i

20 Hydrographic Survey

Hydrographic survey is that branch ofsurveying whichdeals

with the measurement bodies water
of of
IIs wed
aking nautical charts for Navigation and
determination rocks sand bars lightsand
of
buoys
making subaqueous investigations to secure
information needed for the construction development
andimprovement of post facilities
measurements areas subject to scour or sitting
of
control and planning of engineering project like
bridges tunnel dams reservoirs docks and
harbours
establishing mean sea level and observationof
tides
determination of shorelines
measurement
of discharge of rivers

surveying is to determine
Inked L Eddie
Fs measurement of depth below the watersurface is called
sounding
Measurement of Depthof water sounding
Depthof water Is measured by the Followingmethods
1 SoundingRoad
2 Sounding cable
3 Echo sounder
1 Sounding Red
It is a wooden or bamboo pole of 5cm diameter

I p.IEded ffh disc of15cmdiameter at the bottom

Ththfit
The sounding rod is suitable

Small
Iffley
the order
Boat
river
of of2m Δ
To measure depth thesounding
rod is slowly immersed vertically a soundingROD
Fromboat at the required
place so that the base plate
just touches the bedof the kEid
depth
ofwater is then
noted.fi iiithE
2 Sounding cable
When the depthof water is more than 2m and water
current is high the vertical Rod seno
Is not practicable Boat
In such case a cable or rope Is
released slowly from a boat bt
means pulley system
ofconsists
The cable a contour
weight of about of
5kg
Whenthe weight just touches
the bottom river mask Is a rope
made on of
the cable exactly at
the water level Then the
depth is measured by tape yexhwh.my ed
3 Echo Sounder
The ecosounder is used for measuring depthof larger
rivers in excess of 10m and those ofseees
It is an electrical instrument in which a sound impulse
From the surface of water is sent towards the bottom of
the sires or sell
The sound waves are reflected back from the bed in the
form of an echo which is arrested by the receiver
 fit
There is an automatic a a
recording of the time of
onward and backward
turd of the sound wave
the velocity ofsound
Taking
in water to be approximately
1470 m s the depth
can be computed of water ff.fi
D

Generally the echo sounder

P
Initiation.int sikhosEEEEiEneE inte
result
Measurement of Velocity of Flew
can be measured by the Following methods
Velocity ofFlow
1 The surface Flout Method
2 The sub surface Floatmethod
3 The velocity rodmethod
4 The pitot tube method
5 The current meter method

1 The Surface Float Method

The surface float are made of Cork and can easily
Float on water
They are generally in the Formof 10cm cubes
The floats are painted red or white and have a
small Flag attached on top

SurFEt
Δ

D
verbed
EEmg.gg
 And velocity measured in Followingway

water section is
S
stretched b w two pole Fixed on

divided into
several compartments by hanging
togs from rope
b The velocity of each compartment
is merited by the Float which is
released slightly aheadof cls 1
When the Float just cross the
section the stopwatch is stated
When it just cross cls 2 the
stopwatch is closed
Time taken by the Float to cover
fpisgy.nu
the knowndist
run
is noted and from this the velocity is calculated

c
Similarly the velocityof all the compartments are measured
and the average of these is taken as the mean velocity
But this velocity represent only surface velocity and is not
actual mean velocity
of the river
 The sub Surface Float Method
The sub surface Floatis a
hollow cylinderwhich is
attached
bycord to a surface
the position of the sub surface
is adjusted according to the
depth
oftheit river 0 20 meters
Generally is kept
above the bottom
fhfqq subSEE

themmequpgfu.ge
IHHhisiscesgeu.at
The procedure measurement
of
skeffice
In three is the Depth water
of
3 Ie velocity red Method
The velocity rodmethod is made ofhollow metal or wood
It's diameter is about 205 to 5 cm
A weight is provided at the Bottom
of the rod to keep it vestical I kd
The length the rod is adjustable
of
The rod is generally submerged
to the extentof 0 60 D 0.60
The procedure ofmeasurement is
exactly similar to the surface float
Method

4 The pitot tube Method

The pitot tube is a glass tube bent at angle of 90 atthe
lower end
The upperend is open and kept
above the water level
The lower end is in Form of
nozzle and is directedupstream the
Due to the velocity water the
water column riseofin the right
ljmebE Let the RETE waterlevel mean

Then applying Bernoulli s theorem b w pointA andB

 H Eg Hth
y Igh
so the rise water column the velocity
can
by measuring
be calculated of
The pitote tube is held along the center line of the
discharge site at the midpoint of every compartment

5 The current meter Method

The price current meter is used for measuring the
Lf Ists the following components
suspension cable

Headphone

I
Tail III Here
If spindle

Feight
At A tail which keeps the meter in the direction alignment
of
B A system conical buckets fitted to a spindlewhich
of to current
rotates due
c A counterweight which keeps the meter vertical
D A headphone for registering the sound producedby
the spindle at every revolution
 The current meter is lowered to the depth 0 ID
D Depthof water by suspension cable
of
The system ofconical bucket kept on the upstreamsides and
the tails on downstream sides
Due to the velocityof water the system ofconical buckets
rotates about the spindle and tick sound is emitted
once for every revolution
Thus a continuous tick tick sound is heard through the
headphone The number of revolution per min to counted
with the help of a stopwatch
The velocity can be ascertained fromthe outingtable
This velocity gives the mean velocity of the Flow
The current meter is immersed along the centerlineof
the discharge site at midpoint
of every compartment

Determination fc2 es sectional Areaof 9 River

Case L
E taken theziver.is small
Two poles are fixed on both banksof the
river and streached b w them
ropes is
Then the water width of the river is
divided into servel components
of equal width
sayb and the points are marked hanging
by
19 8419yd'Itter corresponding to each
pendant is measured by sounding Rod or
sounding cable

Rope Pendants
Δ
pole
pole
5 0 0
i
da.in i
At AZ
Az AU
 Let depth of water be do di da
Considering end compartment as triangle and other
as trapezium

A Syd xb Az d 2xb

Az d2 3 xb and so on

Total cross section Areel At Az A

Cas It when calculate Area using
thesizer Is lagge theodolite and trigonometric

Calculation Dischargeof Rifer

f
calculate cross sectional Area the watersection be A m
The mean velocity is measured of suitable method V m s
by
Discharge 2 Axv cumees