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Coalesce Research Group
I n te r n a t i o n a l We b i n a r o n
OIL AND GAS

TECHNOLOGY
November 17 - 18, 2021 | Virtual Conference

33 Market Point Dr,
Greenville, SC 29607, USA
Contact Us:
Phone: +1-718-543-9362
Whatsapp: +1-315-902-2237
Scientific Program
International Webinar on Wednesday
Oil and Gas November 17, 2021
Technology
Day 1 - November 17, 2021
10:00 - 10:10 Introduction
Keynote Presentations
Green Hydrogen Production and Transportation
10:10 - 10:40
Bernard Lee, Hedge SPA Limited, Hong kong
Oral Presentations
Byuon Energy And New Environmentally Friendly Heat Installations
10:40 - 11:05
Baurov Yu.A, Byuon Space Energy” LLC, Russia
An Efficient Perovskite solar cells based on doped organic hole transporting materials
11:05 - 11:30 spiro-OMeTAD with Free-Li salt
Mohammed Elawad, Yibin University, China
Catalytic deoxygenation by H2-free single-step conversion of free fatty acid feedstock
11:30 - 11:55 over a Co-Ag carbon-based catalyst for green diesel production
Safa Gamal Nasser, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Legal assessment of biofuels and bioenergy sources practice adoption in Albania
11:55 - 12:25
Lorenc Gordani, Tirana Business University (TBU), Albania
Oral Presentations
The Use of Radioisotope Methods in Determining the Share of Biogenic Carbon in
Alternative Fuels and Waste Used for Energy Recovery, or on Determining The Share of
12:25 - 12:50
Bio Components in Biofuels
Joanna Poluszyńska, The Łukasiewicz Research Network, Portugal
Lunch Break (12:50 - 13:30)
Influence of carbon fixation on the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from
13:30 - 13:55 livestock activities in italy and the achievement of carbon neutrality
Roberto De Vivo, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
Identification of the fungi isolated to identify the effect of essential oils on fungal
13:00 - 13:25 growth
Esraa.M.Mahmoud, Grand Egyptian Museum, Egypt
Selection And Investigation Of Alternative Fuel For The Aviation Industry:Butanol, Butyl
13:25 - 13:50 Butyrate And Their Blends With Jet A-1.
Manish Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
Complete And Efficient Conversion Of Plant Cell Wall Hemicellulose Into High-Value
13:50 - 14:15 Bioproducts By Engineered Yeast
Liang Sun, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Poster Presentations
Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and fruit waste:performance and stability
14:15 - 14:30 analysis for different ratios
Bruno Gouveia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Thermophysical Properties of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran and Furfuryl Alcohol As Potential
14:30 - 14:45 Second Generation Biofuels
Adrian Golba, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
End of Day 1
Scientific Program
International Webinar on Thursday
Oil and Gas November 18, 2021
Technology
Day 2 - November 18, 2021
Oral Presentations
Health-Ecological Risk Assessments of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the
10:00 - 10:25 Red Sea
Chee Kong Yap, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Singapore
Bioprocess Prospect of Sustainable Microalgae Biorefinery
10:25 - 10:50
Mohd Asyraf Kassim, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Advanced Power Generation Using a Nitrogen Turbine Engine Instead of a
10:50 - 11:15 Conventional Injection Steam Turbine Engine.
Wenich Vattanapuripakorn, Mahasarakam University, Thailand
Seismic Analysis of a Large LNG Tank Considering Different Site Conditions
11:15 - 11:30
Zhao Yi, Dalian University of Technology, China
Marine pollution and its effects on the ecosystems of the Red Sea and mechanisms to
11:30 - 11:45 limit liability
Tarek Saif, Taif University KSA, Saudi Arabia
Oral Presentations
Life expectancy of solid oxide fuel cells in grid-connected mode
11:45 - 12:10
Preeti Gupta, Panjab University, India
Hydrogenation of biomass derived oil to biofuels over Ni/NiO robust catalyst
12:10 - 12:35
Hari Singh, RIMT University, India
Influence Of Bark Content On The Proximate Properties And Heating Value Of
12:35 - 13:00 Firewood In Yobe State, Nigeria
Abubakar Dadile, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State of Nigeria
Lunch Break (13:00 - 13:30)
Characterization and application of biosurfactant produced by bacillus subtilis isolated
13:30 - 13:55 from egyptian oil field
Hamed Aboelkhair, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
An alternative green biofuels produced by biomass cistus ladaniferus.
13:55 - 14:20
El Farissi Hammadi, University Mohamed Premier, Morocco
Keynote Presnentation
Hybrid solar–biomass power plants
14:20 - 14:30
Mohammad Reza Mohaghegh, University of Guelph, Canada
Oral Presentation
Global warming, environmental and pollution issues
14:30 - 14:55 Daniel Alejandro Pacheco Rojas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
México
End of Day 2
Day-1
International Webinar on

GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION

Bernard Lee1,2 and Tony Constantidies3
1
HedgeSPA Limited, Hong Kong
2
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
3
Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Abstract
Background: HedgeSPA is an institutional investor that has secured the commitment from a leading
investor to invest 50 to 100M USD into alternative energy projects in Asia.
Objective: Our goal is to create an underwriting fund to invest in promising green energy projects. To
kick start the project pipeline, we are working on a project called “Hydrogen Production and Transpor-
tation”. Under the collaboration with a significant Middle Eastern country, we aim to generate hydrogen
for delivery to Japan and the rest of Asia.
Methods: The specific process starts from high-temperature electrolysis in Northern Australia. After
producing the Green Hydrogen, we propose to hydrogenate toluene to form Methylcyclohexane (MCH).
This is currently done by the Chiyoda Corporation which takes delivery of MCH in the Japanese port of
Kawasaki, goes thru dehydrogenation, and produces Hydrogen for final delivery. There are other deliv-
ery agents such as nano-porous silicate which creates a “sludge” as a by-product that requires post-pro-
cessing for the country receiving deliveries, thus reducing its attractiveness. Another attractive delivery
agent is Ammonia, which has several advantages over MCH and Silicate, with the main one being that
ammonia is a direct substitute for Gasoline/Jet Fuel. Say for an airline that wishes to increase the per-
centage of sustainable fuel used (currently global airlines use a mere 0.1% of sustainable fuel – British
Airways announced that they intend to increase this to 5%), adding a small percentage of hydrogenated
ammonia to jet fuel is very likely to pass flight safety regulations without additional modifications to the
jet engine. In any case, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has developed turbine electricity generators that
can run on 100% ammonia. As a result, using Ammonia can lower the cost of production for green hy-
drogen in that there is no need to return the transportation agent Toluene after Dehydrogenation to the
production site. The nitrogen from Ammonia can be collected from the air using a well-known chemical
process. We are also considering other production methods such as using surplus hydroelectricity to
produce hydrogen, instead of today’s wasteful practice of pumping water upstream to avoid overloading
the electricity grid.
Results: To arouse the interest of potential investors in these projects, we will tokenize the asset-back
securities, in which all the cash flows from hydrogen distribution will be attached to carbon credits. To-
kenization contains transparent information which can act as certification to prevent the prevalence of
cheating among sellers of carbon credits and therefore can establish trust among our business partners.
Once the tokens are “offloaded” our underwriting fund can recycle its capital to seed additional green
energy projects across Asia. We will use this hydrogen project to drive the pipeline but the fund will
focus on the sub-USD100 projects. The securities can be traditional 144A-style asset-backed securities,
which the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission will facilitate to launch in Hong Kong, but we
are in conversation with the Japan Financial Services Agency re the requirements to distribute such
tokens in Japan. We are also exploring listed versions of these papers such as green bonds or specific
energy-driven listing venues such as Australia.
Page 5

Conclusion: This project is a finalist of the 2020 Tokenized Assets and Digital Securities Awards,demon-
strating that the global interest in green energy project finance tokens is strong, particularly across Asia.
Biography
Bernard Lee, PhD, CFA is the Founder and CEO of HedgeSPA and Professor of Practice (Finance) at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University’s
highly-rated School of Accounting and Finance. HedgeSPA was mentioned by Forbes as an industry disruptor, was a recipient of the
MAS Fintech Award, Hong Kong Institute of Bankers Fintech Award, Japan’s Finopitch Award and EFMA(European Financial Markets
Association)-Accenture Global Insurtech Award. The Company has secured Assets Under Management and Letters of Interest in the 10
figures in US dollars. Previously, Dr. Lee was an awardwinning Managing Director in the Portfolio Management Group at BlackRock in
New York City and was responsible globally for recruiting and training its finance-related PhDs as one of his side jobs. He built part of
BlackRock’s highly profitable investment analytics platform and won an award on his implementation from the industry “gold standard”
Risk-Waters Group. Dr. Lee also served as a finance professor in the US and Singapore, taught or guest-lectured at Columbia, NYU Courant,
Stanford Business School and MIT-Tsinghua, served on the committee for the New York Quantitative Finance seminar, and is the author of
numerous journal articles and several books, including his latest title Investment Analytics in the Dawn of Artificial Intelligence.
Page 6

LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF BIOFUELS AND BIOENERGY SOURCES PRACTICE

ADOPTION IN ALBANIA
Lorenc Gordani
Tirana Business University (TBU), Albania
Abstract
A lbania is considered in a distinguished position among the Western Balkan countries regard sus-
tainable developments. In specific, the country has reached important targets with renewable en-
ergies, although failed to fully meet the 2020 target. This makes questionable even the reach of them
of 2030. Regarding the above situation, analyzing in deep detail we see that the smallest progress has
been made related to the use of biofuel and bioenergy. Then, primarily become to understand their po-
tential, the opportunities offered, and identify the measures that are recommended to be undertaken.
Developments that make us first identify the legal and regulatory framework on the production of green
electricity in Albania. In contemporary, the analysis will focus on the identity of the measures that can
lead to the green target in transport, based on the initiative for a long time passed to parliament but
without achieving a practical result. The above will be based, on daily practical experience and analysis,
focusing on the latest updates of pertinent legal, sub-legal, regulatory and policy frameworks. Further,
it will be complete with the understanding of the factual situation in the country, based on some rapid
comparative references to similar aspects in the countries of the region. All will follow with the draw-
ing the take of the summary conclusions and our recommendation for needed intervention proposes
regarding the efficiency put in practice of biofuels and bioenergy projects in function of fulfilment the
green target through the improvement of the energy mix in the country.
Biography
Lorenc Gordani is the leading professional activities include academic teaching, applied research, strategic consulting, and institutional
capacity building. The work focuses on the EU legal framework in Albania and the public policies offered to industry and interest groups,
international institutions and public authorities. The main activities have been promoting issues related to sustainable growth in the
Albanian energy market, within the regional integration of the Western Balkan countries, as part of the EU integration process. Higher
education is fully developed in Italy, France, Germany, etc. In continuation, has been working as a researcher, professor, and trainer in
various national and international environments and has been engaged as a legal advisor and consultant to foreign and local companies and
public authorities and international organizations. The activities have been accompanied by the publication of an extensive bibliography
and participation as a key speaker in many international conferences on the legal and political framework of the EU and Albania, mainly in
the field of energy policy, business, public policies, etc.
Page 7
Day-1
Oral Presentations

BYUON ENERGY AND NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY HEAT

INSTALLATIONS
Baurov Yu A
“Byuon Space Energy” LLC, Novorosseysk Town, Russia
Abstract
Background: In the results of experimental investigations of new non-gauge interaction (using high
current magnets, torsion and piezoresonance balances, changes in the rate of β- decay of radioactive
elements etc.) are described. The physical nature of the new force, in accordance with the Theory of
Byuon (TB) (non-gauge theory of the formation of physical space and the world of ultimate particles on
the basis of unobservable objects named “byuons” which containing a new fundamental vector constant
– cosmologic vector potential Ag) is showed in .
It was shown in that ultimate particle mass (Δmc2 ≈ 33 eV) is in party proportional to the modulus of
summary potential АΣ (АΣ ≤ Ag = 1.95 × 1011 G cm). Variation in the modulus of due to other field poten-
tials (ΔАΣ) should lead to the emergence of new natural force that is nonlinear and nonlocal and can be
represented by a series in terms of ΔАΣ.
Objective: In this report we shall discuss the heat installations which use byuon energy for heat of a
water. The experiments were carried out in Italy (2012-2014) and Russia (2015-2020). For realization
the new force action (ΔАΣ) we used a gravitation potential.
Methods: The heat generation is produced in a vertically-shaped closed water circuit (height was
equaled 5m (Italy), 6m, 8m, 12m in Russia; diameter of pipe ≈ 10cm) using an electric pump.
Results: The results of experiments showed the ratio between the heat energy output and the electric
energy input can be more 1.
Conclusion: The byuon energy recovered in a Heat installation is environmentally friendly and practi-
cally endless for humanity.
Biography
Baurov Yu.A.- Ph.D. in 1978. He had worked at Cent. Res. Inst. Mach. Eng. (Korolev town, Russia) from 1972 till 2012, at Italy (2012 - 2015).
In 2004 he was elected as a Fellow of Academy Cosmonautic Russia and also listed as one of most outstanding scientists of the planet in
2000.
Page 9

AN EFFICIENT PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS BASED ON DOPED ORGANIC

HOLE TRANSPORTING MATERIALS SPIRO- OMETAD WITH FREE-LI SALT
Mohammed Elawad, Kingsley Igenepo John, Ahmed Mahmoud Idris, Li Yang,
and Yuan Gao
Yibin University, China
Abstract
T he most utilized hole-transporting material (HTM) for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is
2,2′,7,7′ tetrakis (N,N-di-pmethoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), but its per-
formance has been limited due to poor stability and low conductivity (approximately 10−6–10−5 cm2/
Vs) in the pristine form. Different types of p-dopant have been used to increase the conductivity include
some complexes but the Li-TFSI in the composite influences the Fill factor( FF) and furthermore the
short circuit current density (Jsc) of the solar cells during the stability measurements. In this work,
[(Mn (Me-tpen) (ClO4)2−)]2+ was introduced as p-doping to increase the electrical, optical properties,
conductivity, and stability of spiro-OMeTAD-based PSCs. With different concentrations of Mn complex
on mesoscopic PSCs, a higher power conversion efficiency (16.39%) was achieved in compare to spiro-
OMeTAD-doped Li-TFSI which is achieved a PCE of (16.49%), and its conductivity was increased by
98.13 %. UV-vis spectra showed that oxidation increases with Mn complex addition, and the electron
movement from the HOMO of the spiroOMeTAD to the Mn complex stimulates the production of hole
carriers in spiro-OMeTAD and enhances the conductivity of spiro-OMeTAD. Moreover, spiro-OMeTAD
with Mn complex composite under ambient conditions with a humidity of ~30% showed superior long-
term stability. Mn complex as p-doping for spiroOMeTAD is very effective and improves the electrical
property and overall performance of PSCs.
Background: The most utilized hole-transporting material (HTM) for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells
(PSCs) is 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-pmethoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), but its
performance has been limited due to poor stability and low conductivity (approximately 10−6–10−5
cm2/Vs) in the pristine form. Different types of additives such as 4-tert-butylpiridine (TBP) and lithi-
um bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI), Co(III) compound (FK102) were utilized to enhance
it. Several types of Co(III) complexes are still utilized as additives and analyzed to increase mobility
and Voc, which were enhanced spiro-OMeTAD hole mobility. Chemical dopant cobalt complexes such as
FK102 and FK209 have been utilized to oxidize spiro-OMeTAD. Among them, FK209 oxidizing agents
have demonstrated the best device performance due to the synthesis complexity of FK209, the require-
ments of high purity, and the quite expensive cost. Therefore, identifying an efficient, low-cost chemical
dopant is preferable for spiro-OMeTAD oxidation. Copper salts (cuprous iodide or cuprous thiocyanate)
as p-dopants also have been used to dope spiroOMeTAD. Another Cu (II) complex compounds are also
utilized as p-type dopants for PSCs-based HTMs, including copper (II) bis[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)
imide] [Cu(bpcm)2] Cu(bpcm)2 and copper (II) bis[bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide] [Cu(bpm)2]
complexes. The investigation of the electrochemical and optical properties showed that these complex-
es are competent for the oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD. These p-type dopant complexes with spiro-OMe-
TAD achieved a high efficiency of 18.5% when applied on PSCs as HTMs. In previous report, Li-TFSI was
used to enhance the conductivity and properties of HTMs, and make free carriers, which resulted in a
higher overall efficiency. Therefore, the report showed that the durability and stability of the PSC devic-
Page 10

es is an affected by the hygroscopy of lithium salt.

In this work and for the first time without Li-salt, [(Mn (Me-tpen) (ClO4)2−)]2+ (Mn complex) is intro-
duced as an effective p-dopant for spiro-OMeTAD which has led the device to increase in conductivity
and high efficiency to over 16.0%.
Objective: The focus extends to imminent research needs about p-type doping/additives progressing
for the investigation of credible energy to produce an electricity for long-period and stable through
PSCs.
Methods: The conductive substrate deposited on transmits glass was cleaned and prepared for device
fabrications. Approximately 30–40 nm compact-TiO2 titanium di-isopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate)
blocking layer was deposited on the cleaned FTO glass. TiO2 mesoporous layer, TiO2 paste (Dyesol 18NR-
T) was deposited with spin-coating on the compact-TiO2 layer. Using a two-step spin-coating procedure
onto the mTiO2 / BL-TiO2 / FTO substrates. The spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn complex with different con-
centrations of Mn complex, was coated on the top of the perovskite layers at via solution process. Finally,
a layer of 100 nm gold (Au) on the top of the HTM layer was condensed under a high vacuum (<4×10−4
Pa) by thermal evaporation. The photocurrent–voltage (J–V) characteristics of the solar cells were in-
vestigated by using a Keithley 2400 source-measure unit under the illumination of simulated sunlight
(AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm2) provided by an Oriel Sol3A solar simulator (Newport USA, Model: 94023A)
with an AM 1.5 filter utilized in ambient air. The light intensity was calibrated with a Newport calibrated
standard Si reference cell (SER. no. 506/0358). A black mask with a circular aperture (0.09 cm2) was ap-
plied on the top of the cell smaller than the active area of the square solar cell (0.20 cm2). The J–V curves
were achieved with a scan rate of 20 mVs−1 and from forwarding bias to short-circuit round measure-
ment. An Oriel IQE 200 (Newport USA, Model: 94023A/PVIV-212V/IQEAC-QTH-SI-220) instrument was
utilized for measuring the incident photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE). UV-vis spectra were
measured under Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer (Model: HP 8435, China). Scanning electron micros-
copy (SEM)-image cross-section was carried out by HR-SEM performed with field emission instruments
(Nova Nano SEM 450, USA). Conductivity was measured as follows; on the clean conductive substrate
deposited on glass was a TiO2 (~30 nm) compact layer was deposited, the HTM-doped Mn complex
with different concentrations was deposited on the c-TiO2 as similar to PSCs. After the device of cTiO2/
HTM/Ag structure prepared, a Keithley 2400 source meter was utilized by taking a two-point probe set-
up evaporation to measure the linear current–voltage curves. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) was measured by utilizing an impedance/gain-phase analyzer (Zahner Model: Zennium, Serial No.
40037, Germany) with different applied bias voltages in the dark condition, and the scanning frequency
range from 106 to 0.1 Hz was carried out for the electrochemical workstation.
Results: PSC mesoscopic structure with spiro-OMeTAD:Mn complex with different concentrations of
Mn complex was fabricated as solar cells in composed of glass / FTO / c-TiO2 (~30–40 nm) / m-TiO2
(~200 nm) /
(FAPbI3)0.85 (MAPbBr3)0.15 / HTM / Au are invented. The mixed-cation perovskite light absorber (FAP-
bI3)0.85 (MAPbBr3)0.15 was prepared by using the solution process. The (J-V) characteristics of the PSC
device-based spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn complex with different concentrations as HTMs were quantified
under 100 mW cm– 2 illuminations (AM 1.5 G). Photovoltaic parameters are summarized in Table 1,
which contains the best device results for free and Mn-complex-doped spiro-OMeTAD (12% W/W) as
HTMs. Spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn complex with varying concentrations of Mn complex influences the
overall efficiency and improves Jsc and FF.
Page 11
Oil and Gas TechnologyNovember 17 - 18, 2021 | Virtual Conference
Under the ideal condition, spiro-OMeTAD without Mn complex and spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn complex
(12% W/W) achieved a maximum PCE of 3.72% with a Voc of 0.83 V, a Jsc of 10.41 mA cm–2, and an FF of
0.37, and 16.39% with a Voc of 1.02 V, a Jsc of 23.91 mA cm–2, and an FF of 0.67. The PCE obtained using
the spiroOMeTAD-doped-Mn-complex-based PSCs as HTM in this study is among the highest achieved
so far. Idealcondition spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn-complex (12% W/W)-based PSCs were utilized in sub-
sequent experiments.
Table 1: Photovoltaic parameters of PSCs based on spiro-OMeTAD without/with Mn complex as HTMs with different
concentrations of Mn complex measured under 100 mW cm–2 illumination (AM 1.5 G). Voc: open circuit voltage; Jsc: short
circuitcurrent density; FF: fill factor; PCE: power conversion efficiency
Conclusion: In summary, spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn complex was successfully introduced as HTMs on

mesoporous PSCs. The bulk conductivity increased by 5.3 orders magnitude at the optimal condition.
The UVvis spectrum proved that oxidation took place with the addition of Mn complex to spiro-OMe-
TAD, and the oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD occurred via the reduction of Mn complex which resulted in
enhanced bulk conductivity. The high conductivity increased the efficiency of PSCs to over 16.3% in
compare to 16.4% of PSC-based spiro-OMeTAD-doped Li-TFSI, and boosted the effectiveness of the
charge collection which increased the photocurrent density. Overall, the spiro-OMeTAD-doped Mn-
complex-based PSCs achieved a higher performance and a good long-term stability. For comparison,
cobalt (III) complexes based PSCs devices p-doped spiro-OMeTAD, such as MY11, and tris [2-(1H-pyr-
azol-1-yl) pyrimidine] cobalt (II) bis- [bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide] as a new types of p-dopants
were introduced. A superior PCE of 12% was achieved using MY11 (15.8%) p-dopants. In the present
we demonstrated the high efficiency of p-doped Mn complex as HTM-based PSCs and has potential for
applications in PSC in the future.
Biography
Mohammed Elawad worked as a teaching assistant at Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of science and Technology from Oct. 2004 to
Dec. 2010 for organic and inorganic synthesis. I did a higher diploma and a master degree at University of Khartoum from May 2006 to Dec.
2010. During my master degree I have visited The Royal college of Surgeons, school of Pharmacy, Dublin, Ireland. I worked as a Lecturer
from June 2011 to July 2014 at Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of science and Technology teaching inorganic courses. I did my Ph.D.
in the Center of Artificial Photosynthesis-Dalian University of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering from Sep 2014 to June 2020
and my thesis title is ‘‘The investigation of p-type dopants for organic hole-transporting materials in perovskite solar cells’’. The perovskite
solar cells fabricated with perovskite active absorber layer and several p-dopants-based different hole transporting materials during my
Ph.D period and some papers on perovskite solar cells have published. Now I am assistant professor at Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan,
China, teaching research progress and publishing papers with one paper accepted on perovskite solar cells.
Page 12

CATALYTIC DEOXYGENATION BY H2-FREE SINGLE-STEP CONVERSION OF

FREE FATTY ACID FEEDSTOCK OVER A CO-AG CARBON-BASED CATALYST
FOR GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION
M. Safa-Gamal1, N. Asikin-Mijan, Mahashanon Arumugam, Wan Nor Adira
Wan Khalit, Nur Azreena, Fatma S. Hafez, and Y.H. Taufiq-Yap1,2
1
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
2
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Abstract
T he deoxygenation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and inedible feedstock (jatropha oil and waste
cooking oil) to green diesel has been explored using a set of activated carbon-supported Co-Ag cat-
alysts synthesised using incipient wetness impregnation. High deoxygenation efficacy and conversion
of PFAD to hydrocarbon liquid products via decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx) are noted, with
Co(10wt.%)-Ag(5-20wt.%)/AC yielding 92 % and 95 % (C15+C17) selectivity after 120 min reaction time at
350°C.
These findings suggested that the active metals, Co-Ag, and the activated carbon support had a syner-
gistic effect, forming acid-base Brönsted sites that dramatically promoted the selective deCOx pathway
of the fatty acid. Over eight cycles, the catalyst Co(10wt.%)-Ag(10wt.%)/AC was able to deoxygenate PFAD. As
a result, it is seen to be a potentially promising catalyst for the manufacture of green diesel, while also
bringing economic benefits and adding value to the palm oil business.
Background: The world is frantically searching for clean and sustainable energy sources to address
the issues of depletion of crude oil, natural gas and coal reserves, as well as the detrimental impact that
long-term dependence on the use of fossil fuels has on climate change and the environment. Many en-
gineers and scientists are working to develop sustainable energy resources in order to address national
energy security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Objective: To examine the production of green diesel using inedible low-price feedstock and catalyst
derived from waste materials.
Methods: The coconut shells were crushed and ground into a fine powder, then was sieved through a
200 μm metal mesh and carbonised at 700°C for 4 h under an N2 flow. The obtained carbon material was
milled and sulphonated or phosphonated according to a modified method of Lu and Love. The synthe-
sized AC supports was impregnated with the metal salts of (Co, Ag) solutions under continuous stirring
for 6 h at room temperature and then dried overnight at 110 °C. The resultant product was calcined at
600 °C under N2 flow for 4 h and they were denoted as bimetallic-catalysts as Co(10wt.%)-Ag(5-20wt.%)/AC.
Results: The surface area of the activated carbon (AC) support increased from 350 m2g-1 to >790 m2g-
1
with 10 wt.% Co and 10 wt.% Ag impregnation. The catalytic deoxygenation of PFAD, JCO, and WCO
feedstock using Co(10wt.%)-Ag(10wt.%)/AC at optimal conditions (350°C, 120 min, and 1 wt.% catalyst load-
ing under N2 flow) produced alkane and alkene components ranging C8–C20, with total hydrocarbon
fractions yield of 92 %, 80 %, and 75 % while (C15+C17) selectivity was 95 %, 79 %, and 65 %, respec-
tively
Page 13

Conclusion: The present work revealed that deoxygenation of the palm oil industrial waste (PFAD)
and inedible oil (JCO and WCO) feedstocks were successfully carried out to produce diesel-like hydro-
carbons over a Co(10wt.%)-Ag(10wt.%)/AC catalyst under an H2-free atmosphere. Additionally, the Co(10wt.%)-
Ag(10wt.%)/AC catalyst showed excellent reusability, extended to eight consecutive cycles, with hydrocar-
bon fractions in the range of 75-92% and selectivity of 70-90% for (C15+C17).
Biography
Safa Gamal Nasser was born in KSA, on 14th January 1983. She obtained her Bachelor of Science and Education, 2005, from Aden University,
Yemen. She worked for 12 years in a petroleum lab in Aden Refinery Company (ARC) in little Aden, Yemen. She obtained her Master's
degree in the field of Improvement Of Mogas Octane Number Utilizing Octane Enhancers from the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science, Aden University, Yemen 2016. In 2017, she pursued her Doctor of philosophy in Catalysis at Catalysis Science & Technology
Research Centre (PutraCAT), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) under the supervision of Prof
Datuk Dr. Taufiq Yap Yun Hin. She has published some scientific research papers in green diesel production in high-impact factor journals
and participated in some scientific conferences.
Page 14

THE USE OF RADIOISOTOPE METHODS IN DETERMINING THE SHARE

OF BIOGENIC CARBON IN ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND WASTE USED
FOR ENERGY RECOVERY, OR ON DETERMINING THE SHARE OF BIO
COMPONENTS IN BIOFUELS
Joanna Poluszyńska
The Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Poland
Abstract
R adioisotope methods, and in particular the methods based on the 14C carbon isotope, are widely used
in radiodating research, archeology and forensics. However, these methods have great potential for
application in environmental research, including research on the share of bio-based carbon in alterna-
tive fuels and waste used for energy recovery. The tests of the share of biomass in alternative fuels are
carried out in order to determine the indicators of CO2 emissions of biological origin in relation to the
total CO2 emissions from the combustion of alternative fuels or waste. The standard used in the field of
alternative fuels, namely ISO 21644:2021 “Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of bio-
mass content”, provides information on the use of radioisotopic methods to determine the proportion
of biogenic carbon in alternative fuels and waste used for energy recovery. This standard also describes
other techniques that can be used to determine the share of the so-called biomass in alternative fuels,
based on instrumental and analytical methods:
Annex A – Determination of the biomass content based on the 14C method
Annex B – Determination of the biomass content using the selective dissolution method (SDM)
Annex C – Determination of the biomass content using the manual sorting method (Msort)
The methods using the 14C carbon radioisotope are more precise and give a more reliable results.
In addition, these methods are applicable to a variety of matrix samples, including hard-to-test samples
containing rubber wastes. The selective dissolution method cannot be used for rubber waste. Manual
sorting, on the other hand, is a very inaccurate method that causes minor errors when giving the results.
Due to the global restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, it is beneficial to use alterna-
tive energy sources, including alternative fuels that contain biomass or are made of 100% biomass, e.g.
wood pellets or biochar produced from biomass pyrolysis.As in the case of alternative fuels, e.g. from
waste and solid biomass, biomass can also be used in the co-hydrogenation method in the production of
liquid fuels containing biocomponents. Individual fuel components can be quantitativelyified and uali-
tatively determined by classical instrumental analyzes, e.g. gas chromatography. However, the only way
to distinguish, for example, bioethanol from ethanol is to analyze the content of the 14C carbon isotope
in the sample. On this basis, you can calculate the sum of the share of the so-called bio-based carbon or
biomass carbon. CO2 emissions from biomass combustion are subtracted from the total CO2 emissions
from fuel combustion, which is favorable from the point of view of carbon dioxide emissions to the at-
mosphere.
Page 15
Biography
Joanna Poluszyńska is a chemist with over 20 years of experience. She has built her experience by carrying out research related to the
development of analytical methods for monitoring environmental pollution and research projects in the area of organic and mineral
waste management in the building materials industry and for environmental purposes. In recent years, she has focused her work on the
development and implementation of research methods related to determining the share of the biogenic carbon in alternative fuels and
waste for energy recovery, and in liquid biofuels, bioplastics and packaging materials. She is a reviewer in scientific journals and an expert
at the National Center for Research and Development in Poland. For 23 years he has been working at the Institute of Ceramics and Building
Materials, currently belonging to the Łukasiewicz Research Network, where she manages the Environmental Engineering Department.
Page 16

INFLUENCE OF CARBON FIXATION ON THE MITIGATION OF

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES IN ITALY
AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF CARBON NEUTRALITY
Roberto De Vivo, Luigi Zicarelli
University of Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
Abstract
Background: Among the greenhouse gas emissions due to livestock activities there is, in addition to
rumen methane, that which derives from the fermentation and management of manure from farmed
animals. To feed the farmed animals, plants are used that fix carbon and therefore subtract carbondiox-
ide from the atmosphere.
Methods: The emissions related to rumen fermentations, those related to manure, management, and
spreading of animals of species reared in Italy, as well as manure released by grazing animals were
quantified and summed. The emissions due to the respiration of animals were calculated and the carbon
dioxide fixed by the main crops of zootechnical interest was calculated and then subtracted from the
atmosphere. In addition, the emissions from the cultivation of plant species, attributable to the working
of the soil, the production of fertilizers and pesticides, electricity, fuels, and the operation of machines,
were also taken into account.
Results: The results of this elaboration show that in Italy the CO2 fixed in the vegetation cultivated to
feed animals is about 10% higher than the sum of that emitted by the animals reared and by the en-
tire process that is part of it. It could therefore be argued that the influence of carbon fixation should
probably be taken into account to calculate the environmental impact in terms of carbon footprint of
agricultural and animal products.
Conclusion: In this way, carbon neutrality would be demonstrated, which characterizes the production
processes of agricultural products and animal productions unlike other production cycles.
Biography
Roberto De Vivo graduated at the age of 25 at the University of Naples "Federico II" and then obtained post-graduate specialization at the
University of Milan. I am a teacher in a secondary school and I am a zootechnical consultant. I have made two publications, and I have
presented studies on the topic of theenvironmental impact of farms in two conferences, a European conference and a world conference.
Page 17

IDENTIFICATION OF THE FUNGI ISOLATED TO IDENTIFY THE EFFECT OF

ESSENTIAL OILS ON FUNGAL GROWTH
Esraa M Mahmoud
Grand Egyptian Museum, Egypt
Abstract
I dentification of the fungi isolated from selected tomb: Through Petri dishes, it is possible to identify
the shape and type of mushrooms in terms of morphological characteristics and to know the rate of
presence of each fungus by making microscopic slides for all samples of the fungi that were made. In the
dishes, slides were made as follows: A - Glass slides were prepared and a tool was prepared to capture
the mushroom sample, and the dishes were opened in the presence of a flame for sterilization, with the
tweezers sterilized well with flame also before sampling, then the sample was taken and placed on the
slide after placing a drop of Canada Balsam, which is a material for preservation The mushroom sample,
after taking the sample and placing it on the Canada with balm in the slide, was covered with the slide
cover and gently pressed to empty the air bubbles from the slide whenever possible and placed under
the optical microscope to identify the mushrooms. Experimental Study to identify the effect of essen-
tial oils on fungal growth: In this study, the main goal was to use oils first because of their less harmful
nature on the effect, and secondly to examine the extent of the effect of the selected oils on inhibiting
and decaying fungi. Which was isolated in the Petri dishes under experience, and the use of oils is con-
sidered aesthetically acceptable with respect to the effect as it does not affect its shape or nature, in
addition to it is safe to use and to know the extent of the effect of the selected oils in inhibiting the fun-
gal growth. Fungi were isolated under trial in different environments in the Petri dishes. And choosing
three different oils to be used in influencing the fungal growth at different concentrations to know the
behavior and activity of fungal growth in the presence of these oils.
Biography
Esraa M Mahmoud had worked specialist restoration and conservation at Archaeological sites in Assuit (2012) (Ministry of antiquities,
Egypt) ,Then at Pyramid Restoration Department (2013-2019) at Eastern, Western Tombs ,Three Pyramids ,Queen Pyramids and
Archaeological excavations in harm site(2013:2019).Now I have been working in Grand Museum as Specialist at inorganic and stone
labs since 2019 until now ,Beside that my master About Beer Elshaghala Tomb(Wady Elgdeed)(2018),and I registed my PhD in Wall
painting(Lime stone),Egypt ,(2018).
Page 18
SELECTION AND INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR

THEVIATION INDUSTRY: BUTANOL, BUTYL BUTYRATE AND THEIR
BLENDS WITH JET A-1.
Manish Kumar and Srinibas Karmakar
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
Abstract
Background: The Energy Information Administration (EIA) has predicted that the CO2 emissions will
reach more than 50%. At present aviation industry contributes 5% of the global emissions. The average
annual growth rate in the aviation sector is projected to grow at 4.1 %. In parallel, rising fuel costs, fossil
fuel depletion, and stricter emission regulations for gas turbine engines prompted the search for new
potential alternative aviation fuels. Butanol butyl butyrate and their blends have been considered for
the investigation due to similar properties of Jet A-1.
Objective: To investigate the combustion characteristics of butyl butyrate, butanol, and their blends
with Jet A-1 in a swirl burner and compare them with Jet A-1.
Methods: A swirl stabilized combustor has been designed and developed and with a constant equiva-
lence ratio, ALR and calorific value tests have been conducted. The distribution of intermediate species
(such as OH* and CH*) in the flame has been captured by using a UV lens with 308 ± 10 nm and 430
± 10nm bandpass filters. Similarly, the sooty region of the flame has been captured by a 60 mm/F5.6
Nikkor lens with a long-pass filter (550 nm long-pass filter, Edmund Optics). Using thermocouple rake
flame temperature has been measured.
Results: Butanol has the longest flame and the flame of butanol-Jet A-1 blends decreases with decli-
nation in the loading of butanol. The flame temperature profile shows the variation according to the
fuel rates of pure fuels and their blends. NOx emissions are low in pure biofuel cases compared to their
blends and Jet A-1. These emissions appear to increase with the decrease in the loading of biofuel in the
blends. CO emission is comparatively higher in the pure butanol case.
Conclusion: Butanol-loaded blends have shown comparably better results than the Jet A-1, whereas
pure biofuels have lower combustion performance than the Jet A-1.
Biography
Manish Kumar’s primary research interests are droplet and spray combustion, alternative aviation fuels, and the combustion of solid fuels,
propellants, and the development of green propellants. He pursues experimental research to understand the combustion characteristics
of conventional and non-conventional (renewable biofuels) liquid fuels for their better utilization in practical combustion devices. His
research at IIT Kharagpur is majorly involved in the investigation of the feasibility of biofuels for the aircraft as alternative aviation fuel.
His research is trying to find ways to harness the pollutant emission during the combustion of the liquid. The progress made in this area
by Mr. Kumar's research has been reported in the top quality combustion and propulsion journals such as Fuel, International Journal of
Energy Research, Spray and Combustion Dynamics, Materials today, and so on. The research has direct relevance to the development of
alternative aviation fuel with low pollutant emission for air-breathing propulsion systems.
Page 19

COMPLETE AND EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF PLANT CELL WALL

HEMICELLULOSE INTO HIGH-VALUE BIOPRODUCTS BY ENGINEERED
YEAST
Liang Sun, Jaewon Lee, Sangdo Yook, Stephan Lane, Soo Rin Kim and Yong-Su
Jin
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Abstract
Background: Sustainable biorefinery based on cellulosic biomass requires efficient bioconversion of
cellulosic substrates into value-added products. Plant cell wall hydrolysates contain not only sugars, but
also substantial amounts of acetate, a toxic inhibitor against fermenting microorganisms.
Objective: To achieve efficient conversion of hemicellulosic hydrolysates by yeast.
Methods: Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was genetically engineered for xylose assimilation and het-
erologous production of triacetic acid lactone (TAL) and vitamin A using standard molecular biology
and CRISPR/Cas9 mediated approaches. Metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis were conducted
on yeasts strains cultured in shaking flasks and bioreactors to understand their metabolic status and
performance.
Results: Here we report rapid and efficient co-consumption of xylose and acetate, major carbon sources
in hemicellulose hydrolysates, and production of acetyl-CoA derived products by engineered Saccha-
romyces cerevisiae. In contrast to toxic and non-consumable nature of acetate during glucose metab-
olism, up to 12.38 g/L of acetate can be co-consumed with 40 g/L of xylose by engineered yeast. The
co-consumption led to enhanced cell growth, lipid production, and ergosterol accumulation, indicating
increased supply of acetyl-CoA when xylose and acetate were co-consumed. To exploit this metabolic
re-configuration, we constructed an engineered yeast capable of producing triacetic acid lactone (TAL),
a versatile polyketide produced from acetyl-CoA, from a mixture of xylose and acetate. The resulting
strain produced 23.91 g/L of TAL with a productivity of 0.29 g/L/h in a fed-batch fermentation with
xylose and acetate co-feeding, and produced 3.55 g/L of TAL using a hemicellulose hydrolysate. Addi-
tionally, enhanced production of vitamin A, another acetyl-CoA derived molecule by engineered yeast
was achieved from co-utilization of xylose and acetate.
Conclusion: Collectively, these results present an innovative strategy that not only transforms a fer-
mentation inhibitor into a valuable substrate, but also expands the capacity of acetyl-CoA supply in S.
cerevisiae for the economic production of biofuels and chemicals from plant cell wall hydrolysates.
Biography
Liang Sun is currently a postdoc at the University of Wisconsin-Madison studying yeast evolutionary genomics using synthetic biology and
bioinformatics tools. He got his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where he applied yeast metabolic engineering for
the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.
Page 20
Day-2

HYBRID SOLAR–BIOMASS POWER PLANTS

Mohammad Reza Mohaghegh
University of Guelph, Canada
Abstract
Background: With an increasing global population, energy demand is rising as well. The limitation of
fossil fuels, climate change, and environmental concerns due to the usage of these fuels, have led to con-
siderable attention to renewable energies in the last few decades. Solar energy and biomass are two of
the best available sources of renewable energy in most parts of the world. However, each of them suffers
from some drawbacks. Solar radiation is only available for a limited time during a day, and its availabil-
ity can be intermittent or reduced depending on the weather and season. On the other hand, extracting
energy from biomass demands a huge feedstock, which may not be readily available in all locations and
seasons. Transporting biomass would not only increase costs but would also increase carbon monoxide
emissions from fossil fuel consumption by transport systems. A combination of both sources is a prom-
ising method to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reliable energy investment. The hybridization of
these energy resources and applications in a power plant has attracted the attention of researchers in
recent years
Objective: This study presents an in-depth review of the latest advances in integrating solar and bio-
mass energy in power plants and summarizes and discusses the past effort and the current status of
hybrid power plants, their performance, different feasible combinations, and challenges.
Methods: A bibliometric analysis was carried out to understand the global trends in solar, biomass
standalone, and hybrid power plants.
Results: A thorough review of the literature reveals that despite that several studies have been conduct-
ed in this field, there is currently only one operational hybrid solar-biomass power plant; Termosolar
Borges, with a capacity of 22.5 MWe, which is located in Les Borges, Spain. However, some small-scale
prototypes are constructed and aimed to extend to a large scale. Among technologies applied to utilize
power from biomass fuels, combustion has proven to be a more economically viable input heat for typ-
ical power plants than gasification. In contrast, gasification offered a better option for a larger scale, as
the overall cost decreased significantly with scale.
Conclusion: Every technology has its benefits and drawbacks. The disadvantages may not convince
users easily, especially in the first stages of its usage. Hybridisation of solar and biomass sources for
power generation systems, although it is a promising technology, still suffers from technical limitations
and faces economical challenges.
Biography
Mohammad Reza Mohaghegh, (Iran 1985), Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran in
2018, is a Research Scientist at Advanced Energy Conversion & Control Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Canada. He has
published several scientific articles in peer-reviewed international journals as well as conference papers. He has been a reviewer of several
scientific international journals as well. His research interests include; analytical and numerical heat transfer and fluid flow, renewable
energy, thermal energy storage systems, and CFD.
Page 22
Day-2
Oral Presentations
HEALTH-ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE

SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM THE RED SEA
Chee Kong Yap
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Malaysia
Abstract
Background: The Red Sea is unique among the world’s seas. Information on HM pollution in sediment
in the Red Sea ecosystem is important in order to understand the current situation and to propose pos-
sible remedial measures to overcome the increasing environmental stresses.
Objective: To review and compile data on the concentrations of four HMs (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the
coastal surface sediments from the Red Sea, mainly from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen, published in
the literature from 1992 to 2021.
Methods: The systematic literature review approach of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses was used in the current review research to add to the established body of
information on HMs in the Red Sea sediments. On 1 January 2021, a survey of the literature based on
the Scopus database was conducted to arrive at a total of 46 published where the keywords ‘Metals’,
‘Sediments’, and ‘Red Sea’ must be found in the title of the papers under the Scopus database.
Results: It was found that the mean values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in coastal Red Sea sediments were
elevated and localized in high human activity sites in comparison to the earth upper continental crust
and to reference values for marine sediments. From the potential ecological risk index (PERI) aspect,
32 reports (47.1%) were categorized as ‘considerable ecological risk’ and 23 reports (33.8%) as ‘very
high ecological risk’. From the human health risk assessment (HHRA) aspect, the non-carcinogenic risk
(NCR) values (HI values < 1.0) of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn represented no NCR for the ingestion and the dermal
contact routes for sediments from the Red Sea countries.
Conclusion: The reassessment of the HM data cited in the literature allowed integrative and accurate
comparisons of the PERI and HHRA data, which would be useful in the management and sustainable de-
velopment of the Red Sea area, besides being a helpful database for future use. This warrants extensive
and continuous monitoring studies to understand the current and the projected HM pollution situation
and to propose possible protective and conservative measures in the future for the resource-rich Red
Sea ecosystem.
Biography
Chee Kong Yap is working as a full professor in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) since 2021. Prof Yap is an academician for more than 18
years in UPM and 23 years as a researcher. Prof Yap has supervised more than 80 undergraduates and 30 postgraduate students in the
fields of ecotoxicology, environmental biology, environmental sciences, water quality and ecotoxicological genetics. Prof Yap has published
more than 320 papers in refereed academic journals, 5 books (three of them published in NOVA Science Publishers, USA) and 32 book
chapters. Until July 2021, 204 of them have now been indexed in Elsevier’s Scopus with an H-index of 30 (>2761 citations). Prof Yap has
also been invited in honorary as Editorial Board members for more than 30 international academic journals. Prof Yap has been an invited
visiting researcher at National lnstitute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba (Japan), an invited visiting professor at Nihon University
(Japan) and Hokkaido University (Japan), and an invited visiting researcher at Kobe University (Japan).
Page 24
BIOPROCESS PROSPECT OF SUSTAINABLE MICROALGAE BIOREFINERY

Mohd Asyraf Kassim and Tan Kean Meng
University Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia
Abstract
R ecently, production of fine chemicals and fuels from alternative renewable resource has gain great
attention to partially replace the products from conventional feedstock. Production of these chem-
icals from renewable resources are believed to be sustainable and inline on global policy to achieve
future sustainable production process. Production of those can be performed either via chemical, ther-
mochemical and biochemical approaches. Among of this, production of chemicals via biochemical es-
pecially via bioprocess approach is considered one of the promising approaches to produce wide range
of bioproducts such as bioethanol, butyric acid, biobutanol, antibiotic and biosuccinic acid under mod-
erate temperature. In this process, microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria are act as biocatalyst
and involved a series of processes to convert the bioresource into product, which totally depend on the
type of feedstock used. Selecting the best process to produce maximum product is needed to ensure
the feasibility of chemicals and fuels from these resources. Thus, the presentation is the influence of
type renewable resources mainly on palm oil waste and microalgae on chemicals production. Differ-
ent pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation strategies to improve production of these chemicals are
evaluated.
Biography
Asyraf is a senior lecturer at School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His expertise is in industrial microbiology
focusing on production of fine chemicals and biofuel from renewable resources. Currently he is working on exploring the utilization
of extremophile microalgae in integrated bioremediation and biorefinery for various chemicals including bioethanol, biobutanol and
biosuccinic acid. His research is also focusing on exploration cost effective upstream and downstream process including pretreatment and
extraction process to produce those products.
Page 25

ADVANCED POWER GENERATION USING A NITROGEN TURBINE ENGINE

INSTEAD OF A CONVENTIONAL INJECTION STEAM TURBINE ENGINE.
Wenich Vattanapuripakorn1, Khomson Khannam1, Sathapon Sonsupap1,
Prachakon Kaewkhiaw2, Umakorn Tongsantia3, Jiradanai Sarasamkan4
Heat Pipe and Thermal Tools Design Research Unit (HTDR), Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakam
University, Thailand
Abstract
A n ever-increasing demand for electrical power and soaring levels of energy consumption around
the world have led to an energy crisis. Thus, this paper aims to review the conventional technolo-
gies against those of newer developments in electrical power generation such as using nitrogen gener-
ators. The nitrogen generator method is most appealing as it is a seemingly free energy already existing
in nature. A nitrogen generator with a 5000 (Nm3/h) capacity has the potential to be used to analyze
gas composition and the results are compared with the gas composition of a conventional steam tur-
bine, which is used to pressurize 6000 (kWh) injection steam turbines. The magnetic bearing must be
installed in both systems to modify all centrifuged systems which reduces all energy consumption in
all systems by more than 50%. Artificial intelligence is used with the machine to analyze and control
nitrogen gas flow to provide a more precise evaluation resulting in a more efficient technology. It should
further be noted that the nitrogen turbine is superior to the steam turbine because it does not require
the burning of fossil fuel to generate power. Hence, it is crucial to modify conventional technologies to
improve energy sustainability and begin the long task of tackling environmental issues.
Background: This study offers theoretical contributions to several research streams. The first steam
turbine used for power generation was invented in 1884. It has been 137 years that we have now de-
pended on the Rankine cycle theory which describes the thermodynamic cycle. However, this theory has
a major drawback in that it causes pollution. The Rankine cycle needs to burn natural resources such as
fossil fuels, causing high temperature reactions with water in order to create high pressure steam. After
the steam is generated, it is used to drive the turbine and the turbine will then drive the steam turbine
engine. The steam turbine engine is assembled with the generator to produce mechanical power which
is transformed to electrical power. Then, electrical power is transferred to the transformer system and
it becomes electrical power which is the most common form of energy used by people today. Some prog-
ress has been made in the clean energy field, such as solar cells which depend mainly on solar power,
wind turbines which use wind power, and hydropower which uses water as a source to generate power;
yet, these three technologies have limitations in power generation as they cannot operate for 24 h con-
tinuously. Moreover, they have both direct and indirect impacts on the environment.
Objective:
1. This technology can be installed anywhere that is well-ventilated, so it is suitable for rural areas and
off-grid areas.
2. The size of the engine is around 1–6000 kWh, so it is a moveable operation and a suitable method to
increase economic growth around the world.
3. This technology does not require fuel burning; it causes zero air pollution.
Page 26

4. This technology is a match for large scale industries, shopping malls, and living communities.
5. This technology would disrupt huge power generation plants which use natural resources, especial-
ly the nuclear plants.
6. Logistics costs of power generation will decrease greatly, no more need for transmission lines.
7. This is the greenest and the most sustainable technology for electrical power generation.
8. The cost of electrical power will decrease all over the world, which is beneficial for everyone.
Methods:
Results: After the nitrogen system and injection steam turbine were compared, it was found that with
5000 (Nm3/h) at a temperature of 40 °C and pressure of 34.30 bar, the nitrogen generator can produce a
gas flow rate of 6261.10 (kg/h), which was not enough to be used to drive the propeller which generates
mechanical power that drives an electricity generator in the systems with conventional injection steam
turbine. Then, a 6000 kW/h injection steam turbine with a rotation speed of 8000 (rpm) was studied
and it was found that steam pressure of 34.30 bar was required After that, the injection steam turbine
was compared with a nitrogen generator and it was obvious that the nitrogen booster combined with a
nitrogen generator generated significantly higher pressure of up to 300 bar. Moreover, the engine of the
injection steam turbine was designed to be used with a steam temperature of 435 °C. In contrast, the
nitrogen generator was designed to be used with a lower temperature of 40°C. It is crucial to analyze
the consumption rate of steam used in the conventional injection steam turbine. The consumption rate
of the conventional injection steam turbine was 6.36 (kg/s) which consumed more steam energy than
the 5000 (Nm3/h) nitrogen generator which consumed steam energy at a rate of only 1.73 (kg/s). This
point led to the development of a new engine called the Nitrogen Turbine Engine (NTE).
Conclusion: This review explored the reverse engineering of hot to cold gas conversion and obtained
data from real manufacturers which was then applied to nitrogen turbines used for generating electrical
power. The results of the review found possibilities of using 5000 (Nm3/h) of nitrogen instead of steam
with the injection steam turbine engine with a 6000 (kW/h) capacity as nitrogen and steam possessed
different properties in terms of gas nitrogen density; pressure was increased by a booster and brought
Page 27
up to 300 (bar) for driving the turbine with greater force. Moreover, when the production rate of the
nitrogen generator was studied, it was found that the amount of nitrogen gas obtained from the nitro-
gen generator was 1.73 (kg/s), which was not sufficient for the energy consumption rate of 6.36 (kg/s)
found in conventional steam turbines. To be more specific, four nitrogen generators are required to gen-
erate sufficient nitrogen gas for one injection steam turbine. Overall, this technology warrants further
examination, including centrifuged systems, and should be studied as our research shows implementa-
tion can reduce costs by almost 50%. After all the machines were combined, there was a high tendency
to save on energy consumption used to generate nitrogen and injection turbine engines. Furthermore,
artificial intelligence (AI) or CFD software was used as a tool to perform a simulation solving complex
issues.
Biography
Wenich Vattanapuripakorn has been working in the gas and oil field for more than 10 years while studying for a PhD, has just published
an article in the Environment and Natural Resources Journal titled “Treatment of Flue Gas from an Infectious Waste Incinerator using
the Ozone System”, and carried out additional research in “Hospital Trash Infection Disposal to Reduce the Emission of Pollutant into the
Atmosphere using Ozone Technology”. With the experience the lead author has gained, the author has become a person who is concerned
about humans’ health and the impacts human activity has on the environment. With a strong passion to solve environmental issues, the
author is confident that this technology will be a significant contribution to preserving our environment and tackling the issue of climate
change in the future. The author has established a team and has found many innovative technologies from around the world which can be
modified to solve environmental issues.
Page 28

LIFE EXPECTANCY OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS IN GRID-CONNECTED

MODE
Preeti Gupta, Vivek Pahwa, and Yajvender Pal Verma
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Panjab University, India
Abstract
Background: The life expectancy of solid oxide fuel cells is nearly 2 to 4 years of continuous operation
i.e. 17520 to 35040 operating hours. When it is connected to AC grid, the life of its cells further reduces
due to the variation in its feasible operating limits.
Objective: To investigate the performance of 450 numbers of solid oxide fuel cells in a stack having total
power capacity of 100 kW operating in a grid-connected mode at constant operating temperature of
1273 K under normal and quadruple degradation rates.
Methods: This work proposes a fuel-valve controller based on proportional and integral controller that
maintains the fuel utilization near 80%. It yields the natural flow rate of fuel hydrogen, which is refined
through a unity feedback loop of fuel flow in the fuel processor. The processed fuel is transported to the
right direction by positioning it so that the fuel participates properly in the chemical reactions. There-
after, the oxidant is supplied in correct ratio of hydrogen to oxygen that completes the electro-chemical
process of energy conversion.
Results: The work shows that the change in flow rate of hydrogen, air excess ratio, fuel utilization factor,
output current and voltage during the load change are under feasible limits and power-tracking capabil-
ity is not affected. The current-voltage characteristics represent healthier state of cells. As a result, the
uncontrolled cells exhibits 83.04% life expectancy during the normal degradation rate while controlled
cells shows 92.64%, thus a rise of 9.6% is observed for a period of 3000 operating hours. However,
during quadruple degrading rate the rise of life expectancy is 2.95% after 6000 operating hours. Thus,
in this way the proposed fuel controller manages the aging of cells.
Conclusion: With its increased life security, it ultimately translates reduced operating cost for the same
power generation capacity in comparison to the conventional engines.
Biography
Preeti Gupta has her expertise in designing, investigating and implementing controllers in real time for solid oxide fuel cell based power
systems. Her open and contextual evaluation model based on responsive constructivists creates new pathways for improving control
mechanisms using meta-heuristic and deterministic approaches. She has built this research work after years of experience in research,
evaluation, teaching and administration both in design and innovation research laboratory.
Page 29

HYDROGENATION OF BIOMASS DERIVED OIL TO BIOFUELS OVER NI/NIO

ROBUST CATALYST
Hari Singh, Anil K Sinha and Ankit Mishra
RIMT University Mandi Gobindgarh Punjab, India
Abstract
Background: Cashew nut shell oil (CNSL) and Jatropha oil are found to be one of the biomass derived
oil for the production of biofuels and chemicals in India. The presence of aromatics in the fuel could
generate air pollution and also affects the burning characteristics of fuel. Hydrogenation and hydrode-
oxygenation are the major pathways for drop in fuel utilizing biomass derived feedstocks.
Objective: To examine the hydrogenation study of Jatropha oil derived renewable bio-jet and CNSL hy-
drogenation.
Methods: The mesoporous Ni/NiO nanoparticle was synthesized by co-precipitation method, using
nickel nitrate and an organosilane template, octadecyl diethyl (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium
chloride (ODAC), reduced with hydrazine hydrate. The 1N NaOH solution was added to keep the pH at
11.7. The resultant mass was filtered, washed with C2H5OH, dried at 80oC, followed by calcination at
400°C in the presence of static air for 6 h.
Results: The hydrogenation of Cashew nut shell oil liquid over Ni/NiO catalyst 95% conversion was re-
ported with 14% selectivity for tetradecane and phenol (21%) at 250 °C, 80 bar. Complete (100%) con-
version of aromatics (renewable bio-jet) via hydrogenation route over mesoporous Ni/NiO catalyst in
a batch reactor was successfully reported at 100 bar, 160 °C. The high hydrogenation activity achieved
due to the better diffusion in its pores, high surface area (250 m2/g), intrinsic acidity of 0.2 mmol/g and
smaller particle size (21nm).
Conclusion: The mesoporous Ni/NiO catalyst is highly effective for production of aromatic free renew-
able biojet. Tetradecane and phenol can be produced from (CNSL) Cashew nut shell oil liquid via hydro-
genation route.The tetradecane with water as emulsion can be used as phase transfer material for the
storage of the Covid-19 vaccine.
Biography
Hari Singh has her expertise in porous nanomaterials synthesis, biofuels, hydorprocessing and photocatalysis. He has been working as
Assistant professor Chemistry Department in RIMT University, Punjab, India. He is working in the academics for the last three years. He
also worked in CSIR- Indian Institute of petroleum, Dehradun. He has been awarded certificate of excellence in reviewing by Journal of
Pharmaceutical research International. He supervised two M.Phil. Student’s thesis (Chemistry). He published a book titled-“Advanced
Inorganic Nanomaterial (Catalysis) and Biofuels. He was the team member who made bio-jet first from non-edible oil (Jatropha oil)
and tested it in spice jet flight, India on 28 Aug 2018. He published eighteen manuscripts with more than 140 citations. He also got an
opportunity to work in the research and development unit of India Glycol Limited (IGL), Uttrakhand, India. He completed his education
from Aligarh Muslim University.
Page 30

INFLUENCE OF BARK CONTENT ON THE PROXIMATE PROPERTIES AND

HEATING VALUE OF FIREWOOD IN YOBE STATE, NIGERIA
M Dadile, John. J and Adam L. I
Federal University Gashua, Yobe State of Nigeria, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: The study was set to come up with a scientific proof for the influence of bark content of
fuelwood species in terms of combustion, ash content, ignition and heating value. The experiment was
conducted on five fuelwood species (Tamarindus indica, Sclerocarya birrea, Combretum lamprocarpum,
Acacia sieberana and Piliostigma Reticulatum) commonly used in Damaturu as a source of energy for
domestic, commercial and heating.
Objective: To determine the influence of bark content on the proximate properties and heating value of
fuelwood species.
Method: Five fuelwood species were obtained in three different location and each of the species was
replicated three times which gives the total of fifteen fuelwood species and were cut at 25cm long each
and transported to the laboratory, debarked and chop to small sizes separately. The wood and bark were
independently subjected to proximate analysis using ASTM standards and Statistical test was done by
using Dunncan multiple range test (DMRT).
Results: The study reveals that higher volatile matter was obtained in wood portion of S. birrea with
83.03% while lower value of 75.19% was found in C. lamprocarpum while its bark portion was found to
be 65.69% in C. lamprocarpum and lowest value of 44.69% was found in P. reticulatum. Meanwhile, the
variation in ash contents of wood portion ranges from 0.16% in A. sieberana to 0.46 % in S. birrea. While
the bark portion ranges from 5.36% in T. indica to 6.15% in A. sieberana. The fixed carbon content of
wood ranges from 16.51 % in S. birrea to 26.26 % in T. indica. While 29.76 to 47.49% was recorded from
bark portion. The heating value of the wood portion was found to be 33.48% in S. birrea to 33.65% in A.
sieberana, while, in the bark portion 31.27% was obtained in P. reticulatum and 32.22% was recorded
from C. lamprocarpum.
Conclusion: The bark content of wood affects the proximate properties and heating value of fuelwood
species in low degree.
Biography
M Dadile has his expertise in evaluation and quality ranking of fuelwood species through proximate, ultimate analysis and heating
value. This has go a long way in characterizing fuelwood species based on their inherent properties and help to determine the empirical
knowledge of quality fuelwood species. However, this will help to mitigate the indiscriminate felling of fuelwood species for domestic,
commercial and heating despite the scarce vegetation in my region. I build my expertise in research, teaching in education institutions.
Page 31

CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF BIOSURFACTANT

PRODUCED BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ISOLATED FROM EGYPTIAN OIL FIELD
Hamed Aboelkhair1,2, Pedro Diaz1 and Attia Attia2
1
London South Bank University, UK
2
The British University in Egypt, Egypt
Abstract
M icroorganisms have the potential to exploit residual hydrocarbons in depleted reservoirs in a tech-
nique known as microbial enhanced oil recovery, MEOR. This study highlights the importance and
potential of microbiology in petroleum engineering. This work investigates the production of biosur-
factants from isolated bacteria strains obtained from a crude oil sample collected from an Egyptian oil
field located in the Western Desert. Bacillus spp, a bacilli species that could produce biosurfactants, was
identified based on its morphological and biochemical characterization. To optimize the surface activ-
ity of the produced biosurfactant, ten different reported nutrient media, and a new proposed nutrient
medium H were examined. Bacillus spp has shown the ability to produce a very active biosurfactant that
reduced the surface tension of water from 71.81 mN/m to 25.74 mN/m, and the interfacial tension of
water against kerosene from 48.43 to 0.38 mN/m at Critical Micelle Concentration CMC of 0.038 g/l, in
a medium supplemented by the new proposed nutrient medium H. The growth rate of Bacillus spp was
reached its maximum (2.072 x 109 CFU/ml) after 24 hours of incubation. Biosurfactant production has
no significant change in its surface activity over a wide range of temperature range up to 120oC, which
means the studied species Bacillus spp is a thermophilic bacterium. Bacillus spp grew well in the pres-
ence of high salt concentration up to 20% NaCl, the optimal surface activity was obtained in the range
of 0-2% NaCl, and at pH 7 (neutral values). The emulsification activity of the produced biosurfactant
reached the maximum (69.52%) at temperature 30oC, Salinity 0% NaCl (distilled water), and pH 7.
The produced biosurfactant yield was found to be 2.853 g/l. The FT-IR spectra analysis of the purified
biosurfactant confirmed that the produced biosurfactant was surfactin, which is a very powerful sur-
factant. Finally, it could be concluded that Bacillus spp could grow and produce effective and efficient
surfactin that retain more than 60% of its surface activity under harsh conditions that are relevant to
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, MEOR.
Biography
Hamed Aboelkhair, Division of Chemical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, UK
Page 32

AN ALTERNATIVE GREEN BIOFUEL PRODUCED BY BIOMASS CISTUS

LADANIFERUS
Hammadi El Farissi1, Fouad El Mansouri2, Abdelmonaem Talhaoui1, Jamal
Brigui2, Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva3 and Abdesselam Tahani1
1
University Mohamed Premier, Morocco
2
Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Morocco
3
Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Portugal
Abstract
Background: The valorization of biomasses as a source of second-generation biofuels is one of the fu-
ture projects. The valorization, of seeds and shells of cistus ladaniferus as a source of biofuel by the ther-
mal way, pyrolysis in fixed bed under the optimal conditions of temperature and heating speed present
very encouraging results. The characterization of the liquid obtained by different analytical methods
such as XPS, Elemental Analysis, FTIR, enriches the study. The calorific values of the two bio-oils of
seeds and their shells obtained by pyrolysis at 450°C with a heating rate of 21°C.min-1 and 40°C.min-1
are of the order of 37,05 MJ.Kg-1 and 37,93 MJ.Kg-1 respectively. This work consisted in valorizing one of
the forest rejects, in this case the seeds of cistus ladaniferus which are shrubs generally distributed in
the Mediterranean ecosystem, by transforming its oil into biofuel (biodiesel). The fixed bed pyrolysis of
these rejects also has the advantage of having a low environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas
emissions.
Objective: The objective is to value a forest waste as a bioresource in production of bio-oil by process of
pyrolysis, we use the bio-oil as a biofuel.
Methods: In our research, we used this waste from pyrolysis cistus seeds and shells to obtain biochar
and biofuels. The fixed bed pyrolysis system used in this study includes a cylindrical reactor inserted
vertically into an electric heated furnace. Pyrolysis products (biochar, bio-oils and gases) are recovered
and analyzed. Mass and elemental material balances (C, H and O) are important. Biomass is analyzed by
various analysis techniques such as X-ray fluorescence to know the mass percentages of the different
metals that exist in the biomass, then the infrared spectroscopy that identifies the different functional
groups. The CHNOS elemental analyzes of the raw material and the calorific values are carried out by
a TruSpec micro-bomb device Leco Acetanilide 501-053. We have used a mechanical method to deter-
mine the viscosity of the bio-oil using the Euler method in case of vertical fall with friction. Then we
measured the viscosity with a viscometer to compare it with the one obtained experimentally.
Results: In this study we have valorized the bio-oil obtained by pyrolysis under the optimal conditions
of temperature (450°C), heating rate (21°C.min-1, 40°C.min-1) and particle size (0.3-0.6 mm, 2-3 mm).
the results obtained are very encouraging. the maximum yields obtained for seeds and shells are 52.2%
and 53.31% respectively. the calorific values measured are 37.93 MJ.Kg-1 for seeds and 37.05 MJ.Kg-1 for
shells. these values are compared with three commercial diesels. the values found are 41.50 MJ.Kg-1 ,
43.20 MJ.Kg-1 and 42.35 MJ.Kg-1. the study of the density and viscosity of bio-oil obtained by pyrolysis
and commercial diesels are close to each other for the bio-oil density 897.6 mg cm and 881. 3 mg cm
for the two bio-oil, likewise for the three commercial diesel 829.9 mg cm 829.4 mg cm 830.3 mg cm.
consternating the dynamic viscosity for the two bio-oil 3.768 mPa.s and 3.716 mPa.s. the same for the
three commercial diesel 3.306 mPa.s, 3.255 mPa.s and 3.254 mPa.s respectively.
Page 33

Conclusion: The production of bio-oil from biomass by pyrolysis is one of the cheapest and cheapest
processes for producing second and third generation fuels. In this study we approach bio-oil of pyrolysis
synthesized under the optimum conditions of temperature and heating rate as well as the size of the
particles. This bio-oil has very interesting physical and chemical properties, hence the goal of enhancing
them as a second-generation biofuel. The calorific values of bio-oil synthesized in this study are 37.93
MJ Kg-1 for the seeds and 37.05 MJ Kg-1 for the cistus shells these values are close to the values of the
three commercial diesels studied. On the other hand, the viscosities found by both mechanical and vol-
ume methods are very close to saddle measured by the viscometer and similarly to density the viscosity
of bio pyrolysis oil increases as the temperature increases.
Biography
Hammadi El Farissi, I am 36 years old. I did my university studies at the faculty of sciences of the Abdelmalek Essaadi
University at Tetouan option fundamental chemistry in license and master then I am registered at the faculty of sciences and technology
of the same university for a degree of doctor (PhD) in the specialty, process and environmental engineering. presently I work as an
assistant professor at the faculty of sciences, Mohamed first university Oujda department of chemistry in the laboratory of Environment
and Applied Chemistry (LCAE), Team: Physical Chemistry of the Natural Resources and Processes. I am a reviewer in the Materials
Today Proceeding Journal and AIP conference proceeding. I have published several articles on the extraction of bio-oil by the pyrolysis
process and valorization of biochar used as a bio adsorbent of dyes. as well I've published articles on the extraction of polyphenols and
antioxidants from different biomass.
Page 34
Day-2

ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND FRUIT WASTE:

PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT RATIOS
Bruno Gouveia, Inês Silva, André Azevedo, Edgar Fernandes and Elizabeth
Duarte
Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Abstract
Background: In the context of the circular economy, optimising the biogas produced in the anaerobic
digesters during the sludge stabilisation process is fundamental to ensure the energy self-sufficiency of
wastewater treatment plants. Given this scenario, the anaerobic co-digestion of two or more substrates
presents itself as a viable option to overcome the drawbacks of monodigestion of sewage sludge (SS)
and to improve methane production, promoting the economic viability of the whole system.
Objective: To evaluate the impact associated with the introduction of increasing proportions of fruit
waste (mango peel) as a co-substrate on the process efficiency and stability.
Methods: The experimental tests were performed in a continuous stirred-tank reactor with a working
volume of 11.3L, under mesophilic conditions (35 ± 1oC), with a hydraulic retention time of 13 days. The
feeding mixtures were prepared using different proportions of sewage sludge and mango peel liquor
(MPL). The SS to MPL ratios under study, expressed as volume percentage (v:v), were the following:
90:10 (T1), 80:20 (T2), 70:30 (T3), and 30:70 (case study). Each one of the previous tests was compared
with the respective mono-digestion scenario, T0 (100:0).
Results: Due to the favorable synergistic interactions established between the microbial communities
and the high carbon to nitrogen ratio of the MPL (C/N=45.0 ± 6.6), the co-digestion trials showed an
increase in specific methane production of 38% (T1), 73% (T2), 80% (T3) and 67% (case study), com-
pared to the respective mono-digestion trial. The pH of the digested material remained near neutrality
and the digester stability, evaluated by specific energetic loading rate, remained below the limit value
(0.4 d−1) throughout the tests, reflecting the buffer capacity of the sludge, particularly in the case study
test.
Conclusion: Co-digestion of sewage sludge and mango peel presents a great flexibility of application,
proving to be a reliable option to enhance methane production.
Biography
Bruno Gouveia recently completed his master's degree on Mechanical Engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon.
Currently he is working as a researcher and professor at the IN+ Centre for Innovation, Policy and Technological Research. His latest project
consisted in the development of an analytical model describing the kinetics of substrate degradation throughout the different phases of
the anaerobic digestion process, allowing biogas production to be estimated with great accuracy. Bruno's main research interests include
combustion and diagnostic techniques, mainly applied to biomass and renewable fuels such as biogas and hydrogen. He aims at pursuing
his studies further exploring these areas.
Page 36

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN AND

FURFURYL ALCOHOL AS POTENTIAL SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
Adrian Golba and Marzena Dzida
Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Abstract
Background: The 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and furfuryl alcohol are considered for use as attractive
fuel additives derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
Objective: The aim of this work is to study properties of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and furfuryl alcohol
as fuel additives.
Methods: The speed of sound in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and furfuryl alcohol was measured in the
temperature range from 293.15 K to 323.15 K using measuring set applies the pulse-echo-overlap
method. The instrument was designed and constructed in our laboratory. The density was measured by
means of vibrating tube densimeter Anton Paar DMA 5000M for 2-methyltetrahydrofuran in the tem-
perature range from 278.15 K to 333.15 K, for furfuryl alcohol in the temperature range from 278.15 K
to 363.15 K. The viscosity was measured at 288.15 K and 313.15 K using Ubbelohde viscometer. From
the experimental data the isentropic compressibility were calculated in the temperature range from
293.15 K to 323.15 K using Laplace formula. The isobaric thermal expansion was calculated in the same
temperature range as density.
Results: The temperature dependence of density, viscosity, isentropic compressibility and isobaric
thermal expansion of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and furfuryl alcohol were compared with those of bio-
components or components of fuels such as ethanol, 1-butanol, heptane, dodecane as well as biodiesel
(fatty acid methyl esters of rapeseed oil) and low sulphur diesel oil (ekodiesel ultra). Additionally, the
density and viscosity of the liquids under test were compared with norm EN 590 for diesel and EN
14214 for biodiesel.
Conclusion: The thermophysical properties 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and furfuryl alcohol confirmed
their potential as fuel additive.
Biography
Adrian Golba completed his M.Sc. degree in chemistry in 2020 and started to work as a chemist at the Faculty of Exact and Technical Sciences
of University of Silesia in Katowice. His main pathway is biofuels studying, it’s applications and environmental development. He looks for
interest solutions for “Green Chemistry” approach. His research focuses also on physicochemical properties of ionic liquids, nanofluids
and ionanofluids. Marzena Dzida received her Ph.D. degree in Physical Chemistry from University of Silesia in 2000, habilitation in Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry from University of Wrocław in 2010. Since September 2020 she is a full professor. She is a head of Group of
Physical Chemistry of University of Silesia in Katowice. The main fields of her research concern the application of the acoustic methods in
determining thermodynamic properties of the liquids, especially ionic liquids and biofuels under high-pressures, thermal characterization
of nanofluids and ionanofluids, description relationships between chemical structure of the liquid state and physicochemical properties,
design and construction of the apparatuses for the speed of sound measurements in liquids at atmospheric and at high-pressures.
Page 37

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A LARGE LNG TANK CONSIDERING DIFFERENT SITE

CONDITIONS
Zhao Yi
Dalian University of Technology, China
Abstract
S eismic resilience of critical infrastructure such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks is es-
sential to the safety and economic well-being of the general public. This paper studies the effect of
different ground motions on large LNG storage tanks under four different site conditions. Key parame-
ters of structural design and dynamic analysis, including von Mises stress of outer and inner tanks, tip
displacement and base shear, are analyzed to directly evaluate the safety performance of the large LNG
tanks. Because the size of an LNG tank is too large to perform any experiments on a physical prototype,
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) simulation is used as a feasible
and efficient method to predict its seismic response. First, the accuracy of the SPH- FEM method is ver-
ified by comparing sloshing frequencies obtained from theoretical formulation to experimental results
and SPH-FEM models. Then, the seismic response of a real-life 160,000-m3 LNG prestressed storage
tank is evaluated with different liquid depths under four site classes. Simulation results show that the
tip displacements of the LNG tank at liquid levels of 25% and 50% under site class IV are nearly identi-
cal to that of 75% and 100% under site class II. In addition, the maximum von Mises stress of the inner
tanks exceeds 500 MPa in all four site classes and jeopardizes the structural integrity of large LNG tanks.
As a result, optimization of structural design and the establishment of an early warning system are im-
perative to the safety of LNG tanks at high liquid levels.
Biography
Zhao Yi is currently working at State Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China and also from
Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
Page 38

MARINE POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE RED

SEA AND MECHANISMS TO LIMIT LIABILITY
Tarek Saif
Abstract
T he practical reality in the arenas of the national judiciary or international arbitration has proven
that searching for and finding the real person who caused the occurrence of marine pollution and
proving the occurrence of his mistake takes a long time that cannot be waited, or whether the pollution
resulted from a series of errors that can be attributed to many people. As well as the difficulty of point-
ing the finger at the state authorities in committing an act or omission that has itself led to pollution,
and other parties that can be considered responsible for the error causing pollution, and often all the
parties referred to by the investigations disavow that they caused the pollution for fear of the heavy
burden of responsibility, and applies This applies to captains, tugboats, pilotage, assistance and rescue
companies, ship owners and exploiters, and port authorities in coastal countries. This research paper
sheds light on the ambiguity of the concept of liability for marine pollution attributed to ships from the
two angles of the nature, scope and impact of this responsibility, and in view of the difficulty of inven-
torying and estimating the damage caused by pollution to fragile marine ecosystems. The provisions of
that responsibility should have been dealt with provisions of a special nature or not. It was necessary to
address the issue of responsibility for marine pollution and to try to propose alternative solutions that
coastal states must undertake to protect their maritime territory from pollution, or their intervention in
the high seas in the event their coasts are threatened with preventive measures within the framework
of National contingency plans for each country.
Biography
Tarek Saif is maritime captain and associate professor, Taif University KSA, Captain Saif established Association Academy for conservation
of nature and protecting natural resources in Egypt in 1999. He was Regional coordinator of climate change and biodiversity program /
UNEP / Egypt from 2005 to 2010. Captain Saif obtained his Ph. D. Degree in 2000 from (Harrburg University / Germany). With overall
30 years of experience in environment services in various management positions, mostly related to aquatic ecosystem and international
marine law in National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) and Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
(AASTMT). His expertise in the field of oceanography, fisheries, monitoring of water pollution, macrophytes and sea grasses. He promoted
conservation of the environment through public programs via TV, radio and newspapers.
Page 39
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