BUILDING

MAINTANANCE
 INTRODUCTION
Building maintenance is the activities to be
undertaken after the construction of the
building has been completed to keep, restore
or improve every facility that has been
provided in the building.
 STRUCTURAL PARTS

foundation Roof Flooring

Brick RCC items Doors &
masonry Slab, beams, windows
walls columns
 BUILDING SERVICES
• Plumbing for water supply
• Plumbing for Drainage
• Bathroom and appliances in the bathroom
• Water storage works tanks, water pumps, etc.
• Electric supply and services
• Gas supply line and connections
• Compound wall
• Garden and lawns
BUILDING MAINTANANCE
• Building maintenance include following activities

• Regular sweeping and cleaning of a building

• Repair of plaster
• Repair of cracks in walls and ceiling
• Repair of flooring settlement
• Periodical painting of building
• Periodical painting of woodwork doors/windows
• Leakage repair from roof, DPC Preparation
• Cleaning and repair of drainage lines
BUILDING MAINTANANCE
• Building maintenance include following activities

• Earth filling near compound wall

• Anti-termite treatment
• Replacement of termite damaged wooden door frame
• Repair of water supply fittings and valves
• Repair of sanitary fittings
• Repair of electrical wiring, switch board, switches, electrical
appliances, etc.
• Maintenance of garden and lawn.
Importance or purposes of
BUILDING
MAINTANANCE
 PURPOSES
• Deterioration of building takes place due to weathering effects like
rain, wind, temperature, moisture etc. Thus, maintenance is
essential.
 PURPOSES
• To fulfil the purpose for which the building is constructed, for a
longer period
• To strengthen the weak parts of a building.
• To preserve the good appearance of a building.
• To prevent any accident due to failure of structure.
• To make some modifications in the old structure.
 PURPOSES
• When building is in use, it is subjected to wear.
Factors influencing
maintenance
 FACTORS INFUENCING
• There are various factors which influence the decision to carry
out preventive or corrective maintenance.
• Therefore, it is necessary to consider these factors for effective
maintenance of building structures.

• These important factors are:

 COST
• The cost of maintenance may at first sight seems to be a simple matter
of how much to spend on the material and labour.
• The cost of maintenance comprises of direct and indirect cost.
• The maintenance materials vary to a great extent and its cost also
varies dramatically.
• The direct cost in maintenance operations ranges generally from 70%
to 90% of the total cost.
• Before coming to a decision to implement a particular item of
maintenance, indirect cost factors like restricted access, production
stoppage, safety aspects, availability of time, overhead expenses etc.
must also be considered along with the direct cost.
AGE OF BUILDING
• All buildings and structures consist of materials and components linked
together to form the desired unit of accommodation.
• All such materials and components will start 'aging' from the moment
these are used in the building construction.
• Any building structure constructed will have certain life expectancy
since the materials and components wear out.
• This wearing out will reduce the overall serviceability of the building
and also affect its remaining useful life.
• To obtain the maximum life out of materials, components, services,
equipment and the building itself, a planned programme of inspections
and maintenance should be established as soon as the building has
been constructed.
AVAILABILITY OF PHYSICAL RESOURCES

• Physical resources in the context of maintenance of buildings can be

defined as all the materials, components, services and equipment
which are necessary for maintenance.
• Therefore, when an item of maintenance is being planned, the
availability of all these physical resources must be considered and
ensured.
URGENCY
• The matter of urgency may outplay other factors when decision is to be
taken to carry out a specific maintenance job.
• An urgent maintenance task may be required for a number of reasons
such as the repair of services which, unless rectified immediately,
would render them unserviceable, causing lot of inconvenience.
• When such a problem arises, the paramount question which must be
posed is, how urgent is the urgency? Urgency is a relative term and
therefore it must be established whether the repairs need to be carried
out immediately, within hours or within days. Accordingly, action for
maintenance must be undertaken.
FUTURE USE
• The future use of a building as a whole must be considered while
deciding when and how much maintenance to carry out at any given
period of time.
• If the lease is for a short period and changed occupancy is expected
then maintenance of the building in question must be accordingly
planned.
• If required some efforts be made to carry out the maintenance in the
context of the proposed future use.
SOCIAL CONSIDERATION
• Agencies engaged in maintenance works cause influence on social
environment also.
• The results of good endeavours of maintenance agencies are left
behind as an asset to the owner if no inconvenience is caused to the
society and the environment is also maintained clean and safe.
• The agencies carrying out maintenance activities can create
disturbances such as noise, safety, dust, smells, and temporary
interruption of services.
SOCIAL CONSIDERATION
• It must, therefore, be one of the objective to recognize this social
responsibility.
• Plan the maintenance in such a manner that the disturbance will be
kept to a minimum level, particularly when working within the occupied
building.
• Pleasing environment should be created by regular and planned
maintenance of building structures.
 Types of
maintenance
1. Preventive maintenance
2. Remedial maintenance
PREVENTIVE MAINTANANCE
• The measures taken to prevent wear or decay of a building is
known as preventive maintenance.

• e.g.
• Painting of doors and windows
• Painting of steel work like door, grill, etc.
PREVENTIVE MAINTANANCE
• Preventive maintenance may be divided into four parts :

• Routine maintenance
• Periodical maintenance
• Pre-monsoon maintenance
• Post-monsoon maintenance
PREVENTIVE MAINTANANCE
Routine maintenance
The everyday maintenance of a building
is called routine maintenance.

e.g.
Cleaning of floor
Cleaning doors/ windows
Cleaning w.c/ bathrooms, etc.
PREVENTIVE MAINTANANCE
Periodical maintenance
The maintenance of a building at some regular
time interval is known as periodical maintenance.

e.g.
Washing of building
Painting of doors and windows, etc.
PREVENTIVE MAINTANANCE
Pre-monsoon maintenance
The maintenance work carried out before start of
monsoon to prevent the building from effects of rain,
is known as pre-monsoon maintenance.

e.g.
Repair of plaster in outer walls.
Cleaning of sewer lines.
Applying waterproofing course on ceiling.
Changing broken tiles of roof, etc.
PREVENTIVE MAINTANANCE
Post-monsoon maintenance
The maintenance of a building after monsoon is over
is known as post-monsoon maintenance.

e.g. To fill depressions formed near compound wall.

 REMEDIAL MAINTANANCE
• Repairing of any part of a building after damage is known as
remedial maintenance.

• For example,
• Antitermite treatment in a building after termite attack
• Repair for leakage from roof.
• Repair of plaster
• Repair of flooring tiles
• Replacing old door frame by new frame, etc.
Causes of defects in building
 DEFECTS IN BUILDING
• Main causes of defects in buildings

• Dampness
• Relative movement of members of buildings due to various forces
• Lack of proper design
• Lack of proper construction practices
• Lack of suitable Maintenance practices
 DAMPNESS
Dampness in buildings may occur due to bad design,
faulty construction and use of poor quality of materials.

Dampness not only affects the life of the building but

also create unhygienic condition of the important items
of work in the construction of a building.
 DAMPNESS
• Following defects in the building are due to dampness in any part of
the building:

• Stains on different surfaces of buildings.

• Fluorescence or white patches on the wall of concrete surface of the
buildings.
• Falling of paint films, wallpapers, plaster etc.
• Weakening and disintegration of building materials of the buildings.
• Corrosion of Steel reinforcement or other Metals used in the buildings.
• Decay of timber used in the joinery or furniture in the building.
• Occurrences of bad smell in building.
CAUSES OF DAMPNESS
• Rain penetration
• rising of groundwater by capillary action through Foundation
• leakage from water supply and sanitary pipes
• Condensation of water from atmosphere
• Entrapped water during construction process
• hydroscopic salt
• Climate condition
• Defective construction i.e joints
• Drain ability of Soil .
DAMPNESS IN BUILDING
• Remedial measures:

• Laying DPC layer (1: 2: 4) at plinth level above wall.

• Cavity wall construction.
• Laying mastic asphalt or bitumen layer on walls at plinth level.
Method of preventing
Dampness
 DAMPNESS
• Damp proofing is accomplished several ways including:

• A Damp-Proof Course (DPC) is a barrier through the structure by

capillary action through a phenomenon known as rising damp.
The damp proof course may be horizontal or vertical. A DPC layer
is usually laid below all masonry walls, regardless if the wall is a
load bearing wall or a partition wall.
• A Damp-Proof Membrane (DPM) is a membrane material applied
to prevent moisture transmission. A common example is
polyethylene sheeting laid under a concrete slab to prevent the
concrete from gaining moisture through capillary action. A DPM
may be used for the DPC
 DAMPNESS
• Damp proofing is accomplished several ways including:

• Integral damp proofing in concrete involves adding materials to

the concrete mix to make the concrete itself impermeable.
• Surface coating with thin water proof materials for resistance to
non-pressurized moisture such as rain water or a coating of
cement sprayed on such as shotcrete which can resist water
under pressure.
• Cavity wall construction, such as rain screen construction, is
where the interior walls are separated from the exterior walls by
a cavity.
• Pressure grouting cracks and joints in masonry materials.
Materials form damp proofing

• Flexible materials like butyl rubber, hot bitumen, plastic sheets,

bituminous felts, sheets of lead, copper, etc.
• Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt.
• Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slates, cement mortar or
cement concrete painted with bitumen, etc.
• Stones.
• Mortar with waterproofing compounds.
• Coarse sand layers under floors.
• Continuous plastic sheets under floors.
DAMPNESS PREVENTION
By surface treatment that is by providing
them to paint
DAMPNESS PREVENTION
By integral waterproofing methods
DAMPNESS PREVENTION
By special devices that is by providing chajjas and
by providing cavity walls etc.
RELATIVE MOVEMENT OF MEMBERS OF
BUILDINGS DUE TO VARIOUS FORCES
Defects in buildings are also caused due to moment of one
member of the building relative to another member.
• Movement in the building components may be due to anyone or
a combination of some factors out of the following:

• Applied forces(dead load, live load, wind load)

• Temperature stresses(expansion or contraction of members)
• Change in moisture content (shrinkage or swelling in members)
• Physical Changes (creep, fatigue, settlement)
• Vibrations (due to earthquake, impact load, machines etc)
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

• The following environmental factors also affect the building

components and materials which causes defects in buildings.

• Solar radiations
• Temperature Changes
• Humidity
• Air pollutants (solids, liquid and gaseous)
• Ground salts
• Biological agencies
LAKE OF PROPER DESIGN
Defects in buildings may also occur due to lack n the
proper design.

It may be due to wrong consideration of design loss in

appropriate provision of sections, reinforcement,
choice of wrong construction materials etc.
LAKE OF PROPER CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

Defects in buildings may be due to non

observance of standard concentration
specifications, poor workmanship, inadequate
supervision and inspection is also.
LAKE OF SUITABLE MAINTANANCE PRACTICE

In the old buildings defects may develop due to lack of

maintenance and deterioration of materials with
Agencies.

Hence to avoid defects in buildings, proper and timely

maintenance is required.
TERMITE ATTACK
 TERMITE ATTACK
Termites are of two types:

Drywood termites Subterranean termites

ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
The termites are popularly known as white ants and they are
found in abundance in tropical and sub-tropical countries.

These insects live in a colony and they are very fast in eating
wood and other cellulosic materials as food.

The also damage non-cellulosic materials like plastic, leather,

etc.

The term termite-proofing is used to indicate the treatment

which is given to a building so as to prevent the growth of
termite in a building.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Anti termite treatment

Pre construction Post construction

treatment treatment
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
This treatment is started right at the initial stage of
construction of building.

This treatment can be divided into three operations.

(i) Site preparation

(ii) Soil treatment
(iii) Structural barriers
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Site preparation
This operation consists of removal of stumps, roots, logs, waste
wood etc. from the soil at the construction site.

This is essential since the termites thrive on these materials.

The treatment given to a building in order to control or prevent

the growth of the termite is known as anti-termite treatment.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Site preparation
If termite mounds are detected, these should be destructed by
use of insecticide solution, consisting of any one of the following
chemicals:

Chemical Concentration by weight

DDT 5.0%
BHC 0.5%
Aldrin 0.25%
Heptachlor 0.25%
Chlordane 0.5%
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Site preparation
Four litre of the above emulsion in water is required per cubic
metre of volume of mound.

Holes are made in the mound at several places by use of crow

bar and the insecticide emulsion is poured in these holes.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Soil treatment
• An insecticide solution consists of any one of the following
chemicals in water emulsion
Chemical Concentration by weight
Aldrin 0.5%
Heptachlor 0.5%
Chlordane 1.0%

• Another chemical, Aldrex 30 E.C. has also proved to be the

most effective.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Soil treatment
• The emulsion should be applied evenly either with a water
cane or sprayer at the following stages.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Soil treatment

STAGE - 1 In foundation pits, to treat the

bottom and sides up to 30 cm height.
The emulsion required is at the rate
of 5 litres per square metre.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Soil treatment

STAGE - 2 The refill earth on both the sides of all

built up walls, for width 30 cm and depth
45 cm. The emulsion required is at the
rate of 5 litres per square metre.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Soil treatment

STAGE - 3 Before laying the floor the entire

levelled surface is to be treated at
the rate of 5 litres of emulsion per
square metre.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Pre construction treatment
Structural barriers
• To prevent the entry of termites through walls, impenetrable
physical structural barriers may be provided continuously at
plinth level, Such structural barrier may be in the form of a
cement concrete layer or metal layer at plinth level.
• Cement concrete layer may be 5 to 7.5 cm thick.
• Metal barrier may consists of no-corrodible sheets of copper
or G.I. of 0.8 mm thick.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Post construction treatment
It is a maintenance treatment for those buildings which
are already under attack of termites.

It is essential to carry out inspection to estimate the

magnitude of spread of termites in the building and to
detect the points of entry of termites in the building.
These points may be in near vicinity of columns,
basements, bathrooms, lavatories, leaking pipes, drains
etc.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Post construction treatment
Wherever these shelter tubes are detected, these should
be destroyed after injecting anti-termite emulsion through
these.
To prevent the entry of termites through voids in masonry,
12 mm dia. holes are drilled at 30 cm c/c at downward angle
of 45° from both the sides of walls at plinth level and
chemical emulsion is pumped into these holes under
pressure. These holes are then sealed.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Post construction treatment
LEAKAGE FROM ROOFS
 LEAKAGE FROM ROOFS
• Remedial measures:

• Cleaning drain pipes.

• Level the terrace and provide proper slope.
• To carryout waterproofing treatment.
SETTLEMENT OF TILES
 SETTLEMENT OF TILES
• Remedies for settlements of tiles of floors:

• Remove the tiles from floor, compact the soil by rammer.

• Lay cement concrete layer (PCC) on the compacted soil bed.
• Refix the tiles over the PCC bedding.
PAINTS
 PAINTS
Painting is a very important and costly activity
for the maintenance of buildings.

Different types of paints are used for painting

different parts of a building.
 PAINTS
• Here we will discuss the painting of the
following items :

a) Painting of cement plastered walls

b) Painting of timber doors and windows
c) Painting of iron and steel grills, gates, etc.
d) Painting of G.I. sheets, A.C. sheets, etc.
Points to be considered
for painting on
old surfaces
 POINT TO BE CONSIDERED
• Any existing paint showing excessive flaking, bleaching, or
saponification (Presence of yellow soapy runs) should be removed by
scrapping and washing and the surface allowed to dry completely.

• Any damage to the plaster in removing old paint shall be repaired.

• Dry distempers and limewash should be totally removed prior to

painting. It may sometimes be necessary to wet the surface before
scraping.
 POINT TO BE CONSIDERED
• In case of painting during the rains, the surface should be allowed
to dry out completely for 2-3 days of total sunshine before
commencing painting.

• Any existing fungus or mould growth should be completely

removed by scrapping and rubbing down the surface thoroughly
with bristle brush and sand paper. The surface should be washed
down with clean water and allowed to dry. Apply ammonical
copper solution (7 g copper carbonate dissolved in 80 ml liquor
ammonia dilute to one litre of water) on the surface and after 1 to
2 days wash the surface.
 POINT TO BE CONSIDERED
• Other materials used to destroy fungus are 2.5% magnesium
silicon fluoride or 2% sodium pentachlorophenate.

• Certain wall and ceiling surfaces may reveal hairline cracks. After
complete removal of the existing paint, use at least two coats of
primer.

• When solvent based paint is to be used, the primer at least shall

be of the alkali resistant type.
 Methods of removal of
Mould, moss, algae, fungus, etc.
 Methods of removal of
Mould, moss, algae, fungus, etc.

During maintenance of a building it is necessary to

prevent the growth of mould, moss, algae, fungus,
etc.

In most cases, they grow where there is moisture. It

is very common that they grow on top of roof slabs,
especially in rainy season unless proper care is
taken to remove them.
 Methods of removal of
Mould, moss, algae, fungus, etc.

• The following chemicals may be used to destroy the growth of

mould or fungus :

• Any existing mould growth or fungus should be completely

removed by scrapping and rubbing down the surface thoroughly
with bristle brush and sand paper. The surface should be washed
down with clean water and allowed to dry. Apply Ammonical
Copper Solution (7 g copper carbonate dissolve in 80 ml of liquor
ammonia dilute to 1 litre of water) on the surface and after 1 to 2
days wash the surface.
 Methods of removal of
Mould, moss, algae, fungus, etc.

• The following chemicals may be used to destroy the growth of

mould or fungus :

• 2.5% Magnesium fluoride.

• 2% sodium pentachlorophenate

• Mix about 200 g of bleaching powder in 11 litre of water to prepare

bleaching powder solution. Apply the solution liberally in dry
weather to the moulds and leave it for 1 to 2 days. Wash and scrap
off the growth and wash the surface well with clean water.
 Removal of
Old paint from wood, steel, etc.
 Removal of
Old paint from wood and steel, etc.

• The following methods may be used:

• Use readymade paint removal solution available in the market.

The paint wrinkles on application and can be removed by a
painter's steel plate. Wash down the surface by turpentine.
• Dissolve caustic soda with about 50 times its volume of water and
apply the solution on the old painted surface. The paint film gets
lifted. Remove it by using clean water and scraping. Use vinegar
to wash all the remaining alkali.
• Buru off the paint using blowlamp starting from the bottom of
painted surface. Remove paint with a stripping knife.
Silicone - masonry
water repellent
 SILICON – MASONRY WATER REPELLENT

• Silicon masonry water repellent is available as a concentrated

aqueous solution.

• When diluted its 1 part with 5 to 9 parts of water and applied on

outside walls above the ground masonry, it penetrates the
surface to about 1.5 mm to 3 mm depending on the porosity and
renders it highly water repellent.

• This is applicable to exterior above ground, brickwork, concrete,

asbestos cement, cement rendering etc.
 SILICON – MASONRY WATER REPELLENT

• If the surface is to be painted with cement paint, the water

repellent should be applied over the cement paint. With other
impermeable paints, it is applied before the paint and allowed to
dry for at least 24 hours before painting.

• It can also be added to the conventional paints immediately

before painting to give increased water repellency.

• In fact, most of the costly external paints contain silicone as

water repellent.
SILICON – MASONRY WATER REPELLENT
 ACID ETCHING
• Acid etching is an efficient method of surface preparation for the
paint application to the old concrete surface.

• In this method, 10% solution of HCL is laid over the concrete

surface.

• It reacts and the surface is then well washed with water.

• Thus, it gets ready for painting.

ACID ETCHING
Defect, cause, remedies
In paintings
 Defects Causes Remedies
• Emulsion paint provide a porous
coating and allow moisture to pass
• These are formed by water
through.
Blistering vapour trapped inside non-
• Allow surface to be fully dry before
breathing types of paints.
painting.
• Avoid painting under direct sunlight
Defects Causes Remedies
• Emulsion paint provide a porous
• Painting is done over a greasy
coating and allow the moisture to
or dirty surface.
pass through.
• When moisture is trapped
• Mix paint well before application.
Peeling beneath the paint.
• Ensure moisture free surface before
• Paint applied on wet condition.
painting.
• Poor adhesive quality of paint.
• Remove oil, grease, dust, etc. from
• Too much varnish in the paint
the surface before painting.
Defects Causes
• Excessive use of putty or very
thick coat of paint.
• Cracks in the plaster or
masonry.
• Paint applied on glossy surface.
Cracking
• Applying the finish coat before
the under coat has completely
dried out.
• Painting improperly seasoned
wood.
Remedies
• Regulate the thickness of putty or
paint coat.
• Allow the under coat to dry
completely before applying new
coat.
• The defective coat must be
completely removed, rubbed down
to a smooth face and primed before
re-painting.
• Use well seasoned timber.
Defects Causes
• Poor adhesion of paint to the
surface.
• Moisture penetration through
cracks on the surface.
• Poor surface preparation.
• Paint with poor flexibility and
Flacking
adhesion.
• Paint film is not having
elasticity.
• Expansion or contraction of
metal due to change in
temperature:
Remedies
• Use plastic emulsion paints. .
• Ensure proper surface preparation
before painting. .
• Surface should be rubbed with
emery paper before applying a fresh
coat.
• Use of paint with good elasticity and
flexibility. .
• Cleaning the surface for dust and
dirt before painting. .
• Neutralising the surface after
solvent cleaning.
 Defects Causes Remedies
• Due to alkali reaction with the • Allow the plaster to cure after the
binders used in oil based paint recommended coat of lime wash is
applied.
• For a new painting job, the surface
should be primed with an alkali
Bleaching or resistant primer.
saponification • For an old plastered surface
completely remove the affected
area by washing with water and
scrapping. Allow the surface to dry
and apply alkali-resisting primer
before painting.
 Defects Causes
• Applying paint under high
humidity.
• Applying paint in a poorly
Blooming or flashing ventilated room.
• Use of improper thinner.
• Condensation of water on a
paint film that has not dried.
Remedies
• Clean the affected area.
• Apply paint under low humidity
condition.
• Maintain proper ventilation in the
room.
• Use proper thinner.
 Defects Causes Remedies
• Presence of water in substrate. • Allowing the plaster to dry
• In case of porous films like completely before taking up a
emulsion paints, the salt painting job.
solution can pass through the • Any subsequent leakage in the
Efflorescence film, crystallizing on the paint plaster has to be properly attended.
film.
• Accumulation of crystalline
powder on the underside of the
paint film.
Defects Causes Remedies
• Small holes present in the • Ensure that water does not get
plaster surface. trapped in the putty.
• Painting over the surface • Build up dents with putty.
contaminated with grease or • Carry out painting only when
Pin holes oil. surface is hard dry.
• Moisture present in the coating • Do painting in dust free
system. atmosphere.
• Presence of dust.
• Dent is too much.
Types of
PAINTS
Used in buildings
 PAINTS
• Different types of paints used in building are

• Paints for plastered walls

• Paints for wood work (doors, windows)
• Paints for metal work (steel grills, gates, etc.)
• Paints for G.I. Sheet, Asbestos Cement (AC) Sheets, plastic sheets
etc.
Paint for plastered wall
 White washing & colour washing

White washing and Color washing using fat lime mixed with water.
CEMENT PAINTS (mixed with water)

made from cement and some additives. These are available in

different colors
DRY DISTEMPER (mixed with water)

available in powder form and

made from water based natural
substance such as powdered
chalk.
OIL-BOUND DISTEMPER(thinned with water)

which is an emulsion (a liquid having

fine suspended particles) and available
in thick paste form. This paint dries fast
and is washable after a few days of
painting.
ORDINARY EMULSION PAINTS
ACRYLIC PLASTIC EMULSION PAINT
 EXTERIOR PAINTS
Exterior paints which are cement paints or acrylic plastic emulsion
paints specially made for exterior use. Mostly, such paints contain
silicon for repelling water and are antifungal.
Paint for steel & wood work
 ENAMEL PAINTS

• These paints contain-resinous matter which forms

smooth and hard film.

• In enamel paints, ordinary turpentine resins are used,

while in synthetic enamel paints, plastic alkyl resins are
used.

• They are available in two types –

• one for exterior works and the other for interior works.
VARNISHES AND POLISHES

These are used for wood work.

Primer coats
 Primer coats
After the wall has dried and matured for few months,
a coat of white cement primer is applied.

Irregularities of the surfaces can be rectified by

applying putty before painting is started.

Similarly, on wood and steel surfaces, primer coat is

applied before painting is started.

The covering capacity of these primers is about 12 to

15 m²/lit per coat.
 PRIMER COATS

List of primer coats

surface Type of primer

Cement, concrete, plastered surface Cement primer white (IS : 109)
Red oxide, zinc chromate primer
Iron, steel, G.I
(IS : 2074)
Aluminium & light alloys Zinc chromate primer (IS : 104)
Hard & soft wood Pink wood primer (IS : 3536)
Plywood Aluminium primer (IS : 3585)
PRIMER COATS
 WALL PAINTS

Wall paints
Breathing type paints Non- Breathing type paints

• These paints after drying form impermeable

• These paints after drying allows moisture to
surface which do not allow moisture to pass
pass through the painted surface
through.
• These are permeable. • These are impermeable.
• As the moisture from concrete or plaster can • Moisture is trapped behind the paint causing
come out, no blistering of paint occur. blistering.
• These paints are preferred for slabs under
• e.g. oil based paints.
bathroom, toilets, etc.
• e.g. cement paints, emulsion paints
 Daily output of painter
• For one coat of painting the output of painters may be taken as
under :

Painting of new plastered walls = 30 m²/day

Painting of old plastered walls = 35 - 40 m²/day

Painting of window grills = 20 25 m²/day

Covering capacity of different paints
Interior wall paints
Covering capacity per coat
Types of paints
on new surface
White wash 6 – 7 m²/kg
Colour wash 5 – 6 m²/kg
Cement primer 12 – 15 m²/lit
Cement paint like snowcem 4 – 5 m²/kg
Dry distemper 17 – 22 m²/kg
OBD 10 – 12 m²/lit
Ordinary emulsion paint 22 – 25 m²/lit
Acrylic plastic emulsion paint 17 – 22 m²/lit
Covering capacity of different paints
Exterior paints
Covering capacity per coat
Types of paints
on new surface
Ordinary cement paint 2 – 4 m²/kg
Acrylic plastic emulsion paint 5 – 6 m²/kg
Covering capacity of different paints
Metal & wood paints
Covering capacity per coat
Types of paints
on new surface
Wood primer (pink primer) 14 – 18 m²/lit
Steel primer
14 – 18 m²/lit
(red oxide or zinc chromate)
Synthetic enamel paint
Superior 18 – 22 m²/lit
Ordinary 15 – 22 m²/lit

Aluminium paint
(for storage tanks, pipe, roof 20 – 22 m²/lit
trusses, etc.)
Covering capacity of different paints
Preservations & varnishes
Covering capacity per coat
Types of paints
on new surface
Wood preservation 14 – 16 m²/lit
Copal polish
14 – 16 m²/lit
(general purpose varnish)

French polish
14 – 16 m²/lit
(for wood furniture)

Melamine finish
Brushing 8 – 10 m²/lit
spraying 5 – 6 m²/lit
Maintenance of
House plumbing
System
 Maintenance of house plumbing system

The entire system of pipes, fittings, appliances, etc. to

provide water supply and drainage in a building is known
as plumbing system.
Maintenance of house plumbing system

Plumbing system
Water supply system Sanitary system

Drainage pipes soil pipe, waste

Supply and distribution pipes
Connections
Domestic storage tanks
Pipe fittings and fixtures
pipe, antisyphonage pipe
Appliance W.C., traps, sink, etc
Inspection chamber
House sewer line
Pipe fittings & fixtures
 Pipe fittings & fixtures
Various fittings and fixtures used in water distribution system are as follows:

Goose
Bends Nipple Reducer Elbows Union
neck
Wheel
Tee Coupling Wye Ferrule Pillar cock
neck
Flange Plug Shower Cross Ball valve Stop cock
Requirements of pipe fitting & fixtures
 Requirements of pipe fitting & fixtures
• They should be easy to fix or remove.
• They should be easy to repair.
• Their threads and nut-bolts should be of standard size.
• They should produce Minium resistance to the flow of water.
• They should be durable.
• They should be economical.
• Their operation should be simple.
Common soil & rain water fitting
Common soil & rain water fitting
• The following slopes are usually sufficient:

Diameter of pipe Gradient

100 mm 1 in 40
150 mm 1 in 60
230 mm 1 in 90
• The following sizes of pipes are commonly used in house
drainage:

Pipe Diameter
Soil pipe 100 mm
Waste pipe – horizontal 30 – 50 mm
Waste pipe – vertical 75 mm
Rain water pipe 75 mm
Vent pipe 50 mm
Ant siphonage pipe
Connecting soil pipe 50 mm
Connecting waste pipe 40 mm
Maintenance of pipes
 Maintenance of pipes
• In old buildings G.I. pipes were used for water supply. G.I. pipes corrode
rapidly. Hence in modern buildings uv-resistant plastic pipes are
frequently used.

• The leakage through G.I. pipes may be either due to joints or due to
corrosion in the pipe. The joints may be sealed by applying sealent and the
corrugated pipe is replaced by a new pipe.

• The leakage through C.I. fittings normally occur below the water closet
(W.C.) or the floor trap. These defects occur due to the seepage through
the gap between the floor and the P-trap or the floor trap. This leakage
can be repaired and plugged by the application of a suitable sealent in the
gap.
Repair of taps
 Repair of taps
• Different types of taps are:

• Bib cocks
• Stop cocks
• Pillar cocks
• Wheel valves
• Flush cocks
 Repair of taps

• Bib cock
 Repair of taps

• Stop cock
 Repair of taps

• Pillar cock
 Repair of taps

• Wheel cock
 Repair of taps

• Flash cock
 Repair of taps
• When a tap fails to completely close to stop water, there may be following
probable causes for it:

• Seat has broken or worn out.

• The washer has deteriorated or broken and has become incapable to block
the opening properly.

• The handle has become incapable of pressing the washer properly against
the seat
 Repair of taps
• The life of a good quality tap normally is 10 years.
• In most of the cases the defect is due to the deterioration of washer,
which needs to be replaced.
• To replace the washer. take out the upper part of the tap along with the
washer spindle assembly.
• Remove the damaged washer and fix a new washer to the spindle with a
screw or plier as the case may be.
• If the tap stem has developed defect, the handle should be removed and
threaded properly.
• The stem should be checked again for proper working. If the stem has
worn out beyond repair, it should be replaced.
 Repair of taps
• There are four probable causes for it as follows:

• The packing of the tap is deteriorated.

• The washer of the tap has become loose.
• The stem handle has worn out.
• Seat base has worn out.

• The tap should be properly checked and the defective item is set right.
Maintenance of overhead water tank
 Maintenance of overhead water tank
• Likely defects in overhead tanks are:

• Leakage from tank walls and bottom

• Cracks in brick masonry or RCC work
• Rusting of reinforcement in RCC work
• Appearance of dampness on the walls of the tank
• Corrosion of mild steel tanks
• Uncontrolled overflow
• Cracks or punctures in plastic tanks
Repair in masonry or RCC tank
 Repair in masonry or RCC tank
• If cracks are observed on outer face of the tank, they should be cleaned
with wire brush and cracks are sealed with cementitious or epoxy grout.

• After the grout has set the face should be provided with a 25 mm thick
layer of ferrocement lining all around the tank or lining of rich cement
mortar may be provided.
 Repair in masonry or RCC tank
• To prevent leakage, the inside surface of the tank shall be treated as
under:

• Two coats of solvent free epoxy resin may be applied. It should be ensured
that the material is not reactive with water.

• After preparing and drying the surface, two coats of cement and gur
(gagry) may be applied. The composition of paste should be as 200 gram of
gur per one kg cement with a suitable water proofing compound. The
paste should be of thick consistency. After drying the first coat, second
coat should be applied. After drying the surface for 24 hours, water may be
filled. This practice is popular in Rajasthan.
Repairing of wide cracks
 Repairing of wide cracks
• For repairing wide cracks, loose concrete is chipped off and the surface
cleaned with dilute hydraulic acid.

• The rusted surface is cleaned by sand blasting. After preparing the

surface, two layers of guniting may be provided.

• In between these two layers steel welded mesh may be provided.

• The thickness of total guniting layer should not be more than 30 mm.
 Repairing of wide cracks
• In case of wide cracks in brick work, the surface should be prepared
carefully.

• The cracks may be filled with expanding cement mortar or stitching may
be provided with M.S. dowels by putting across the crack and covering
with cement mortar or concrete of about 30 mm thickness.

• In case tank needs strengthening, then wire mesh or reinforcement mesh

is provided either on inside or outside of the wall and the prepared surface
is gunited with waterproof cement mortar.
Plastic tanks
 Plastic tanks
• In plastic tanks, cracks, holes and damages can be treated using non-toxic
thermosetting plastics.

• If these defects are due to structural failures, then the deficiency can be
removed by applying steel rings or vertical stiffeners to strengthen them.
Usually, small cracks and punctures can be repaired by sealing with non-
toxic epoxy injection and plastic paints.

• Usually plastic tanks are of circular shape, they can be strengthened by

using plastic mouldings of box rings or vertical sections.

• Simple rectangular sections may be used for additional vertical or ring

stiffeners.
 Home
Electricity
system
 HOME ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
• The life of electrical installations in a building is very less as
compared to those of structural elements.

• A lot of improvements have been made in the modern electrical

devices to make electric supply more safe.
 HOME ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
• For example,

• The fuse-wire system in the old buildings has now been replaced
by the automatically operating Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
system. (Nov. 2017)

• Another improvement is the installation of the automatic Earth

Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) which switches off the current if
there is even a small leakage in the electrical circuits.
 HOME ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
• Most of the fires reported in old buildings could have been
avoided if the ELCB devices were installed in their electrical
systems.

• The new electrical wiring of a building is assumed to serve for 20

to 25 years only without any trouble.

• After this service, the system should be checked regularly for its
good performance.
Equivalence in in wattage & lumen

Filament lamp Fluorescent

Lumen (lm)
(W) lamp (W)
40 5 390
60 11 665
Consumer service unit in a building
 Consumer service unit in a building
• The consumer service unit from which the electricity board takes readings
for electricity bill, consists of the following items in the order of the
electric flow :

• 100 A fuse (three fuses for three phase supply)

• Earth connection
• Current meter from which reading of power consumption is taken
• ELCB Switches off the current if there is any leakage in the electrical
circuit.
• Main Switch to switch off or on the supply
• Fuse chamber - which contains 15 A fuse or MCB to distribute current in
each circuit.
 Points to be considered in
maintenance of electrical system in
a building
 MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• Use good quality copper wires for all electrical wiring. Aluminium wires and
other cheaper materials deteriorate fast. Renewing the wiring in the
future will be costly, as the material and labour costs always increase with
time.

• Do not overload any of the circuits by using too many appliances in one
circuit. In the residential buildings, usually 3 kW electric load is connected
to one circuit.

• Do not use more than 13 A to 15 A fuse in each of the ring circuits.

 MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• Do not use lamps of very high wattage. Use of modern fluorescent lamps
saves electricity considerably as compared to filament lamps. The
brightness (lumens) of 40 W filament lamp and 5 W fluorescent lamp is
same.

• ELCB should be used in a circuit, so that current is switched off, if there is

any leakage in the circuit.

• Avoid moisture from all the places near the path of the electric wiring and
near electric boards.
 MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• Do not use damaged or worn-out extension cords.

• Avoid coiling of extension cords of appliances to prevent overheating.

• Replace extension cords if there is a trace of wear and tear.

• Do not place extension cords under furniture and carpets.

• Avoid use of many extension cords in one circuit to avoid overloading of

the circuit
 MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• The repair of any electrical appliance should be carried out through
experienced electrician.

• Use star rated A.C., refrigerators to reduce the consumption of electricity.

• Carry out maintenance of A.C. before each summer. It is also advisable to

run the A.C. for sometime (say half an hour) each month even if not
required.
Safety
Management
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Safety management is an organizational

function, which certify that all safety risks have
been identified, evaluate and satisfactorily
reduced. Safety management is necessary for
the required changes in system of work and
perspective.
Basic principle of good
Safety
Management
• Management commitment
• Safety objectives and objectives
• Committee association for security
• Safety communications
• Supportive security staff
• Safety trainings
• Accident examinations
• Line duty regarding security
• Rules and procedures
• Audits
• Motivation
Causes of accidents in
Construction
• The various causes of accidents in construction industry are:

• (a) Physical causes

• (b) Physiological causes
• (c) Psychological causes
• (d) Electrical causes
PHYSICAL CAUSES
Machinery
• Insufficient working space on the
machine.
• The machine not being properly
guarded.
• The machine not being properly
adjusted.
• Electric motor not being insulated
properly.
PHYSICAL CAUSES
Non-Machinery
• Age, physical weakness
• Lack of skill, inexperience
• Carelessness
PHYSICAL CAUSES
Industrial
• Improper layout of machines
• Inadequate safeguards
• Absence of fencing
PHYSICAL CAUSES
Working condition
• Poor construction
• Insufficient light
• Long working hours
• Poor ventilation
PHYSICAL CAUSES
Causes related to tools
• Tools being blunt
• Tools being too small for the job
• Tools being brittle
• Tools with loose handle
PHYSICAL CAUSES
Causes related to material
• The material being inflammable i.e.
explosives..
• The material being too hot i.e. coal tar,
bitumen.
• The material being poisonous, i.e.
acids.
• The material being foul gases, i.e.
sewage in sewers.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES
• Working floor being slippery, poor lighting, poor ventilation,
loose electric cables, use of unstable ladders, etc.
• Loose uniform, sleeves of the shirt without buttons, loose and
slippery shoes
• Poor eye sight
• Over work
• Poor health, old age .
• Use of drugs or alcohol.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES
• Worry
• Mental tension
• Emotional attitude Fear, nervousness
• Over confidence
• Frustration
DAMAGES DUE TO ACCIDENT

DIRECT DAMAGES INDIRECT DAMAGES

Minor injuries Delay in construction work

Fatal injuries Mental stress in workers
Death of animals Increase in project cost
Bed effect on reputation of
Loss of properties
contractor
Safety equipment in
construction
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

Helmet
• It is useful to protect the persons
from falling objects like brick, stone,
wooden planks, centering plates etc.
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Gumshoes
• It is used to protect the legs of
workers from falling objects, chemical
effects of lime, cement etc.
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Rubber socks
• These are used to protect the skin of
hands from the effects of lime,
cement, acids etc.
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

First aid box

• It should comprise of band aid, cotton,
iodine, potassium permanganate,
bernol, etc.
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Advertisement boads
• At the construction site, the boards
with following signs and slogans must
be kept.
• Safety first, speed next.
• Make safety as habit.
• Prevention is better than cure.
• Accidents are not happened, they are
made.
Safety management in
construction
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Safety nets
• At the greater heights safety nets are
provided along the walls for greater
safety of the workers.
• It prevents the workers from falling
down.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Scaffolding
• Strong scaffolding and centering
done to support the workers such
that it can take the load of the
workers and materials while at
work.
• Lacing and bracing are to hold the
position of the scaffold
• the type of scaffold selected
depends on the strength of the soil.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Shuttering
• Shuttering is employed at the site
with at most care to prevent the
materials from falling down, thus
avoiding any damage or loss.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Electronical safety
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Safety belts
• Safety belts are tied to the
workers which prevents falling
down of the workers.
• It is tied to the life line which in
turn is supported either by the
hand rail or the scaffold
beside.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Handrails
• Handrails satisfy two purposes:

• To prevent the workers from

falling down
• Life line is tied to the hand rails
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Indicators & alarms

SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Cranes
• Cranes should be provided with load
indicators signal man must be
employed for

• Guiding the driver

• Alerting the workers
SAFETY MANAGEMENT

First aid box

• It should comprise of band aid, cotton,
iodine, potassium permanganate,
bernol, etc.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Safety symbols