should always
be allowed to express themselves and buildings should let them.

Practice of Architecture as a Traditions

The professional practice of architecture is steeped in a rich tapestry of traditions that have evolved
over time. These traditions encompass design principles, ethical standards, educational pathways, and
collaborative practices. They serve as a foundation for architects to create functional, aesthetically
pleasing, and culturally relevant built environments while upholding ethical responsibilities to the public.
These time-honored traditions continue to shape and guide the field of architecture in both practical and
ethical dimensions.
 The professional practice of architecture is steeped in various traditions that have developed over
time. These traditions encompass both practical and ethical aspects of the field, guiding architects in their
work. Here are some key traditions in the professional practice of architecture (in general):

1. Design Traditions: Architectural design traditions involve the principles, styles, and aesthetics that
have been established over centuries. These traditions are influenced by cultural, historical, and
regional factors. For example, the classical orders in Greek and Roman architecture have left a
lasting legacy in design traditions.

2. Educational Traditions: The training and education of architects have their own traditions. Most
architects undergo a formal education that includes a combination of classroom learning and
practical experience. This educational tradition ensures that architects are well-prepared for their
profession.

3. Licensure and Certification: The tradition of professional licensure ensures that architects meet
specific standards of competence and ethics. Architects are required to pass examinations and
fulfill experience requirements before they can practice independently. This tradition ensures the
safety and well-being of the public.

4. Ethical Traditions: The architectural profession has a strong ethical tradition, emphasizing the
responsibility of architects to prioritize the safety, health, and welfare of the public. Architects are
also expected to act with integrity, honesty, and professionalism in their interactions with clients
and colleagues.

5. Environmental and Sustainable Traditions: In response to growing environmental concerns, there

is a tradition of incorporating sustainable and eco-friendly practices into architectural design. This
includes the use of sustainable materials, energy-efficient design, and a focus on reducing a
building's environmental impact.

6. Collaborative Traditions: Architectural projects often require collaboration with various

professionals, including engineers, contractors, and interior designers. The tradition of
collaboration is essential to the successful realization of complex architectural projects.

7. Historical Preservation Traditions: Preserving and restoring historical buildings and landmarks is a
tradition in architectural practice. This tradition recognizes the cultural and historical significance
of architectural heritage and aims to maintain it for future generations.

8. Cultural Traditions: Architectural design takes into account cultural traditions and local customs.
The cultural context of a project, including the customs, traditions, and social behaviors of a
particular society, plays a significant role in shaping the design of a building.
 9. Innovation Traditions: While architecture has deep historical roots, there is also a tradition of
innovation and embracing new technologies and materials. Architects often seek to push the
boundaries of design and construction to create novel and inspiring buildings.

10. Professional Associations: Many architects are members of professional organizations, such as
the American Institute of Architects (AIA) or the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). These
organizations maintain traditions of professional development, networking, and advocacy for the
architectural field.

11. Client-Centered Traditions: Architects traditionally work closely with clients to understand their
needs, preferences, and goals. This client-centered tradition ensures that architectural projects
are tailored to meet the specific requirements of each project.

The professional practice of architecture is rooted in a rich tapestry of traditions that encompass
design, ethics, education, and collaboration. These traditions not only guide architects in their work but
also ensure that architectural projects are safe, culturally relevant, and respectful of the environment and
historical context.

Understanding Emerging Cultures in a Region

The culture of a place depends on its day-to-day lifestyle. It is the externality of complex networks
and systems that have evolved. It originates from its geographical terrains and expands as per social
requirements. This process is gradual and dynamic. It continuously evolves and adapts to the shifts in
societal values, beliefs, and trends.

Conversely, tangible infrastructures such as transport, healthcare, waste management, social,

and green-blue and intangibles such as the traditions, inhabitants’ aspirations, global influence, and
trends also encompass various aspects of regional life. These interconnected systems drive the day-to-
day experiences of the inhabitants.

Role of Planning in the day-to-day experience of any Region

Irrespective of the area scale – city, neighborhood, or street level, impactful planning enhances
the quality of life and social interactions. It is crucial to consider the long-term vision while planning. It is
also necessary to address the short-term setbacks. This allows space for interventions that are effective
immediately.

The planning of any region is contextually influenced by its geographical, and socio-political
context. These are the key factors based on which a city evolves organically and forms the basis of its
future development vision. For example, areas with a hot and dry environment will focus on water
conservation and management. The regions with coasts will focus on strategies addressing the risk of sea
level rise and coastal protection.

At a regional level – inter and intra-level connectivity is crucial. This is for transportation systems,
water, solid waste management, and even green networks. This is considered the foundation of
infrastructure systems. It results in a well-organized and easy-to-move-around network for the inhabitants
and visitors.

The transforming values and preferences of the local population shape the planning decisions.
This creates the cultural identity of the region. It is necessary to address the social dynamics of the
region. Planning a region based on this consideration ensures inclusive planning that caters to different
and evolving cultural practices. This accommodates activities that focus on the traditions specific to the
region. The impact of the planning system is experienced day-to-day.

Impact of Architecture on the Region’s Culture

The buildings of a region are dependent on geography, built-form regulations, and the
architectural designs in trend. It reflects the demography and the changing trends of community living.
The built forms and the spatial organization reveal cultural priorities, societal values, and aspirations.

This involves the collaboration of fields such as architecture, urban design, and engineering. The
building design expresses the climate, aspirations, demography, history, and highly sought-after
aesthetics of the locals. For instance, a compact and dense urban layout with towering built forms reflects
the high population and limited availability of land area. Many built forms have embraced the idea of
vertical developments influenced by globalization and have contemporary influences. Architects are
exploring how these buildings can respond to their surroundings effectively – in terms of social and
climatic response.

These architectural choices further influence the sense of community, identity, and belonging.
Shared architectural forms contribute to a unified sense of place and cultural continuity. The intersection
of architectural expression and culture provides valuable insights into history, present conditions, and
future vision.

Additionally, the design and functionality of buildings can impact how people use and perceive
public spaces, affecting their quality of life and well-being, thus shaping the social fabric and creating a
cultural identity for the place.

The Region’s Structure & the Inhabitants’ Lifestyle

A region’s spatial structure and comprehensive envisioned planning shape its physical
environment. It sets a framework for social and economic activities. The vision’s impact can be observed
during natural calamities and the ability of its emergency services to respond within the critical timeframe.

Till the early 2000s, Mumbai’s urbanscape included cobblers, plastic and book re-cyclers, clock &
kitchen equipment repair shops, and flour mills. These amenities were society-based and located within
walking distance. This explains that the lifestyle included circular use and management of materials. This
contributes to a sustainable way of life at a community level. These amenities are now sparse. The
practices should be reclaimed as a path toward a sustainable future.

Similarly, in some regions, the infrastructure includes a wide & connected system of pathways,
pedestrian utilities, clean water systems, planned cycling tracks, and a strict cap on private vehicle use.
This encourages the inhabitants to progress with an active and healthy lifestyle. Cities such as Singapore
and Warsaw practice this.
Preserving The Culture, and Vision for the Future

Each region has specific areas and buildings with historical and cultural significance. With
modernization and current conditions, the priorities are on function and climate responsiveness instead of
intricate designs. The focus is on fast-paced construction with minimal aesthetic detailing, amplifying
functional responsiveness. It is important to accept with the changing times, the priority on historical built
forms reduces. The priority is to provide built forms that enable quick execution. With this change, there is
a transformation in innovative engineering and construction technologies.

Given this, the historic and cultural districts are preserved as a symbol of the past. It keeps the
landmark identity and visually expresses the region’s long-gone history. This requires a comprehensive
approach that balances protecting the cultural heritage with the on-ground demands of regional
development.

For instance, long-term conservation plans should highlight the distinct strategies that meet
specific goals. These steps ensure the protection and maintenance of the district. Encouraging adaptive
reuse of aesthetically worn-out structures allows them to be converted into contemporary uses while
retaining their heritage character. Materializing this process requires prioritizing the funding channels. This
is possible through public-private partnerships and private investments in exchange for financial
incentives, tax credits, and grants to property owners. In-depth site research and legal protections for
these districts allow the creation of secure zones that prohibit illegal alterations or demolitions.

Architectural Practice in the Philippines

In the Philippines, the professional practice of architecture is deeply influenced by a blend of

traditions and culture that has developed over centuries. The architectural heritage of the Philippines is a
reflection of its diverse history, encompassing influences from indigenous cultures, Spanish colonization,
American colonial period, and contemporary global trends. Traditional Filipino architecture often features
materials such as bamboo, nipa palm, and wood, with designs attuned to the country's tropical climate.
Colonial influences left a mark with the introduction of elements like baroque and neoclassical features in
religious structures. In more recent times, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable and vernacular
architectural practices, with architects drawing from the rich tapestry of indigenous design and
construction methods. Ethical traditions underscore the responsibility of architects to create structures
that respect local customs and provide for the well-being of the community. The cultural importance of
architecture in the Philippines is evident in the way buildings serve as expressions of identity and national
pride, and as spaces for communal activities and celebrations. In this dynamic cultural context, architects
in the Philippines are both guardians of tradition and innovators, as they design structures that resonate
with the Filipino people and adapt to the evolving needs and values of society.

Planning for a comprehensive, sustainable shift for a region begins with analyzing its existing
systems and resources. It includes altering existing policies and planning methods. It prioritizes the scope
based on the inhabitant’s requirements, such as housing, transportation, and work environment. This
creates an environment that promotes convenience, safety, good health, and cultural enrichment. These
strategies will ultimately shape their day-to-day culture and lifestyle.
 Reference/s:

 Gujuluva B. (2022). How does culture shape Architecture. Retrieve from https://www.re-
thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a582-how-does-culture-shape-architecture/
 Mallya S. (2023). How does built form planning of a city impact the lifestyle & culture of
its’ inhabitants. Retrieve from
https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a10914-how-does-built-form-
planning-of-a-city-impact-the-lifestyle-culture-of-its-inhabitants/