State (we) 7 : —, * A State is a set of Institutions that possess Vi 2 ie (GMS __EARLY STATES OF THE OLD WORLD the authority to make the rales that govern the people in one or more societies, having / f° e ~- internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. * According to Max Weber, State is an 6 organization that has a “monopoly on the jp ! legitimate use of physical force within a.” given territory. 3. 1 / venoms ; o™———_—__Elements of =) aie * Population — * Territory ~~ + Authority * SovereigntyOrigin of State in Ancient India (WRN UIea A eT St Seah) * On the basis of the writings of thinkers in Ancient India like Bhisma, Vyas, Ne Narada, Kana, ! Brihaspati, Kautilya, Kamandaka, there are 4 important theories detect regarding the origin of the state in ancient India. 4, Historical or Evolutionary Theory 2, Force Theory 3. Mystical or Divine Theory 4. Social Contract Theory th uxeD A sare sunscraeo ———The Historical or Evolutionary theory * Further, the need of co-operation in the different realms of society led to the emergence of sabha and somiti. * Sabha was organization of alderly people & Samiti was general assembly of common people. * Samiti elected a person for social welfare and security known King to protect private property by punishing the thief, family by punishing the adulterers & Preservation of the Varna system, * Dominant ideal that moved the king in ancient India was attainment of dharma, artha & kama, * Accarding to Nitlsara of Kamandaka if dharma is violated by the members of the state, there is bound to be Prafaya or dissolution af the whole social order, Wi uKED A sare suOscRAEDMystical / Divine Theory weerna m1 faa Rai the state in ancient India. + This was the most popular theory of origis * Accarding to Manusamhita “When world was without a king & dispersed in fear in all directions, The lord created a king For protection of all." “He made him of eternal particles of Indra and the wind, Yama, the Sun and fire, Varuna, the moon and the lord of wealth. * Kingship was given divine sanction and the king was considered not to be the representative of God but himself a God who contained the powers of Gods like Indra, Varuna and Agni. * Kings referred to their divine status in titles as Palanhara, Rama, Devanam Priya, Chakravarthi. + The Agni Purana states that the king was a form of Lord Vishnu, 3 types of Yajya like Vajapeya, Rajasuya & Ashvamedha Yajya performed for king according to So Valmiki’ Ramayana. tle wer > ©Force theory of State Origin * The origin of state and its development was based on force. Mentioned Rig Veda, Sima Veda, Aitareya Braltmanas and Shatapath Brahmanas (A- (Ox a = * Force used by, strot rors p pyer the weak their consequent control oF jem. In such @ way, wherever strong group out did the weak the strong became the master and ruled the weak. + Earliest Aryan clans fought among themselves for pet animals (cov), pastureland, settlements eas sana & sources of drinking water, eee * Only a strong & able warrior could lead in such wars. So he was given special status and the eee members of clan started obeying him, * This tendency continued in the days of peace also and subsequently the leader became king. —=_ —<— ee + John Spellman also opines that the king in ancient India was primarily a military leader,Social Contract theory malta eqdu Regia E< Se * Sources: Digha Nikaya, Mahavastu, Shanti Parva of Mahabharta & Arthashastra of Kautilya, Nee ee ee ————— * Digha Nikaya: there was a time when people were perfect & lived in a state of happiness. This perfect state lasted for ages, but at last the pristine purity declined. slowly heavenly life degenerated into earthly life. Now shelter, food & drink were required, - People gradually entered into a series of agreements among themselves and set up the institutions of the family and private praperty. But this gave rise to a new set of problems, for there appeared theft and other forms of unsaclal conduct. Therefore, people assembled & agreed to choose as chief a person who was best favored, most attractive & most capable. In return they agreed to contribute to him a portion of their production in tax.State Formation Stages in Ancient India Ura UT A TET TS OF TROT - State formation is a natural transition from a tribal society to a Empire. L708 Rela 3 BG SEGMENTRY RY ¥ iia Tae * Transition of state formation is characterized by growth in surplus, brought about by agrarian expansion, military expansion with the co-option of local population and culturesState Formation Stages in Ancient India 1, First stage:- Tribal military democracy (Rigveda: Sabha & Samiti) - Second stage:- Break-up of the tribal polity due to conflict (Tax, Varna) 3. Third stage:- Formation of the full-fledged state (war, standing army, land revenue) 4. Fourth Stage (Maurya phase):- Bureaucratic centralization (Arthshastra af Chanakya} 5. Fifth Stage:- Decentralised administration (Regional power emerged) 6. Sixth stage (Gupta Period}:- Proto-feudal polity (Land revenue collection: Samant - Jagirdar) th uKED A oare sunse feKingship Seat Es 2 * Origin of kingship occurs in the Altareya Brdhmana. * Kingship was based upon human need & military necessity, * Chanakya developed Saptanga theory in which King has been described as the head of State. * After SOO BC, King became the effective head of the executive administration but there was no popular assembly like Samiti to check him. * Kautilya underscores this by writing “the king is (the basis of ) the kingdom” (raja rajyam) + Chapter 58 of Shanti parva of Mahabharat suggests the duty of a ruler and his cabinet is to enable people to be happy, pursue truth and act sincerely.Council of Ministers * Council of Ministers was observed as a very vital organ of the body politic by Indian thinkers. * The Mahabharata observes at one place that the king is as vitally dependent upon ministers as animals are upon clouds, brahmins on the Vedas and women upon their husbands, * There was 2 types of bodies council of ministers like mantrina and mantriparishad, and the authorities suggested figures ranging from 7 — 37. * Mantriparishad was the large body resembling a modern council of ministers. - Mantrina was a smaller body or a core organisation within the mantriparishad largely resembling the modern cabinet like Purohita, Senapati & Yuvaraja. * COM purpose was primarily to advise king (not to govern) but it was no mere rubber stamping body, they should speak freely and that king should give full consideration to their advice.Administration _, + Mauryas developed large & complex bureaucracy as a well organised, hierarchical, cadre-based administrative system to regulate government & economic life of the country. * Establishment of a bureaucracy rely on the Arthashdstra of Kautilya. Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions 18 tirthas who are probably called mahamatras or high functionaries. * Although the term mahéméatea is used only on a few occasions in the Arthashistra, its real counterpart being amatya it is familiar enough in Ashokan inscriptions. * Although Megasthenes & Ashokan inscriptions have nothing to say on rules of recruitment, Kautilya lays down certain qualifications for the cadre of high officers known as amatyas,7 Limbs of the State/ Saptanga Theory ( wan Rraia) * According to Kautilya: 1. Swami (The Ruler or The King) 2. Amatya (The Minister) 3. Janapada (The Population) 4 5. 6. 7. Durga (The Fortified Capital) . Kosha (The Treasury) |. Danda (The Army) - Mitra (Ally and Friend) NM Ow sp wp Pp According to Manu-Smriti: . Swaml (King) . Amatya (Minister) . Pura (City) |. Rastra (Domain/ territory) Kosha (Treasury) Danda (Army) Suhrd/Mitra {Ally} o - iq EEN APolitical Ideals in Ancient India - Political ideals like liberty, justice, fraternity & nationalism are a product of the modern age. * Showing the importance of freedom, the, Vedas state that independence is necessary for mankind and those who are not independent are worse than dead. * A person lived independently during Grihasthaashramg & when he was likely to be dependent ‘on the offspring, there is a provision of older people resorting to Vanprostha & then to Sanyasa, again living freely in the forest rather than living as dependent on their children. =, * The Ramayana extols this country as a karmabhimi, the land of pious acts. * The ideal of Vasudhaivakutumbakam (treating the whole world like a family.) * For disposal of justice the Mauryan state had a system of judiciary. Dharmasthiya was the civil court and kantakashodhana was organised to deal with a large number of economic crimes.Conditions’ of the Welfare of Societies * Welfare in the life of the state indicates a guarantee of collective social care of its citizens. * The Kautilyan concept of ‘Yogakshema’-welfare of citizens was based on the practical concerns of good governance. in which the social responsibility of welfare was not only for the individual ‘or the socicty but for the whole of humanity, nature and cosmos, + The ruler was both the master and the servant of his people. + King was master to protect the people by virtue of law & he was as servant to followed his ‘svadharma’ or duties of protecting the life, property and territory of his people and kingdom. * Kautilya sought a cantralised government by experts because the distribution of welfare was ‘one of the chief duties of the administration. Kautilya also held that observance of proper balance between privileges & duties alone could lead to social harmony,Society of ancient India * Society was patriarchal, women were treated with dignity and honour, + Family(kula) - Village (grama) - Vis — Jana(ruled by a chief called rajan)- Mahajanped * King’s chief function was to protect the tribe and maintain law and order, He was assisted by the members of two councils called Sabha & Samiti. The Purohita performed religious functions while the Senani looked after military activities. * Sanskar give a spiritual touch to the important events at differant stages of a Hindu life — right from pre-birth to post-death, There is 16 sanskar in human life. * Society was arranged in the form of 4 varnas & Human life was divided into 4 Ashramas. There were rules regarding marriage, family etc. if i x a + The purpose of life was to attain four goals called Purusarthas, | ‘7 US? sere16 Sanskar of life > Sixteen Sanskaras of life cover the entire life span of a person and take him to the door steps to Truth. 1, Garbhadhan 9. Karnvedh 2. Punsavana 10, Upanayana Or Yagyopaveet 3. Simantonayana 11. Vedarambh 4, Jatakarma 12. Samavartana 5. Namkaran 13. Vivaha 6. Nishkramana 14. Vanprastha 7. Annaprashana 15, Sanyasa 8, Chudakarana Or Mundan 16. AntyeshtiVarnashrama System (@U} Gfqey) er vy ‘S> + Various texts talk of varndshrma dharma & First elect varna is seen in thie Rig veda) * There were different codes of conduct for different classes or varnas called varna-dharma, * Socicty was divide in 4 Varna on the basis of occupation & duties, * Brahmins (learning, teaching , Ritual, Advisers) - Kshatriyas (Warrior, Protection) * Vaishyas (Traders) - Shudras (Producers) Wi uKED A ware suOscRAED _————x . ase Ashrama(S124) or the Stages of Life () Eee * Ashrama system denotes scheme af life according to On stages in the life of an individual are well ordered. * The average life span of an individual is considered to be 100 years and it is divided into four stages each stage having a time span of 25 years. These four ashramas are: + Brahmacharyadshrama (acquiring knowledge, developing discipline and moulding character) - Grihasthashrama (duties & responsibilities of household life) - Vanaprasthasharma (discharging all the duties and obligations as a householder) * Sanyds@shrama (aspires and acts to attain liberation)Marriage (faaie) oe + Marriage or vivaha was a very important samskara in ancient India. * There is two types of marriage/Vivaha mention in Manusmriti, * Anuloma Vivaha: A man of high status & a woman of a low status relative to respective man. * Pratiloma Vivaha: A woman of high status & a man of lower status. * Manu and other law givers have mentioned about eight forms of marriage based an procedure.Marriage (fare) EE>> * Brahma VivSha: Purest form of marriage. Father offers his daughter(who is decked with ornaments and fichly dressed) to a man of good character and learning. + Daiva Vivaha Father offers his daughter as a dakshin§ toa young priest for arranged Yajna. + Arsa Vivaha: Father gives his daughter to bridegroom after receiving a pair of animal (Cow & Bull] + Prajapatya Vivaha: Father offers his daughter to bridegroom without giving or receiving any Dowry. + Gandharva Viviha: Marriage by consent of the boy and the girl with Mutual love, + Asura Viviha: Marriage by purchase in which bridegroom has to give money to the father of the bride. + Rakshasa Vivaha: This was marriage by capture in which girl was forcibly abducted from her home, crying and weeping and her kinsmen have been stained and their houses broken. - Palshacha Vivaha: Man seduces by force a gitl (steeping/ intoxicated/ mentally disordered) to marriage.Purusartha (Gear) EES> * The concept of purusarthas is the fundamental principle of Indian social ethics. The word purusartha means "purpose of human being" or "object of human pursuit”. (Purusha+ Artha) * The aim of every person is to attain the four types of Purusartha. * Dharma * Artha * Kama * MokshaUnderstanding Gender as a social category Seo? * Gender studies was very much part of ancient India. + Women were recognized as wives and mothers and also they are treated as Lakshmi (avi) or Grah-Lakshmi so A woman is known as Ardhangini (SURF). * Women were recognized as mother like Earth. : * “Shakti” a feminine term means “power” and “strength”. * Man was treated as the protector or sky of family. Protection and Service to his family is a basic and compulsory duty of life, called fitq 5501. * Both man and woman was treated as single unit in family and a married couple have more acceptance to perform the Ritual or Yajna.Educational Representation of Women Ee o> * In education, women enjoyed equality with men, * Even they were allowed to spend life in ‘Gurukul’. Education is considered as an important qualification for women’s marriage. * There were women poets like Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa & Lopamudra and female scholars like Ghosha, Lopamudra, Romasha and Indrani during Rig Vedic period. * There were many women Rishis during this period, Ancient India had many learned ladies, * Panini mentioned of female students studying Vedas. * Katyana called female teachers Upadhyaya or Upadhyayi. * Ashoka got his daughter, Sanghamitra, Inducted into preaching Buddhism.Challenges faced by Women * Property inheritance is very limited, * After Vedic Period, Women were denied to read Vedic texts & Education opportunities were also denied. * In the Medieval Period, Sati Pratha, Child Marriage, inhuman condition of widow came in picture due to external aggression. * Challenged faced by women after 11th Century - Female Infanticide, Child Marriage, Denial of Education, Menace Dowry, Prevalence of Sati, Humiliation of Widows, Containment of Women in House, No Property Rights, Practice of Pardah System, Domestic Violence, Little Religious Freedom & No to Politics.Four-class Classification * Classification of individuals based on their characteristics and attributes. * Brahmins (priests, gurus, etc.) * * Kshatriyas (warriors, kings, administrators, etc.) * Valshyas (Traders) * Shudras (Agriculturalists) Weurn pour ESI 8Slavery cig die * Slavery did not exist in Ancient India. There was a system of Dasa present in India. + Dasa system was present in India during this time due to as a punishment of Minar Crime and not pay the debt. * According to Arthasastra of Kautilya a sticking social development of the Mauryan periad was the employment of slaves in agricultural & household purpose. Wh uKED A varr suOscrAED ———————————————