Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX

`mKw ˛ 2
NT-815-1-PHYSICS-9-M-VOL.2

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2019
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°s - fbpw Kpcp-°∑
- m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-
sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n
{]bXv\n°pw.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Itf,
Np‰p--]m-SpIƒ \nco-£n-°m\pw efn-X-amb ]co-£-W-ß-fnepw At\z-
jW{]h¿Ø-\ß - f- nepw G¿s∏-Sm\pw ap≥ ¢mkp-If - n¬ \n߃°v Ah-
kcw e`n-®n-´p-≠-t√m. e`n® hnh-c-߃ Nn´-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw hni-Ie - \
- Ø
- n-eq-sSbpw Bi-bß - ƒ kzmwio-Ic- n-°m\pw
¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ klm-bI - a
- m-bn-´p-≠m-hpw. imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ah \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈
tijn B¿Pn-°m-\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp≠v. H∏w ]cn-ÿnXn-kulm¿Z-]-c-
amb ImgvN-∏mSpw cq]-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. CsX√mw Ign-hXpw t\cn-´p≈
A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw At\z-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Xncn-®-dn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS-
bp-am-I-Ww. AXn\v DXIpw hn[-amWv Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Bi-b-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv.
ka{K F∂ hnZym-`ymk t]m¿´-epw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ønb
Iyp.B¿.tImUpw ¢mkvdqw ]T-\{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Bbm-kc - l
- n-Xhpw ck-
I-chpw B°nØo¿°pw. tZio-b-sXm-gn¬ ss\]pWn N´-°q-Spw (F≥.-
F-kv.-Iyp.-F-^v), Zpc-¥-\n-hm-c-Wam¿K-ßfpw sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw
Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.
Nn¥n®pw tNmZyw sNbvXpw Bi-b-ßsf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-
]n®pw A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw kl-]m-Tn-I-tfm-Sp-sam∏w At\z-jn®pw Is≠-
Ønbpw apt∂-dmw. Cßs\ ]T\w B\-μ-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-am-°m≥
\n߃°v Ign-bpamdm-Is´.
kvt\lmiw-k-I-tfm-sS,

tUm. sP. {]kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 `mc- X - Ø ns‚ `c- W - L - S \
`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø- h y- ß ƒ

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse

Hmtcm
]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv:
(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw
ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw
BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX- { ¥y- Ø n- \ p- t h- ≠ n- b p≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka- c - Ø n\v
{]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc- X - Ø ns‚ ]c- a m- [ n- I m- c hpw sFIyhpw AJ- fi - X bpw
\ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-
°p-hm≥ Bhiy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-
[y-߃°Xo-X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬,
kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp- h mb kmtlm- Z - c y- a - t \m- ` m- h hpw
]pe¿Øp- I . kv { XoI- f psS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp- Ø p∂
BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cka-\zb-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ
hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂
{]IrXym D≈ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo-b-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw, At\z-j-W-Øn\pw
]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-
£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-
fn-te°v \nc¥cw Db-cØ - °- h - Æw hy‡n-]c - hpw Iq´m-bX- p-amb
{]h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ F√m afi-eß - f
- nepw D¬Ir-jSv X
- b
- °
v p-th≠n
A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m Xs‚
kwc-£W - b- n-ep≈ Ip´n-Iƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-
]n-Xm-°tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-
߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
5. {]hr-Øn, Du¿Pw, ]h¿ ........................ 87
6. [mcmsshZypXn ................................ 105
7. Xcw-K-N-e\w ..................................... 123
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ kuIcyØn\mbn
Nne ap{ZIƒ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p.

A[nIhmb\bv°v
(hnebncpØen\v hnt[bamt°≠Xn√)

Bibhy‡X hcpØp∂Xn\v ICT km[yX

hnebncpØmw

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃

sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn
 Hcp ho«n \S-¡p¶ kw`m-jW
- w {- i²n-¡q.
A½ : ]pXnb ]¼v hm§n-bn«pw hm«ÀSm¦v CXp-hsc \nd-ªn-ÃtÃm?
Aѳ : ½ HP ¡v ]Icw 1 HP bpsS ]¼v hm§n-¡m-am-bn-cp-¶p.
aI³ : F´m-WÑm ½ HP, 1 HP Fs¶ms¡ ]d-ªmÂ?
CXn-\p-¯cw \ÂIm³ \n§Ä¡v Ignbptam?

(a) (b) (c)

Nn{Xw 5.1
Nn{X-w 5.1 \nco-£n-¡q. Ch-bn Hmtcm¶nepw \S-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä FgpXn-
t\m-¡q.
$ HcmÄ D´p-h­n XÅp-¶p.
$
\n§Ä¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb IqSp-X {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä FgpXq.
$ NpaSv FSp-¡p¶p.
$
ChnsS Hmtcm {]hÀ¯\hpw \S-¡-W-sa-¦n hkvXp-hn _ew {]tbm-Kn-
¡WatÃm. \n§Ä Is­-¯nb Hmtcm {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\pw {]tbm-Kn-¨-
_e¯nsâ Dd-hnSw GsX¶v ]«n-I-bn FgpXq.
{]hÀ¯\w {]tbm-Kn-¨ _e¯nsâ Dd-hnSw

$ am§ hogp¶p. $ `qan

$ D´p-h­n XÅp¶p. $ XÅp¶ BÄ
$ $
]«nI 5.1
DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

_ew {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta hkvXp-¡Ä¡v Øm\m-´cw D­m-Ip-

I-bp-Åq.
$ _ew {]tbm-Kn¨ Zni-bn¯s¶-bm-tWm F-t¸mgpw Øm\m-´cw D­m-
Ip-¶Xv? _ew {]tbm-Kn-¨n«pw Øm\m-´cw D­m-Im¯ kµÀ`-§Ä
Dt­m? ]«n-I-bn FgpXnt\m¡q.
_ew {]tbm-Kn¨ Zni-bn _ew {]tbm-Kn¨ Zni-bn hkvXp
Øm\m-´cw D­m-Ip¶p hn\v Øm\m-´cw D­m-hp¶n-Ã.
$ {In¡äv t_mÄ ASn¨p $ NpaÀ XÅp-¶p.
sXdn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
$

apI-fn ]dª FÃm kµÀ`-§-fnepw hkvXp-¡-fn _ew {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-

Sp-¶p-s­-¦nepw FÃmbvt¸mgpw hkvXp-hn\v Øm\m-´cw kw`-hn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
hkvXp-¡Ä¡v _e-¯nsâ Zni-bn- Øm\m-´cw D­m-Ip¶ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ
{]hr¯n sNbvX-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p-.
{]hr¯n (Work)
Hcp hkvXp-hn _ew {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ B hkvXp-hn\v _ew {]tbm-
Kn¨ Zni-bn Øm\m-´cw D­m-sb-¦n am{Xta {]hr¯n sNbvX-
Xmbn IW-¡m-¡p-I-bp-Åq.
Nn{Xw 5.2 Â {]hr¯n sN¿-s¸-Sp¶p F¶p
IW-¡m-¡mhp¶ kµÀ`-§Ä Ipdn-¡q.
$
{]hr-¯n-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Nne DZm-l-c-
W-§Ä \ÂIn-bXv {i²n-¡q.
Hcp Ip«n 30 kg amkpÅ Hcp hkvXp-
$
hns\ Xd- b neqsS Xnc- Ý o- \ - a mbn
50 aoäÀ XÅn\o¡n. c­m-as¯ Ip«n
CtX Xd-bn¡qSn 50 kg amkpÅ
Hcp hkvXp- 50 aoäÀ XÅn\o¡n. c­v
Nn{Xw 5.2 Ip«n-Ifpw hkvXp-hn\v kam\ thK-
amWv \ÂIn-bXv.
$ BcmWv IqSp-XÂ _ew {]tbm-Kn-¨Xv?
$ GXp kµÀ`-¯n-emWv IqSp-X {]hr¯n sN¿-s¸-«Xv?
CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n {]hr-¯nsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ Hcp LSIw FgpXq.
$ Hcp Ip«n 30 kg amkpÅ Cu hkvXp-hns\ Xnc-Ýo-\-amb Xd-bneqsS 20
aoäÀ XÅn\o¡n. c­m-as¯ Ip«n CtX hkvXp- CtX Xd-bn¡qSn 30
aoäÀ XÅn\o¡n. c­p Ip«n- I fpw hkv X p- h n\v kam- \ - t h- K - a mWv
\ÂInbXv.

88
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ

$ BcmWv IqSp-XÂ Zqcw XÅn\o¡n-b-Xv?

$ ChÀ {]tbm-Kn¨ _ew F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p?
$ Cu kµÀ`-¯n BcmWv IqSp-X {]hr¯n sNbvXXv?
$ ChnsS {]hr-¯nsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LSIw GXmWv?
F¦n Hcp _ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn\v GsXÃmw LS-I-
§-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-­Xv? NÀ¨sN¿q.
$ _ew
$
Hcp hkvXp-hn sN¿-s¸« {]hr¯n IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xn\v sPbnwkv s{]kvtIm«v PqÄ
( 1818 þ 1889 )
hkvXp-hn {]tbm-Kn¨ _ehpw hkvXp-hn-\p-­mb
Øm\m-´-chpw ]cn-KWn-¡-Wsa¶v t_m[y-am-btÃm.

Hcp hkvXp-hn F \yq«¬_ew XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]tbm-

Kn-¨t- ¸mÄ _e-¯nsâ Zni-bn s aoäÀ Øm\m-´cw
D­msb¦n B _ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n, W = Fs
Bbncn-¡pw.
$ Hcp hkvXp-hn 10 N _ew XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]tbm- bm{´n-tImÀPw, sshZyp-tXmÀPw,
Xmt]mÀPw F¶nh X½n-epÅ
Kn-¨-t¸mÄ 2 m Øm\m´cw D­m-Ip-¶p-sh-¦nÂ
_Ô- s ¯- ¡ p- d n¨v Kth- j Ww
B _ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv IW-¡m- \S¯nb {_n«njv imkv{X-Ú³.
¡p-I. PqÄ\nb- a w, DuÀPkwc- £ W-
F = 10 N \nbaw F¶nh Bhn-jvI-cn-¨p.
{]hr-¯n, DuÀPw F¶n-h-bpsS
s = 2m bqWn-än\v PqÄ F¶p \ma-I-cWw
W = Fs sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv At±-l-¯nsâ
kvac-W-bv¡m-bmWv.
= 10 × 2
= 20 Nm
{]hr-¯n-bpsS bqWnäv Nm F¶mWtÃm
e`n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXns\ PqÄ (J) F¶p
hnfn-¡p-¶p.
1000 J = 1 kJ (1 Intem PqÄ)
Nn{Xw 5.3 {i²n-¡q.
$ m kg amkpÅ Hcp hkvXp tai-¸p-d¯p
h¨n-cn-¡p¶p. Cu hkvXp-hn A\p-`-
h-s¸-Sp¶ _e-§Ä GsXÃm-amWv?

Nn{Xw 5.3
89
DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

$ Cu _e-§Ä GsXÃmw Zni-I-fn-te-¡mWv A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

$ Cu hkvXp-hns\ h aoäÀ DbÀ¯-W-sa-¶n-cn-¡-s«. hkvXp-hn _ew
{]tbm-Kn-t¡-­Xv GXp Zni-bn-emWv?

Kpcp-Xzm-IÀjW_e-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Cu _e-¯nsâ Afhv

F = mg BsW¶v AdnbmatÃm.
$ h aoäÀ DbÀ¯n-bm Øm\m-´cw (s) F{Xbm-bn-cn¡pw?

Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W_
- e
- ¯
- n-s\-Xnsc {]tbm-Kn-¡s
- ¸-Sp¶ _ew sNbvX {]hr¯n,
W = Fs
= mgh

Hcp hkvXp apI-fn-te¡v DbÀ¯p-t¼mÄ, Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-_-e-¯n-

s\-Xnsc sN¿p¶ {]hr¯n W = mgh Bbncn-¡pw.
$ 100 g amkpÅ Hcp ]pkvXIw Xd-bnÂ\n¶v 1 aoäÀ Db-c-apÅ tai-¸p-d-
t¯¡v DbÀ¯n-hbv-¡p-t¼mÄ Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-_-e-¯n-s\-Xnsc {]tbm-
Kn-¡p¶ _ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv IW-¡m-¡p-I. (g = 10 m/s2)
m = 100 g = 0.1 kg
g = 10 m/s2
h = 1m
W = mgh
= 0.1 × 10 × 1 = 1 J
100 gamkpÅ Hcp hkvXp-hns\ 1 aoäÀ DbÀ¯m³ sNt¿­ {]hr-
¯n-bpsS Af-hv Hcp PqfmWv.
$ Hcp hkvXp-hn-t·Â 50 N _ew XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ
^e-ambn hkvXphn\v _e¯nsâ Zni-bn 2 m Øm\m-´cw D­m-Ip-
¶p-sh-¦n sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv IW-¡m-¡p-I.
$ÿ (a) 50 kg amkpÅ Hcp tai-bn 200 N _ew XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-¨-
t¸mÄ _e-¯nsâ Zni-bn AXn\v 0.5 m Øm\m´-c-ap­mIp¶p
sh¦n _ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv IW-¡m-¡p-I.
(b) CtX tai 3 m DbÀ¯p-I-bm-sW-¦n Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-¯n-s\-Xnsc
_ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?
Nn{Xw 5.4 \nco-£n-¡q.

90
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ
FN

Fr

Fg

Nn{Xw 5.4
m amkpÅ Hcp hkvXp-hns\ F _ew {]tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm­v hen¨p\o¡p-¶p-sh-
¶n-cn-¡-s«. At¸mÄ _e-¯nsâ Zni-bn hkvXp-hn\v s Øm\m-´cap­mbn
F¦nÂ,
$ F F¶ _ew sNbvX {]hr- ¯ n, W F = .................................
ChnsS Øm\m-´cw D­m-bXv _e-¯nsâ Zni-bn¯s¶-bm-WtÃm.
Cu {]hr¯n s\K-äo-thm t]mkn-äothm F¶v Ipdn-¡q.
$ LÀj-W-_ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n F´m-bn-cn¡pw? Wr = Frs Bbn-cn-¡p-
atÃm.
$ LÀj-W-_-e-¯nsâ F-XnÀZni-bn Øm\m-´cw D­m-Ip-¶-Xn-\mÂ,
LÀj-W-_ew sNbvX {]hr¯n s\K-äothm t]mkn-äothm?
$ hkvXp-hn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-_ew GXp Zni-bn-te-
¡mWv?

$ Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-_-e-¯nsâ Zni-bn hkvXp-hn\v Øm\m-´cw D­m-

Ip-¶pt­m?

hkvXp-hn\v D­m-Ip¶ Øm\m-´cw ]qPyamb-Xn-\m Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-_ew

(Fg) sNbvX {]hr-¯n, Wg = 0 Bbncn-¡p-atÃm.
$ FN F¶ {]Xn-_ew sNbvX {]hr¯ntbm?

Xdbnencn-¡p¶ Hcp hkvXp-hns\ hen-¡pt¼mÄ _ew {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶

Zni-bn hkvXp-hn\v Øm\m-´-c-ap-­m-sb-¦n Cu _ew sNbvX
{]hr¯n t]mkn-äohpw Xd {]tbm-Kn¨ LÀj-W-_ew sNbvX {]hr¯n
s\Käohpw Bbn-cn-¡pw.

91
DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

DuÀPw (Energy)
$ m kg amkpÅ Hcp hkvXp-hns\ h aoäÀ DbÀ¯m³ sNt¿­ {]hr¯n
F{X-bmWv?

Cu {]hr-¯n sN¿m³ \mw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯nb-sX-´mtWm, AXmWv

DuÀPw.
{]hr¯n sN¿m-\pÅ Ign-hmWv DuÀPw.

{]hr-¯n-bpsS Af-hp-X-s¶-bm-bn-cn¡pw DuÀP-¯nsâbpw Af-hv. AXn-\mÂ

DuÀP-¯nsâ bqWnäpw PqÄ (J) Xs¶bm-Wv.
\nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n hnhn[ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v hnhn[ DuÀPcq]-§Ä \mw
{]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-dp­v.
\n§Ä¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb DuÀPcq-]-§Ä Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡q.
$ bm{´n-tImÀPw
$ Xmt]mÀPw
$ sshZyp-tXmÀPw
$
bm{´n-tImÀP-s¯-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-X Imcy-§Ä \ap¡p a\-Ên-em-¡mw. c­v
Xcw bm{´n-tImÀP-§fp­v.
1. KXn-tImÀPw
2. ØnXn-tImÀPw
KXn-tImÀPw (Kinetic Energy)

Nn{Xw 5.5
Nn{Xw 5.5Â ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-t]mse Hcp tSmbvImdpw ¹mÌnIv t_mfpw kÖo-
I-cn-¡p-I.
tSmbvIm-dns\ A¸w ]nt¶m-«p amän ¹mÌnIv t_mfn- CSn-¸n-¡pI.
$ apt¶m«p Nen-¡p¶ ImÀ t_mfn CSn-¨-t¸mÄ t_mfn\v F´mWv kw`-
hn-¨Xv?

$ Cu ka-b¯v t_mfns\ apt¶m«p Nen-¸n-¡m-\m-hi

- y-amb DuÀPw tSmbvIm-
dn\v e`n-¨Xv F{]-Im-c-amWv?

92
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ

tSmbvIm-dnsâ Ne\wsIm­mWv AXn\v {]hr¯n sN¿m-\pÅ Ignhv e`n-

¨Xv F¶p a\-Ên-em-btÃm. Nen-¡p¶ hkvXp-¡Ä¡v KXn-tImÀP-ap-­v.
Hcp hkvXp-hn\v AXnsâ Ne\wsIm­v e`y-am-Ip¶ DuÀP-amWv KXn-
tImÀPw.
asämcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXpt\m¡mw. Nn{X-¯n ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xpt]mse
an\p-k-apÅ NcnhpXe-¯nsâ apI-fnÂ\n¶v Hcp ]uUÀ Sn³ Xmtgm«v Dcp«n
hn«v Hcp tSmbvImdn CSn-¸n-¡p-I. tSmbvIm-dn-\p-­mb Øm\m-´cw Af¶p
t\m¡q. NcnhpXe-¯nsâ Dbcw hÀ[n-¸n¨pw ]uUÀ Sn-¶n aW \nd¨pw
]co-£Ww BhÀ¯n-¡q.

Nn{Xw 5.6
tSmbvImdn ]uUÀ Sn³ {]tbm-Kn¨ _ew F Dw Imdn-\p-­mb Øm\m-´cw
s Dw BsW-¶n-cn-¡-s«. Sn³ h¶n-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ Imdnsâ {]thKw v Bbn amdn
F¦nÂ,
]uUÀ Sn³ {]tbm-Kn¨ _ew sNbvX {]hr-¯n,
W = Fs
\yq«sâ c­mw Ne-\-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw, F = ma BbXn-\mÂ,
tSmbvImdn sN¿-s¸« {]hr¯n W = mas
c­mw Ne\ka-hm-Iy-{]-Im-cw CXnse as Fs´-¶p t\m¡mw. KXn- t ImÀPhpw B¡hpw
v2 = u2 + 2as
KXn- t ImÀPhpw B¡hpw
= 0+2as. (Imdnsâ BZy{]thKw = 0) ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
= 2as
v2
B¡w P = mv. AXp-sIm­v
as = p
2 v=
m
Bbncn-¡pw.
2
v
AXp-sIm­v W=mas  as \p ]Icw F¶p tNÀ¯m 1
2 KXn-tImÀPw K =
2
mv2
mv 2 1
W = = mv2
2
1 ⎛p⎞
2 2 or K= m⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝m⎠
1
W = mv2 1 p2 p2
2 = × =
2 m 2m
Cu {]hr- ¯ n- b mWv Imdn\p e`n¨ KXn- t ImÀP¯nsâ
]cnamWw.
93
DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

1
AXm-bXv KXn-tImÀPw, K = mv2
2
m amkpÅ Hcp hkvXp v {]thK-t¯msS Nen-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ
1
KXn-tImÀPw, 2
mv2 Bbncn-¡pw.
K=

$ 70 kg amkpÅ HcmÄ 80 kg amkpÅ Hcp kvIq«À HmSn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv. kvIq«-dn\v 10 m/s {]th-K-aps­¦n BsI KXn-tImÀPw F{X-bm-
bn-cn¡pw?
m = 70 kg + 80 kg = 150 kg
v = 10 m/s
1 1
K =mv2 = x 150 x 102
2 2
= 7500 J = 7.5 kJ
$ 1500 kg amkpÅ Hcp ImÀ 20 m/s thK-t¯msS k©-cn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-
t¼mÄ AXn\v F{X KXn-tImÀPw D­m-bn-cn¡pw?
$ 50 kg amkpÅ Hcp Ip«n 2 m/s thK-t¯msS ssk¡nÄ HmSn¨psIm-­n-cn-
¡p¶p. ssk¡n-fn\v 10 kg amkp­v. F¦n BsI KXn-tImÀPw IW-
¡m-¡p-I.
hkvXp-¡Ä \nÝ-e-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-bn DuÀPw AS-§n-bn-«p-­m-IntÃ?
{]hr¯nþDuÀPX¯zw (Work Energy Principle)
'm' amkp-ff Hcp hkvXp 'u' {]th-K-t¯m-Sp-IqSn k©-cn¨psIm­n-cn-¡p-¶p.
hkvXp k©-cn-¡p¶ AtX Zni-bn _ew {]tbm-Kn-¨-t¸mÄ AXnsâ XzcWw
a Bbn. _ew {]tbm-Kn¨ Zni-bn hkvXphn\p-­mb Øm\m´cw 's'.
F¦n _ew sNbvX {]hr¯n F{X?

W=F×s
\yq«sâ c­mw Ne-\-\n-baa\p-k-cn¨v

F = ma BWt-Ãm.

F¦n W = ma × s Fs¶-gp-Xm-a-tÃm.

Ne-\-k-ahmIyw A\p-k-cn¨v
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2-u2 = 2as.
BZy-{]-thKw = u
v 2 -u 2
ie, a = A´y-{]-thKw = v
2s
XzcWw = a
⎛ v 2 -u 2 ⎞
m⎜ ⎟ ×s Øm\m-´cw = s
W =
⎝ 2s ⎠ v 2
= u2 + 2as

94
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ

⎛ v −u ⎞
2 2

W = m⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 2 1
W = mv − mu 2
2 2
{]hr¯n = KXn-tImÀP-¯n D­m-b- amäw. CXmWv {]hr-¯n-þ-DuÀP-X-¯zw.

$ 2 kg amkp-ff Hcp hkvXp \nÝ-em-h-Ø-bnemWv. Cu hkvXp-hn 5 N _ew

10 s {]tbm-Kn-¨m {]hr¯n F{X-bm-bn-cn-¡pw?
m = 2 kg
F = 5N
t = 10 s
u = 0 m/s
1 2 1
W = mv − mu 2
2 2
F = ma
F 5
a = = = 2.5 m/s2
m 2
v = u + at F¶ ka-hm-Iy-¯n hne-IÄ Btcm-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ
V = 0 + 2.5 × 10 = 25 m/s
1 2 1
W = mv − mu 2
2 2
1
= × 2 × 25 × 25 − 0
2
1
= × 2 × 625
2

ØnXn-tImÀPw = 625 J
(Potential Energy)
Nn{Xw 5.7 {i²n-¡q. hkvXp-¡sf DbÀ¯m³ AXn {]hr¯n sN¿-W-atÃm.
$ GXp _e-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bmWv ChnsS {]hr¯n sN¿-s¸-«Xv?

Nn{Xw 5.7
95
DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
m kg amkpÅ hkvXp-hns\ hyXykvX Db-c-§-fn F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn
AXn sN¿-s¸« {]hr-¯n-bpsS Af-hp-IÄ F{X-sb¶v {i²n-¡q.

Øm\hpw ØnXnt- ImÀPhpw mgh3


Hcp \nÝnX Db- c - ¯ n- e pÅ
mgh2
hkv X p- h nsâ ØnXn- t ImÀPw,

GXp Øm\- a mtWm ]qPyw h3
s]m«³jy-embn IW-¡m-¡p¶Xv mgh1
h2
F¶-Xns\ B{i-bn-¨n-cn¡pw. aäp 
coXn-bn \nÀtZ-in-¨n-«nà F¦n h1
Xd-sb-bmWv ]qPyw s]m«³jy-Â
IW- ¡ m- ¡ m\pÅ Øm\- a mbn
kzoIcn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Nn{Xw 5.8
$ XdbnÂ\n¶v GXv Db-c-¯n F¯n-b-t¸m-gmWv hkvXp-
hn Gähpw IqSp-X {]hr¯n sN¿s¸-«Xv?

sN¿-s¸« {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv hkvXp-hn\v e`n-¡p¶ DuÀP-

¯nsâ Af-hn\v Xpey-am-bn-cn-¡p-atÃm.
$ F¦n Gähpw IqSp-X DuÀPw e`n-¡p-¶Xv hkvXp
GXp Øm\¯v DÅ-t¸m-gm-bn-cn¡pw?
Xd-bnÂ\n¶pÅ Dbcw IqSp-t¼mÄ/Ipd-bp-t¼mÄ
Hcp hkvXp apI-fn-te¡v DbÀ¯s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-
W-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ {]hr¯n hkvXp-hn A[nI
DuÀP-ambn kw`-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn-\m Dbcw IqSp-t´mdpw
DuÀPw IqSnhcp-¶p.
Hcp hkvXp-hn Øm\w-sIm­v e`y-am-Ip¶
DuÀPamWv ØnXn-tImÀPw.
AXm-bXv ØnXn-tImÀPw U = mgh
Øm\wsIm­v ØnXn- t ImÀPw e`n- ¡ p¶ IqSp- X Â
kµÀ`§Ä Is­¯n Fgp-Xq.
$ sX§n-epÅ tX§
$
Dbcw hyXym-ks- ¸-Sp-¶X
- n-\\
- p-kc
- n¨v ØnXn-tImÀPhpw hyXym-
k-s¸-Sp-¶p. ØnXn-tImÀPw hyXym-k-s¸-Sp¶ kµÀ`-§Ä¡v
DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡q.

96
   

  
  
  
  
 ××
 



  ××

 
 


 

 


NT-815-2-PHYSICS-9-M-VOL.2


DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
kvs{Sbn³ aqew ØnXn-tImÀPw e`y-am-Ip¶ aäv DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Fgp-XpI.

$ Ipe-¨p-h¨ hnÃv

$ hen-¨p- \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ dºÀ _mâ v

(a)
Nn{Xw 5.10 (b)

Hcp DuÀPcq]w atä-sX-¦nepw Xc-¯n-te¡v amdp¶ kµÀ`-§Ä Dt­m?

Ds­-¦n A¯cw kµÀ`-§-fn DuÀPw \in-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶pt­m? \ap¡v
t\m¡mw.

DuÀP-kw-c-£-W-\n-baw (Law of Conservation of Energy)

Nne D]- I - c - W - § Ä {]hÀ¯n- ¡ p- t ¼m- g pÅ DuÀP- ] - c n- h À¯\w
]«n-I-bn sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
D]-Ic- Ww DuÀP-]-cn-hÀ¯\w
sshZypX P\-td-äÀ bm{´n-tImÀPw → sshZyp-tXmÀPw
^m³ sshZyp-tXmÀPw → bm{´n-tImÀPw
CkvXn-cn-s¸«n sshZyp-tXmÀPw → Xmt]mÀPw
sshZyp-X-_Ä_v sshZyp-tXmÀPw → {]ImtimÀPw
]«nI 5.3
C§s\ Hcp cq]-¯n-epÅ DuÀPw asämcp cq]-¯n-te¡p amdp-t¼mÄ
F´mWp kw`-hn-¡p¶Xv? Nn{Xw 5.11 \nco-£n¡q.
$ ]q¨«n k¬sjbvUn-\p- ap-I-fn-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
AXn\v GXp cq]-¯n-epÅ DuÀP-amWv DÅXv?
$ Xmtgm«p ]Xn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]q¨-«n-bnÂ
GsXÃmw DuÀPcq]§Ä AS-§n-bn-«p­v?
$ ]q¨«n Xmtg¡p hogp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ ØnXn-
tImÀPw IqSptam/Ipdbp-tam?
$ At¸mÄ KXn-tImÀPw IqSptam/Ipd-bptam?
Nn{Xw 5.11 $ ]q¨«n Xd-bn ]Xn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- sXm-«p-ap¼phsc \S-
¡p¶ DuÀP-]-cn-hÀ¯-\w F´mWv?
98
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ

$ ]q¨-«n-bpsS amkv 15 kg Dw Xd-bn \n¶v k¬sjbvUnsâ Dbcw 4 m Dw

BsW-¶n-cn-¡-s«. ]q¨«n k¬sjbvUn\p apI-fn-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ
ØnXn-tImÀPw IW-¡m¡p-I (g = 10 m/s ). 2

U = mgh = ......................
$ k¬sjbvUn\p -ap-I-fn-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ KXn-tImÀPw F{Xbm-
bn-cn¡pw?

$ A§-s\-sb-¦n AXnsâ BsI DuÀPw F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?

$ hoWp-sIm-­n-cns¡ Xd-bnÂ\n¶v 2 m Dbc-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]q¨-«n-
bpsS KXn-tImÀPw F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?
1
K = mv2
2
u = 0, g = 10 m/s2, s = 4 - 2 = 2m
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0 + 2 × 10 × 2
= 40
1
K = × 15 × 40
2
= .......J
$ Xd-bnÂ\n¶v 2m Dbc-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ØnXn-tImÀPw F{X-bm-bn-
cn¡pw?

$ BsI DuÀPw F{X?

$ Xd-bn kv]Àin-¡p-¶-Xn\v sXm«p-ap¼v ]q¨-«n-bpsS KXn-tImÀPw F{X-bm-

bn-cn¡pw?

1
K = mv2
2
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0 + 2 × 10 × 4 = 80
1
K = × 15 × 80 = 600 J
2
$ ØnXn-tImÀPw U = mgh = 15 × 10 × 0 = 0. BsI DuÀPw F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?

$ CXp-hsc NÀ¨-sN-bvX-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Xmsg- sIm-Sp¯ Hmtcm Ah-

k-c-¯nepw BsI DuÀPw F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?

1. k¬sjbvUn-\p apI-fn-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ = .............

2. Xd-bnÂ\n¶v 2m Db-c-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ = .............

3. Xd-bn sXmSp-¶-Xn\p sXm«p-ap¼v = .............

99
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
CXnÂ\n¶p \n§Ä F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a\w F´v?
DuÀPw \nÀan-¡mt\m \in-¸n-¡mt\m Ign-bn-Ã. Hcp cq]-¯n-epÅ DuÀPw asämcp
cq]-¯n-te¡p amämt\ Ign-bq. CXmWv DuÀP-kw-c-£-W-\nbaw.
\mw D]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ DuÀP-cq-]-§-fpsS {][m\ DdhnSw kqcy-\m-W-tÃm. kqcysâ
DuÀPw GsXÃmw hn[-¯n-emWv {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv? Nn{Xs¯ ASn-Øm-\-
am¡n Ipdn¸v Xbm-dm¡n kb³kv Ubdnbn tNÀ¡q.

³{^ ms- § dUÄv kqcy³

CnI - -
dnkÀthm-bÀ h n-cW
m-
s dUÄv
^- § -
C³nI{ nc- W
(reservoir)

miw
{]I
Imänsâ
KXn-tImÀPw
hn³Uv anÂ
(wind mill)

.............................

Blmc t^mkn hndIv

km[-\§
- Ä CÔ\w

Nn{Xw 5.12
]hÀ (Power)
.............................

aq¶p hoSp-I-fnse ]¼p-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnh-c§

- Ä \ÂIn-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p. ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I (g = 10 m/s ).
2

DÄs¡m-Åm³ Ign-bp¶ Pew InW-änse Ptem-]-cn- Sm¦v \nd-bm³ {]hr¯n

]¼v hym]vXw amkv m X-e-¯nÂ\n¶pÅ th­ kabw W = mgh
Dbcw h t
A 1000 L 1000 kg 15 m 100 s 150000 J
B 1000 L 1000 kg 15 m 200 s ..........
C 1000 L 1000 kg 15 m 400 s ..........

]«nI 5.4
100
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ

$ aq¶v Sm¦p-I-fnepw Pew \nd-bv¡m³ ]¼v sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv

Xpey-amtWm?
C\n \ap¡v Hmtcm ]¼pw Hcp sk¡ân sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv IW-
¡m¡nt\m¡mw.
sNbvX {]hr¯n kabw Hcp sk¡ânÂ
]¼v (J) (s) sNbvX {]hr¯n
J/s
A

]«nI 5.5
Hmtcm ]¼pw Hcp sk¡ân sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv e`n-¨-tÃm. AXm-bn-
cn¡pw Hmtcm ]¼n-sâbpw ]hÀ.
bqWnäv ka-b-¯n sNbvX {]hr¯n AY-hm, {]hr-¯n-bpsS \nc¡mWv
]hÀ.
]hÀ = \>ISkO

LBCX
, P=
W
t

]h-dnsâ bqWnäv =
\>ISkOCQT4
CR8O W

= J/s
LBCkOTž
CR8O W

PqÄ {]Xn sk¡âns\bmWv watt (hm«v) F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

1 kW = 1000 W
1 HP = 746 W
CXp-h-sc- a-\-Ên-em-¡n-b -hkvXpXIfnÂ\n¶v ½ HP, 1HP Fs¶Ãmw ]d-bp-¶-
Xnsâ s]mcpÄ a\-Ên-embn-¡m-Wpa-tÃm.
$ 70 kg amkpÅ HcmÄ 30 m Dbc-apÅ Hcp Ip¶n³-ap-I-
fn 5 an\näv sIm­v Ib-dp-¶p-sh-¦n Abm-fpsS ]hÀ IpXnc- i- àn
F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw? (Horse Power)
$ 50 kg amkpÅ HcmÄ 15 cm hoXw Dbc-apÅ 20 tImWn- ]­v h­n-h-en-¡m\pw aäp]e
¸-Sn-IÄ Ib-dm³ 60 s kabw FSp¡p¶p-sh-¦n Abm- Bh- i y- § Ä¡pw IpXn- c - I - s f-
fpsS ]hÀ IW-¡m-¡pI. bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Hcp
{]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v GXm\pw hkvXp- IpXn-c-bpsS ]h-dn-s\-bmWv Hcp
X-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-tÃm. \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n Gsd D]-tbm- IpXn-ci
- àn (Horse power - 1 HP)
Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ DuÀP-cq-]-am-WtÃm sshZyp-Xn. sshZyp-tXmÀP- F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¨X
- v. CXv GI-
¯nsâ Afhv IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶v DbÀ¶ tZiw 746 W F¶p IW-
¢mkp-I-fnÂ\n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-w. ¡m¡nbncn¡p¶p.

101
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

hne-bn-cp¯mw
1. 300 N _ew {]tbm- K n- ¨ p- s Im­v hoSnsâ tIm¬{Ioäv Xq¬ XÅn- \ o- ¡ m³

{ian¨psIm­n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Hcp Ip«n. B Ip«n sNbvX {]hr-¯n-bpsS Afhv

IW-¡m-¡p-I.

2. ØnXn-tImÀPw, KXn-tImÀPw F¶n-h-sb-¸än \n§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-Xnsâ ASn-

Øm-\-¯nÂ, Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶hbnse DuÀPw GXp cq]-¯n-

epÅXmsW¶v Fgp-Xp-I.

(a) AW-s¡-«nse Pew

(b) hen-¨p- \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ dºÀ\mS

(c) amhnÂ\n¶p ]Xn¡p¶ am§

3. 60 kg amkpÅ Hcp Imbn-I-Xmcw 10 m/s th-K-t¯msS HmSn-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ

AbmÄ¡pÅ KXn-tImÀPw IW-¡m-¡pI.

4. 2 kg amkpÅ Hcp IÃns\ Xd-bnÂ\n¶v 3 m/s {]th-K-¯n apI-fn-te¡v Fdn-

ªp. CXv Gähpw apI-fn-se-¯pt¼mgpÅ ØnXn-tImÀPw IW-¡m-¡p-I.

5. Btcm-Ky-hm\mb Hcm-fpsS lrZbw Hcp an\n-än 72 {]mhiyw anSn-¡p-¶p. Hcp

{]mhiyw anSn-¡p-¶Xn\v GI-tZiw 1J DuÀPw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦n lrZ-b-

¯nsâ ]hÀ IW-¡m-¡p-I.

6. Xmsg sImSp-¯-h-bn kZni Afhv GXv?

$ {]hr¯n $ B¡w $ ]hÀ $ DuÀPw

7. hkvXp-hnsâ {]thKw Cc-«n-bm-bm KXn-tImÀPw

$ c­p aS-§mIpw $ ]Ip-Xn-bmIpw $ \mep -a-S-§mIpw $ \men-sem-¶mIpw

8. 1 kg amkp-ff Hcp hkvXp 10 m Db-c-¯n \n¶v Xmtg-¡-p ho-gp-¶p. hogp-t¼mÄ

sN¿s¸Sp-¶ {]hr¯n F{X-bm-bn-cn-¡pw?

• 10 J • 1J • 100 J • 1000 J
9. Xmsg sImSp-¯-h-bn icn-bm-bXv GXv?

F s P
W= , W= , W=P × t, W=
s F t
10. ÿHcp S¬ `mc-ap-ff tdmfÀ \nc-¸mb tdmUn-eqsS hen¨psIm­p t]mIp-¶p. Kpcp-

Xzm-IÀjW_e-¯ns\Xnsc sNbvX {]hr¯n F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw? F´p-sIm­v?

11. B¡w CÃm¯ hkv X p- h n\v DuÀPw D­m- b n- c n- ¡ ptam? C¯- c - ¯ n- e pÅ Hcp

kµÀ`w Ipdn-¡p-I.

12. Xmsg sImSp-¯-h-bn s\K-äohv {]hr¯n, t]m-kn-äohv {]hr¯n F¶nh -I-s­¯n

Fgp-Xp-I.

1.) HcmÄ InW-änÂ\n¶v Ibdp]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp _¡äv shÅw apI-fn-te¡v hen-

s¨-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ (I¸nbn-ÃmsX) sN¿p¶ {]hr¯n.

2) Cu kµÀ`-¯n Kpcp-Xzm-IÀjW_ew sN¿p¶ {]hr¯n.

102
 {]hr-¯n, DuÀPw, ]hÀ

3) Ncn-hp-X-e-¯neqsS Hcp hkvXp Xmtg¡v \nc§n \o§p-t¼mÄ LÀjW

_ew sN¿p¶ {]hr¯n.

4) \nc-¸mb {]X-e-¯neqsS Nen-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p¶ hkvXp-hn Ne-\-Zn-i-bnÂ

{]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ _ew sN¿p¶ {]hr-¯n.

13. 1 kWh F{X PqfmWv?

14. NphsS sImSp¯ kµÀ`-§-fn Ip«n Kpcp-Xzm-IÀj-W-_-e-¯n-s\-Xnsc sNbvX

{]hr¯n IW-¡m-¡pI.

1. 5 kg amkv Dff Hcp sI«p ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn \n¡p-¶p.

2. CtX sI«p-ambn \nc-¸mb Xd-bneqsS 5 m/s thK-¯n 1m k©-cn-¡p-¶p.

3. Cu ]pkvXI
- s
- ¡«v 1 m Db-ca
- p-ff Ae-am-cb
- psS apI-fn-te¡v DbÀ¯nhbv¡p¶p

(g =10 m/s 2
).

15. 0.4 kg amkv Dff Hcp t_mÄ 14 m/s {]thK-t¯msS t\tc apI-fn-te¡v Fdn-bp-
¶p. 1 sk¡â n\p tijw AXnsâ KXn-tImÀPhpw ØnXn-tImÀPhpw IW-¡m-

¡p-I.

1 2
(Hint : v = u + at, s = ut+ at )
2
16. 1000 kg amkp-ff Hcp hkvXp 72 km/h {]th-K-t¯m-sS k©-cn¨psIm­n-cn-¡p-

¶p. Cu hkvXphns\ \nÝ-em-h-Ø-bn-em-¡m³ sNt¿­ {]hr-¯n -I-W-¡m-

¡p-I.

17. 80 kg amkp-ff Hcp hkvXp-hnsâ {]thKw 5 m/s Â\n¶v 10 m/s B¡namäm³

sNt¿­ {]hr-¯n -I-W-¡m-¡p-I.

103
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
1. ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

DuÀP-amäw kµÀ`w
1. bm{´n-tImÀPw → sshZyp-tXmÀPw P\-td-äÀ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

2. sshZyp-tXmÀPw → bm{´ntImÀPw

3. sshZyp-tXmÀPw → Xmt]mÀPw

4. sshZyp-tXmÀPw → {]ImtimÀPw

2. \n§-fpsS ho«nse InW-änÂ\n¶p shÅw ]¼v sN¿p¶ tamt«m-dnÂ

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb ]hdpw AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ e`n-¡p¶ ]hdpw Xpey-

amtWm F¶v Sm¦v \nd-bp¶ ka-b-hpw Sm¦n-te-¡pÅ Db-chpw IW-¡n-

se-Sp-¯p-sIm­v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

104
 Htct]mepÅ
_Ä_p-I-fm-WtÃm c­v
skÀ¡o-«nepw D]-tbm-Kn-¨X
- v.
F¶n«pw {]ImiXo{h-X-
bn amäw h¶Xv F´p-
sIm-­m-bn-cn¡pw?

imkv{X-ta-fb- nse Hcp ]co-£Ww \nco-£n-¨t- ¸mÄ Ip«n-¡p-­mb kwi-

b-am-Wn-Xv. c­v skÀ¡o-«n-sebpw _Ä_p-If- psS {]Im-iX - o-{h-Xb
- nÂ
amäap­m-hm-\pÅ ImcWw F´m-bn-cn¡pw?
Dc-kÂaqew hkvXp-¡Ä NmÀPvsN¿m-sa¶pw C{]-Imcw NmÀPvsNbvX
hkvXp¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v aäp hkvXp-¡sf F§s\ NmÀPp-Å-
+
Xm¡mw F¶pw \mw a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn«p­tÃm.
+ +
Nn{Xw 6.1 (a) \nco-£n-¡pI.
t]mkn-äohmbn NmÀPv sNbvX Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-¸ns\ Nn{X-
¯n ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse NmeIw D]-tbm-Kn¨v kzn¨v aptJ\
`qan-bp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
$ Cu Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-¸nse NmÀPv GXp Xc-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶p?
HgpIp¶XmWv/\nÝeamWv
$ kzn¨v Hm¬ sN¿p-t¼mÄ Cu NmÀPn\v F´p kw`-hn-¡p¶p?
$ Cu {Iao-I-c-W-¯n sshZyp-X-{]-hmlw XpSÀ¨-bmbn
\ne-\n¡ptam?
Nn{Xw 6.1 (a)
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Nn{Xw 6.1. (b) \nco-£n-¡p-I.
skÂ

kzn¨v Nn{Xw 6 1 b)
. (
_Ä_v
skÂ, _Ä_v, kzn¨v F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp¶ Hcp eLp skÀ¡o-«mWv
Nn{X-¯nÂ.
$ Cu skÀ¡o-«nse kzn¨v Hm¬ sN¿p-t¼mÄ sshZypX{]hmlw
XpSÀ¨-bmbn \ne-\n¡ptam?

Nn{Xw 6 1 a , 6 1 b F¶o c­v skÀ¡o-«p-I-fnepw

. ( ) . ( )

Hcp Iqtfmw NmÀPv D­mb sshZypX-{]hm-l-¯n F´p amä-amWpÅXv?

sshZypX NmÀPnsâ bqWn- ä mWv
Iqtfmw. Htc sshZypX NmÀPpÅ
c­v kq£vahkvXp-¡Ä iq\y-Xb
1m AI-e-¯n ØnXn-sN-¿p-t¼mÄ
Ah- b v ¡ n- S - b n A\p- ` - h - s ¸- S p¶
hnIÀj-W-_ew 9×10 N BsW- 9
¦n Ah-bpsS NmÀPp-IÄ 1 Iqtfmw
(1C) hoX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. CXv 6.25×10
Ce- I v t {Sm- W p- I - f psS NmÀPn\v
XpeyamWv.
`utam-]-cn-X-e-¯n ØnXnsN¿p¶
10 kg amkpÅ Hcp hkvXp-hn-t·Â
9
H¶m-as¯ skÀ¡o-«n hfsc Ipdª ka-b-t¯-
¡pw c­m-a-t¯-Xn XpSÀ¨-bmbpw NmÀPnsâ -{]-hm-
- n lw D­m-Ip-¶p.
NmÀPpI-fpsS Ne\w sshZyp-X{- ]-hmlw krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
Nme-I-§-fn kzX{´ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ hgnbpw Ce-
Ivt{Sm-sse-äp-I-fnepw hmX-I-§-fnepw Atbm-Wp-IÄ
18
apJm-´-chp-amWv sshZyp-X-{]-hmlw D­m-Ip-¶-Xv.
sshZyp-X-NmÀPv {]h-ln-¡p-¶Xv F§-s\-bm-bn-cn¡p
sa¶v \ap¡v t\m¡mw.
Nn{Xw 6.2 \nco-£n-¡p-I.

`qan {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ BIÀj-W-_-e- Nn{X-¯nteXp-t]m-epÅ (Nn{X-w 6.2) hnhn[ kµÀ`-

¯nt\mfapÅ _eamWv 9×10 N. 9 §sf ASn- Ø m- \ - s ¸- S p¯n, X¶n- c n- ¡ p¶ ]«nI
Hcp B\- b psS amkv GI- t Ziw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.
10 kg F¦n 10 kg amkv F¶Xv
4 9

Hcp e£w B\-I-fpsS amkn\v GI-

tZiw Xpeyambn-cn-¡pw.

Nn{Xw 62
.

106
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
kµÀ`w {]hmlw
t_mÄ hogp-¶Xv Db-c-¯nÂ\n¶p Xmtg¡v
hmbp Hgp-Ip-¶Xv aÀZw IqSnb `mK¯p\n¶p Ipdª `mK-t¯¡v
Pew Hgp-Ip-¶Xv
]«nI 6.1

FÃm¯cw {]hm-l-§fpw D­m-I-W-sa-¦n DuÀP- A

B
\n-e-bn hyXym-kapÅ c­p Øm\-§Ä thW-sa¶v
a\-Ên-em-b-tÃm.
Nn{X-§Ä 6.3 (a) (b) \nco-£n¡q.
$ hmÂhv Xpd-¶m GXn-emWv Pe-{]-hm-lw km[y-
amIp¶Xv?
Nn{Xw 6 3
. a
( )

$ F´p-sIm­v? A B

Nn{Xw 6.3 (a) Â A `mK¯v, `mKw B sb At]-£n¨v

- m-Wt- Ãm. At¸mÄ A bn ØnXn-
Pe-\n-c¸v IqSp-Xe
tImÀPw (s]m«³jy F\ÀPn) IqSp-Xe - m-bn-cn-¡pw.
DuÀP-\n-eb- nse hyXymkw AYhm {Kmhn-tä-j\Â Nn{Xw 6 3 . ( b
)

s]m«³jy hyXymkw DÅ-Xp-sIm-­mWv Pe-{]-

hmlw km[y-am-bXv.
s]m«³jy hyXym-khpw
Idâpw
Nn{Xw 6.4 \nco-£n-¡q. (Potential difference
and Current)
P Q
Nn{Xw 6.4 Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ c­p _nµp-¡Ä¡n-
S-bn sshZyp-X{- ]-hmlw (Idâ )v D­m-
Hcp _Ä_ns\ NmeIw D]-tbm-Kn¨v kzn¨p-ambn LSn-
I-Ws - a-¦n B _nµp-¡Ä X½n Ce-
¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Iv { SnIv s]m«³jy- e n hyXymkw
$ kzn¨v Hm¬ sNbvXm _Ä_v {]Im-in-¡ptam? D­m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Ce-Iv{SnIv s]m«³-
F´p-sIm­v? jy IqSnb `mK¯p\n¶v Ipdª
`mK-t¯-¡mWv Idâ v Hgp-IpI.
s]m«³jy hyXym-k-¯nsâ bqWnäv
P bpw Q hpw X½n Ce-Iv{SnIv s]m«³jyen thmÄ«v (V) BIp¶p. CXv Af-¡m-
hyXym-k-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m-emWv sshZyp-X-{]-hmlw \pÅ D]-I-c-W-amWv thmÄ«v aoäÀ.
km[y-am-Im¯Xpw _Ä_v {]Im-in-¡m-¯-Xpw. Hcp _nµp-hnÂ\n¶p asämcp _nµp-hn-
Nn{Xw 6.4 Â \ÂIn- b n- c n- ¡ p¶Xpt]mse \nÀan¨ te¡v 1 Iqtfmw NmÀPv F¯n-¡m³
skÀ¡o-«nse _Ä_v {]Im-in-¡W-sa-¦n P bpw Q th­n Hcp PqÄ ( 1J ) {]hr¯n
hpw X½n XpSÀ¨-bmbn Hcp s]m«³jy hyXymkw sNbvXp-sh-¦n B _nµp-¡Ä X½n-
epÅ s]m«³jy hyXymkw 1
\ne-\nÀt¯t­?
thmīv BWv.

107
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
hnZypXvNme-I-_ew
(Electromotive force-emf)
Hcp Nme- I - ¯ nsâ A{K-
§Ä-¡nS-bn- s]m«³jyÂ
hyXym-kw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-
Xn- \ pÅ Ign- h mWv hnZyp-
Xv N m- e - I - _ ew. Hcp
sshZypX t{kmXÊv Xpd¶
skÀ¡o- « n Bbn- c n- ¡ p-
t¼mÄ AXnsâ sSÀan-
\epIÄ¡n-S-bn-ep-ff
s]m«³-jy hyXym-ka- mWv
B skÃnsâ hnZypXvNme-
I-_ew (emf). Hcp skÃnsâ
emf Af¡p- ¶ Xv thmÄ«v
F¶ bqWn-än-em-Wv.
thmÄ«vaoäÀ (Voltmeter)
s]m«³jy hyXymkhpw
emf Dw Af-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-
I- c - W - a mWv thmÄ«v a oäÀ.
CXnsâ t]mkn-äohv sSÀan-\-
ens\ skÃnsâ t]mkn-äohv
`mK-t¯mSpw s\K-äohv sSÀan-
\-ens\ skÃnsâ s\K-äohv
`mK-t¯mSpw tNÀ¶phc-¯¡ - -
h®w thWw skÀ¡o- « nÂ
DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³. s]m«³jyÂ
hyXymkw Af- t ¡- ­ - X mb
_nµp- ¡ fpw thmÄ«v a oädpw
X½n kam-´-c-am-bmWv LSn-
¸n-t¡-­-Xv. thmÄ«v aoä-dnsâ
kqNIw V BWv.
Pe skÀ¡o«v ]¼v
sshZypX skÀ¡o«v skÂ
108
Nn{Xw 6.5 \nco-£n-¡q.
A
B
Nn{Xw 6.5
hmÂhv Xpd-¡p-t¼mÄ A F¶ `mK-¯p-\n¶p B `mK-t¯¡v
Hmtcm sk¡ânepw F{X Pew {]h-ln-¡pt¶m, A{XbpwXs¶
Pew Hmtcm sk¡ânepw B bnÂ\n¶p XncnsI A bn F¯n-
¡m³ km[n-¡p¶ ]¼mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
$ hmÂhv Xpd-¶m Pew XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]hln¡m\pÅ
ImcWw F´m-bn-cn¡pw?
ChnsS _mlyDuÀP-t{km-X-Êm-b- ]¼nsâ {]hÀ¯\w Imc-
W-atà s]m«³jy hyXymkw \ne-\nÀ¯n-bXpw Pe-{]-hmlw
XpSÀ¨-bmbn km[y-am-¡n-b-Xpw?
F¦n CXp-t]mse Nn{Xw 6.4  sImSp¯ _Ä_v XpSÀ¨-
bmbn {]Im-in-¡-W-sa-¦n Hcp _mlyt{kmXÊv Bh-iy-atÃ?
C¯cw t{kmX-Êp-Isf emf sâ t{kmX-Êp-IÄ F¶mWv
hnfn¡p-¶-Xv.
\n§Ä¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb C¯cw t{kmX-Êp-IÄ FgpXq.
$ P\-td-äÀ
$
Ch Hmtcm-¶n-sebpw DuÀP-amäw Fgp-Xq.
$ P\-td-äÀ : bm{´n-tImÀPw → sshZyptXmÀPw
$ sk :
Nn{Xw 6.5 Dw 6.1 (b) Dw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-
¡pI.
.................... hmÂhv
sshZypX NmÀPnsâ Hgp¡v ..............
]«nI 6.2
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Hcp Nme-I-¯n-eqsS sshZypX{]hmlw XpSÀ¨-bmbn skÃp-If- psS kwtbm-P\w
km[y-am-IWsa¦n Nme-I-¯nsâ c­-{K-§fpw
H¶n-e[
- nIw skÃp-IÄ DNn-Xa- mb coXn-bnÂ
X½n s]m«³jy hyXymkw D­m-bn-cn-¡-W- _Ôn-¸n-¨m AXv Hcp _mä-dn-bmIpw. skÃp-
sa¶pw AXn-\mbn emf sâ Hcp t{kmXÊv Bh-iy- Isf c­p coXn-bn _Ôn-¸n-¡mw.
amWv F¶pw a\-Ên-em-b-tÃm. 1. t{iWo-coXn (Series connection)
Hcp thmÄ«v-ao-äÀ, 6 V, 3 W _Ä_v, Hcp skÂ, kzn¨v Hcp skÃnsâ t]mkn-äo-hns\ c­m-a-t¯-
DÄs¸-Sp¶ Hcp skÀ¡o«v, Nn{Xw 6.6  ImWn-¨n-cn- Xnsâ s\K-äo-hn-te¡v F¶ {Ia-¯n skÃp-
¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse \nÀan¨v {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-I.
Isf H¶n-s\m¶v XpSÀ¨-bmbn _Ôn-¸n-
skÂ
_Ä_v ¡p¶ coXn.

- +

khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

kzn¨v Nn{Xw 6.6 $ BsI emf skÀ¡o-«nse skÃp-I-fpsS

$ thmÄ«vao-äÀ GXp coXn-bn-emWv skÀ¡o-«n emf sâ XpIbv¡v Xpey-am-bn-cn¡pw.
LSn-¸n-¨ncn-¡p¶Xv?
$ Hmtcm skÃn-eq-sSbpw IS¶p t]mIp¶
Idâ v Xpeyambn-cn-¡pw.
$ skÀ¡o-«n _mä-dn- Df-hm-¡p¶ B´-c-
$ 1.5 V, 3 V, 6 V F¶n-§s\ thmÄ«-X-bpÅ _mä- {]-Xn-tcm[w IqSp¶p.
dn-IÄ skÀ¡o-«n (Nn{Xw 6.6) LSn-¸n¨v Hmtcm $ DbÀ¶ thmÄ«-X-bn _mly-skÀ¡o-
Ah-kc¯nepw _Ä_n\v e`n-¡p¶ thmÄ«X
«nse Idâ v hÀ[n-¸n-¡p¶p.
2. kam-´c-coXn (Parallel connection)
Is­¯n ]«n-I-bn FgpXq.
D]-tbm-Kn¨ _Ä_n\v e`n-¡p¶ + + +
skÂ/ _mädn thmÄ«X
1.5 V
3V - - -
6V
]«nI 6.3 skÃp-I-fpsS kam-\-{[p-h-§Ä ]c-kv]cw
thmÄ«X hÀ[n- ¸ n- ¡ m- \ mbn hnhn[ _mä- d n- I - f m- _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn.
WtÃm D]-tbm-Kn-¨X
- v. skÃp-Isf kwtbm-Pn-¸n¨v CXv khn-ti-jXIÄ
F§s\ km[y-am¡mw F¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw. $ Htc epÅemf
skÃp- I Ä BsW-
$ Sn.hn.bpsS dntam-«n skÃp-IÄ GXp coXn-bn-
¦n BsI emf
emWv _Ôn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶Xv? skÀ¡o- « nse Hcp
skÃnsâ emf \v
$ 1.5 V sâ \mev skÃp-IÄ t{iWn-bmbn _Ôn- Xpey-am-bn-cn¡pw.
¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ In«p¶ BsI thmÄ«X F{X? $ skÀ¡o- «nse BsI Idâ v skÃp-I-fn-
eqsS hn`-Pn¨v {]hln-¡p¶p.
$ skÀ¡o-«nse B´-c-{]-Xn-tcm[w hfsc
$ 1.5 V sâ \mev skÃp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v 3V e`n-
Ipd-hm-bn-cn¡pw.
¡- ¯ - ¡ hn[w F§s\ _Ôn- ¸ n- ¡ mw? $ Ipdª thmÄ«X-bn IqSp-X kabw
skÀ¡o«v hc-bv¡q. Cu coXn-bn _Ôn-¸n-¡p- IqSp-X Idâ v e`y-am-¡m³ km[n-¡p¶p.
¶XpsIm­pÅ {]tbm-P-\-sa´v?
109
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
skÀ¡o-«n emf sâ t{kmX-Êp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-t¡-­-Xnsâ
Nme-I-¯neqsS-bpÅ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-´m-bn-cn¡pw?
sshZypX{]hmlw sshZypX{]hmlw (Electric Current)
Hcp Nme-I-¯n \nÝ-em-h-Ø-bn-
epÅ t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-Ifpw sshZypXNmÀPp-If - psS Hgp-¡m-Wv sshZyp-X{- ]-hm-lw. 5 sk¡â v
Ne\-kzm-X{-´y-apÅ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I- sIm­v 10 Iqtfmw NmÀPv Hcp Nme-I-¯n-eqsS HgpInbm Hcp
fp-ap-­v. Cu kzX{´ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp- sk¡ân Hgp-Inb sshZyp-X-NmÀPv F{X?
IÄ A\nbX Ne-\¯ - n Random NmÀPv Q = 10 C
Bbn-cn¡pw. Nme-Is¯
(

motion)
Hcp emf sâ t{kmX-Êp-ambn _Ôn- kabw t = 5 s
¸n¡- p-t¼mÄ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ s\K- Hcp sk¡ân Hgp-Inb sshZypXNmÀPv =
äohv sSÀan-\-enÂ\n¶v t]mkn-äohv 10
= 2 C/s
sSÀan\- e- nt- e¡v {Ia-ambn Nen¡- m³ 5

XpS-§p-¶p. F¶m Ah-bpsS kp- Hcp sk¡ân Hcp Nme-I-¯neqsS Hgp-Ip¶ sshZypX-
K-a-amb \o¡s¯ Nme-I-¯nse NmÀPnsâ Af-hmWv sshZypX{]hmlXo{hX AsænÂ
t]mknä- ohv Atbm-Wp-IÄ XS-Ês- ¸- Idâ .v
Sp-¯p¶p. CXnsâ ^e-ambn Ce- Q Iqtfmw NmÀPv t sk¡â v kabwsIm­v {]h-ln-¨m Hcp
Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS hÀ[n¨ thKw sk¡ân Hgp-Ip¶ sshZypXNmÀPv (Idâ v) F{X?
Ipdbp¶p. F¦nepw Nme-I-¯nse /N|1OTž
"GIW

Hc-{K-¯n Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ¡v e`n- Idâ v (I) = \>IMOd
LBCX
¡p¶ XÅÂ XÂk-abw c­m-
as¯ A{K-¯n A\p-`h- s- ¸-Sp-¶p. Q
AXm-bXv
AXn-\m Nme-I-¯n-te¡v IS- =
t
¡p¶ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-If- Ã c­m-as¯ Q
A{K-¯nÂ\n¶p ]pd¯p IS-¡p-¶- AXm-b-Xv, I = t
Xv. Nme-I¯nt- e¡p {]th-in¡- p-¶- /N|1OTž
CR8O W
{Xbpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ AtX ka- Idânsâ bqWnäv = LBCkOTž
CR8O W
b¯v Xncn¨v t{kmX-Ên-se-¯p-¶p.
Cu Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ hfsc Ipdª *RUGNX
thK-¯n (0.01m/s) (Drift velocity) = TL]žW
Nme-I-¯n-eqsS {Un^väv sN¿p-¶p. = #xOC|
A
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS Cu \nc-§n-\o-
§Âaqew skÀ¡o-«n-eqsS {]Imi- A½o-äÀ, kzn¨v, skÂ,
{]th-K-¯n sshZypX-knKv\ _Ä_v F¶nh t{iWn- sk _Ä_v
ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. sshZyp-X- -bm-bn DÄs¸-Sp¯n Hcp
hmln-bmb Hcp Nme-I-¡-¼n-bpsS skÀ¡o«v {Iao-Ic- n¡- p-¶-
Acn-In-eqsS \S-¡p¶ Hcm-fpsS Xnsâ Nn{Xw hc-bv¡p-I.
thKw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS Ne-\-th- kzn¨v
K-t¯-¡mÄ \qdp-a-S§v IqSp-X-em- A½o-äÀ
sW¶v HmÀ¡p-at- Ãm. Nn{Xw 6.7
\n§Ä hc¨ skÀ¡o«,v Nn{Xw 6.7 -ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv icn-bmb
hn[¯n skÀ¡o«v \nÀan-¡pI. kzn¨v Hm¬ sNbvXv A½o-äÀ doUnMv
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯q.
110
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
t{iWo-co-Xn-bn skÃpI-fp- sS F®w hÀ[n-¸n¨v Ah skÀ¡o-
«n DÄs¸-Sp-¯q. {]hÀ¯\w BhÀ¯n¨pt\m¡q.
A½o-äÀ (Ammeter)
skÃp-I-fpsS F®w A½o-äÀ doUnMv
1
2
3
]«nI 6.4
Ce-Iv{SnIv Idâ v Af-¡p-¶X- n-
$ skÃp-I-fpsS F®w hÀ[n-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ A½o-äÀ doUn-§n \pÅ D]-Ic- W - a- mWv A½o-äÀ.
F´p amä-amWv D­m-bXv? Cu D]-Ic- W- ¯- nsâ t]mkn-äohv
sSÀan-\e- ns\ skÃnsâ t]mkn-
$ _Ä_nsâ {]Im-i-Xo-{h-X-bntem? äo-hn-t\mSpw s\K-äohv sSÀan-\-
ens\ skÃnsâ s\K- ä o- h n-
t\mSpw _Ôn-¸n-¡W - w. A½o-
$ Idâpw {]ImiXo{h-Xbpw X½n F§s\ _Ô-s¸-«ncn- äÀ skÀ¡o-«n t{iWn-bmbn
¡p¶p? DÄs¸-Sp-¯W - w. CXnse kqNn
Idâns\ ASn-Øm-\s- ¸-Sp¯n
A½o-äÀ doUnMv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv _Ä_n¡qSn {]h-ln¨ Nen-¡p-¶p. kqNn-bpsS Øm\w
t\m¡n Idâ v Af-¡mw.
Idâm-Wv. Idânsâ Afhv IqSp-¶X- \- p-kc- n¨v _Ä_nsâ {]Im- Idânsâ bqWnäv B¼n-bÀ (A)
iXo{h-Xbpw IqSp-¶p. BWv. CXns\ C/s F¶pw Fgp-
$ Hcp Nme-I-¯n¡qSn 10 s sIm­v 2 C NmÀPv Hgp-Ip¶p Xmw.
F¦n skÀ¡o-«nse Idâ v F{X? mA (anÃn B¼n- b À), μ A
Hcp Nme-I-¯n-eqsS sshZypXn {]h-ln-¡-W-sa-¦n AXnsâ (ssat{Im B¼n-bÀ) F¶nh
A{K-§Ä¡n-S-bn Hcp s]m«³jy hyXymkw D­m-I-W- Idânsâ sNdnb bqWn-äp-I-
sa¶v \mw a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-tÃm. F¦n Idâpw s]m«³jy fmWv. A½oä-dnsâ kqNIw
hyXym-khpw X½n Fs´-¦nepw _Ô-apt­m? ]cn-tim- A BWv.
[n¨pt\m¡mw.
Hmw \nbaw (Ohm's Law)
Hcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXp-t\m-¡mw.
\nt{Imw I¼n (\ofw 30 cm), skÂ, kzn¨v, A½o-äÀ, thmÄ«v
ao-äÀ F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp¯n Hcp sshZypX skÀ¡o-«v hc-bv¡pI.
\n§Ä hc¨ skÀ¡o«v Ub{Kw, X¶n-cn-¡p¶ skÀ¡o«p-
ambn (Nn{Xw 6.8) Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv icn-sb¶v Dd¸phcp-¯n
CtXco-Xn-bn skÀ¡o«v \nÀan¨v Idâ v (I), s]m«³jyÂ
hyXymkw (V) F¶nh Af¶v ]«n-I- 6.5 Â FgpXp-I.
t{iWo-co-Xn-bn skÃp-I-fpsS F®w hÀ[n-¸n¨v {]hÀ¯\w IT @ School Edubuntu
BhÀ¯n-¡q. hn PhET se Ohm's
Law F¶ `mKw
ImWp-I.
111
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
\nt{Imw I¼n

thmÄ«v aoäÀ
kzn¨v Nn{Xw 6.8 A½oäÀ
skÂ
]«nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Is­-¯-ep-IÄ FgpXp-I.
V
{Ia skÃp-I-fpsS V I
I
\¼À F®w thmÄ«v B¼-nbÀ

1 1
2 2
3 3
]«nI 6.5
$ thmÄt«Pv IqSp-¶X
- \
- p-kc- n¨v Idân F´p amäap­mbn?
$ V
I
bpsS aqey-¯n\v Fs´-¦nepw {]tXy-IX ImWp-
¶pt­m?
thmÄt«Pv IqSp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v Idâ v IqSpw.
V∝ I
V = Hcp Ønc-kwJy × I

V
I
Hcp Ønc-kwJy
=
Cu Ønc-kw-Jy-bmWv Nme-I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm[w. CXv R F¶
A£cwsIm­v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
V
∴R=
I
Xm]-\ne Ønc-am-bn-cp-¶m Hcp Nme-I¯ - neqsS-bpÅ Idâ v
AXnsâ c­-{K-§Ä¡n-S-bn-epÅ s]m«³jy hyXym-k-
¯n\v t\À A\p- ] m- X - ¯ n- e m- b n- c n- ¡ pw. AXm- b Xv ,
s]m«³jy hyXym-khpw Idâpw X½n-epÅ A\p-]mXw
Hcp Ønc-kw-Jy-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.
tPmÀPv sska¬ Hmw F¶ imkv{X-Ú-\mWv CXp Is­-
¯n-b-Xv. AXn-\m CXv Hmw \nbaw F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Hcp \nÝnX {]Xn-tcm[w Hcp skÀ¡o-«n DÄs¸-Sp-¯m-
\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Nme-I-§sf {]Xn-tcm-[Iw (dkn-ÌÀ)
F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ {]XoIw BWv.

112
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

$ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS e`n¨ hnh-c-§Ä (]«nI 6.5) ASn-

Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n Hcp V - I {Km^v hc-bv¡p-I. X - A£- tPmÀPv sska¬ Hmw
(1789 --1854)
¯n I bpw Y A£-¯n V Dw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
$ \n§Ä¡v e`n¨ {Km^v Hcp t\Àtc-J-bmtWm?
$ {Km^v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hmw \nb-a-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw
sN¿p-I.
UIN€Ug1OTž CR8O W
{]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ bqWnäv = *EžOTž CR8O W
tPmÀPv sska¬ Hmw {]kn²-
= thmÄ«v/B¼n-bÀ PÀa³ `uXnIimkv { X- Ú -
thmÄ«v/B¼n-bÀ F¶Xv Hmw F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXnsâ \mWv. FÀem³P³ bqWn-th-
{]XoIw Ω (HtaK F¶ {Ko¡v A£cw) BWv. 1 Ω = 1V/1A gv k n- ä n- b n KWnXm[ym- ] - I -
BW-tÃm. CXnÂ\n¶v Hcp Hmw {]Xn-tcm[w F¶-Xp-sIm­v \mbn \nb-an-X-\m-b Hmw

F´mWv AÀY-am-¡p-¶Xv? ]n¶oSv ayqWnIv bqWn-th-gk

v n-
än- b n DuÀP- X {´w hn`m- K -
Hcp Nme-I¯
- nsâ A{K-§Ä¡n-Sb
- n- 1 thmÄ«v s]m«³- ¯nse s{]m^-kÀ Bbn \nb-
jy hyXymkw DÅ-t¸mÄ, AXn-eqsS Hgp-Ip¶ Idâ v 1 an-X\
- mbn.
B¼n-bÀ BsW-¦n Nme-I¯
- nsâ {]Xn-tcm[w 1 Hmw Bbn- s]m«³jy hyXym-kw,
cn-¡pw. Idâ v , {]Xn- t cm[w F¶nh
X½n-epÅ _Ôw Is­-¯n-
Hmw \nb-a-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ, Xmsg sImSp-¯ ]«nI
bXv At±-l-am-Wv. CXv Hmw
]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I. \nbaw F¶ t]cn Adn-b-
thmÄ«X Idâ v (I) {]Xn-tcm[w (R) s¸-Sp-¶p. Ct±-l-¯nt\mSpÅ
(thmÄ«v V) (B¼n-bÀ A) (Hmw Ω ) BZ-c-kq-N-I-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[-
¯nsâ bqWn-än\v "Hmw' F¶
I2 ............... 4
t]cp \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
.............. 2 3
6 3 ...............
]«nI 6.6
{]Xn-tcm-[-I-§Ä (Resistors)
Nn{X-¯n ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp skÀ¡o«v Xbm-dm-
¡p-I.

ac- ¸ - e - I - b n Dd- ¸ n- ¨ n- c n- ¡ p¶ hnhn[ Nme- I - § fmWv PA

(Ccp-¼v), PB (Aep-an-\n-bw), PC, PD, PE F¶nh \nt{Imw BIp-
¶p. PA, PB, PC, PD F¶nh-bpsS \ofw Xpey-amWv. PE ¡vv Cc-
«n-\o-f-ap-­v. PD ¡v aäp Nme-I-§fpsS Cc«n I\-ap-­v. skÀ¡o-
«nse J F¶ A{Kw A, B, C, D, E A{K-§-fn Hmtcm-¶n-embn
kv]Àin¨v Hmtcm kµÀ`-¯nepw In«p¶ A½oäÀ doUn§p-
IÄ ]«n-I-bn FgpXp-I.

113
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

UnPnä-  aÄ«nao-äÀ A
B
Unkvt¹ P C
D
^Mvj³ Bâv E
sdbv©v kzn¨v
J

Nn{Xw 6.9
¹Kv C³ Pm¡v
tIma¬ Pm¡v {Ia skÀ¡o-«n hcp¶ A½o-äÀ
-\-¼À {]Xn-tcm[Iw doUnMv (A)
Cu D]-Ic- Ww DCbpsS thmÄ-t«Pv, 1. Ccp¼v (PA)
Idâ v, ACbpsS thmÄt«Pv, Idâ v, 2. Aep-an-\nbw (PB)
Nme-I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm[w XpS-§n- 3. \nt{Imw (PC)
bh Af-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
$ ^Mvj³ Bâ v sdbv©v kzn¨v: 4. \nt{Imw (PD)
Af- t ¡- ­ - X mb ^Mv j ³, 5. \nt{Imw (PE)
AXnsâ sdbv©v F¶nh {Iao- ]«nI 6.7
I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v. ]«n-I-bnÂ\n¶p e`n¨ hnh-c-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n
$ Unkvt¹: aqeyw t\cn«v UnPn-ä hÀ¡vjoäv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
Bbn ImWn-¡p-¶p. $ Hmtcm kµÀ`-¯nepw _Ä_nsâ {]ImiXo{hX Hcp
$ tIma¬ Pm¡v : s\K-äohv sSÌv t]mse-bm-tWm?
eoUv (Idp-¸v)
$ ¹Kv C³ I­-IvSÀ : t]mkn-äohv $ Htc I\-¯nepw \of-¯n-ep-apÅ hnhn[ C\w Nme-I-
sSÌv eoUv (Nph-¸v) §Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-b-t¸mÄ A½o-äÀ doUnMv Hcp-
$ ¹Kv C³ Pm¡v: 10 A Idân\v t]mse Bbn-cpt¶m?
(Nph¸v)
$ Pm¡p-IÄ: bYm-hn[w LSn-¸n¨v $ Htc Nme-I-¯nsâXs¶ tOZ-Xe]c-¸-fhn (I\-
Af-t¡­Xmb ^Mvj\nte¡v ¯nÂ) amäw hcp-¯n-b-t¸mÄ A½o-äÀ doUn-§nÂ
kzn¨v Xncn¨Xn\p- t ijw h¶ amä-sa´v?
Pm¡nsâ A{K-§Ä kv]Àin¨v
doUnMv I­v a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-
Xm-Wv. $ Htc Nme- I - ¯ nsâXs¶ \of- ¯ n amäw hcp-
¯nbt¸mÄ A½o- ä À doUn§n amäw ht¶m?
Ipdn¡q.
$ Hmtcm kµÀ`- ¯ nepw \ÂInb s]m«³j- y Â
hy-Xymkw Hcp-t]mse Bbn-cpt¶m?
$ Hmw \nbaw A\p-k-cn¨v V/I Hcp Ønc-kw-Jy ({]Xn-
tcm[w R) Bbn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. At¸mÄ ChnsS A½o-
äÀ doUnMv I bn h¶ amä-§Ä¡v Imc-W-sa-´v?
114
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Hcp 6 V _Ä_v Hcp 6 V t{kmX-Êp-ambn kzn¨v hgn LSn-¸n-¡p-I.
kzn¨v Hm^m-bn-cn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-bn aÄ«n-ao-äÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨v _Ä_nsâ {]Xn-
tcm[w Af-¡q. C\n kzn¨v HmWm-¡n Hcp an\näv t\cw _Ä_v {]Imin¸n¡q.
AXn\ptijw kzn¨v Hm^m¡n DS³Xs¶ {]Xn-tcm[w Af¡q.
$ c­p L«-¯nepw Htc {]Xn-tcm-[-amtWm e`n-¨Xv?
$ _Ä_v HmWm-¡nbXn\p-tijw ^ne-saânsâ Xm]-\ne IqSntbm- AtXm
Ipd-tªm?
$ Xm]-\ne IqSn-b-t¸mÄ {]Xn-tcm[w IqSntbm Ipdtªm?
]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨ hÀ¡vjo-änsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm-
[s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä FgpXq.
$ tOZ-X-e-]c-¸-fhv
$ ]ZmÀY-¯nsâ kz-`mhw
$
teml-§-fn Xm]-\ne IqSp-t¼mÄ {]Xn-tcm[w hÀ[n-¡p-¶p.
Hcp skÀ¡o-«nse Idâ v \nb-{´n-¡p¶-Xn {]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ ]¦v F´m-
sW¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
\mw \S-¯nb ap³{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n (Nn{Xw 6.9) Nme-I-¯nsâ J A{Kw \nt{Im-
ansâ E A{K-¯n kv]Àin¨v AhnsS\n¶v kmh-[m\w P hsc \o¡ns¡m-
­phcpI. \nco-£-W-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
$ _Ä_nsâ {]ImiXo{h-X-bn F´p -am-ä-amWv D­mIp-¶Xv?

$ Cu amä-¯n\v Imc-W-sa-´m-bn-cn¡pw?

s]m«³j-y hy-X-ymkw Ønc-am-bn-cp-¶m {]Xn-tcm-[hpw Idâpw hn]-coX

A\p-]m-X¯- n-em-bn-cn-¡pw. Htc tOZ-Xe]c-¸f- h
- pÅ Hcp Nme-I¯
- nsâ \ofhpw
AXnsâ {]Xn-tcm-[hpw t\À A\p-]m-X-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡pw.
Cu X¯-z-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp D]-I-c-W-amWv dntbm-
Ìm-äv (Rheostat).
Hcp dntbm-Ìm-änsâ D]-tbm-K-sa-s´¶v t\m¡mw.
S
D C

A B
dntbm-Ìm-äv
Nn{Xw 6.10

115
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Nn{X-¯nse AB Hcp C³kp-te-ä-dnsâ ]pd¯p Npän-bn-cn-¡p¶ {]Xn-
tcm-[I - ¼n (wire) BWv. CD F¶ Nme-I¯
- ¡ - n-eqsS k¼À¡Iw (Sliding
contact) S Nen-¸n-¡p¶Xp-hgn skÀ¡o-«nse {]Xn-tcm[w {Ia-ambn
hyXym-k-s¸-Sp¯m³ Ign-bp-¶p. {]Xn-tcm-[-¯n hcp¶ Cu amäw
skÀ¡o-«nse Idâns\ \nb-{´n-¡p-¶p. dntbm-Ìm-änsâ {]XoIw
BWv.
_Ä_v, skÂ, A½o-äÀ, dntbm-Ìmäv, kzn¨v F¶nh t{iWo-cn-Xn-bnÂ
DÄs¸Sp¶ Hcp skÀ¡o«v \nÀan-¡p-I. dntbm-Ìm-änsâ k¼À¡Iw {Ia-
ambn \o¡n _Ä_nsâ {]Im-i-¯n hcp¶ amäw \nco-£n-¡q.
Hcp skÀ¡o-«nse {]Xn-tcm[w {Ia-ambn amäw hcp¯n
Idâns\ \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-amWv dntbm-Ìm-äv.
Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm-[-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]«n-I-bmWv Xmsg
sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. DNnXamb coXn-bn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI.

At¿m! F´p \ofw (l)

{]bmkw!
tOZ-Xe {]Xn-tcm[w
m ]c-¸-fhv (A) m2 (R) Ω
1 1 R

lmbvfp¸w!
Fs´- ! 2 1 2R

1 2 ½R

2 2 ...............
1 ½ ...............
]«nI 6.8
]qÀ¯n-bm-¡nb ]«nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-§Ä Ipdn-¡q.
Hcp NmeI-¯nsâ \ofw ( l ) IqSp-t¼mÄ {]Xn-tcm[w IqSp-Ibpw tOZXe
]c-¸-fhv (A) IqSp-t¼mÄ {]Xn-tcm[w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
IqSmsX R α A
1
R ∝ l

AXm-bXv R ∝ A
l

R = Hcp ØnckwJy ×
l
A
(ØnckwJ-y-bmbn kqNn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ρ (tdm) F¶
l
R = ρ
A
{Ko¡v A£-c-am-Wv).
A§-s\-sb-¦n ρ = l
RA

116
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
ρ F¶Xv NmeIw \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-¯nsâ sdkn-Ìn-
hnän BWv.
R Ω {]Xn-tcm-[-apÅ Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ \ofw 1 m Dw tOZ-
I­-IvSn-hnän
Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ sdkn-Ìn-hn-
Xe ]c-¸f- hv 1 m Dw BsW¦n CXv \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-
än-bpsS hypÂ{I-as¯ B
2

¯nsâ sdkn-Ìn-hnän IW-¡m-¡p-I. Nme-I-¯nsâ I­-IvSn-hnän

\ofw l = 1 m F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. CXp kqNn-
tOZ-X-e-]c-¸-fhv A =1 m ¸n-¡p¶ {]XoIw σ (knKva
2
F¶ {Kn¡v A£-c-w BWv-v).
sdkn-Ìn-hnän ρ = RAl = R l×1 σ = ρ At¸mÄ
1

Cu KWnX{]iv\-¯n ρ = R F¶p In«n-btÃm. F¦n I­-IvSn-hn-än-bpsS bqWnäv =

ρ =R

sdkn-Ìn-hn-än¡v Hcp \nÀh-N\w cq]o-I-cn-¡q. 

TELOˆOIO OCQT4
CR8O W
bqWnäv tOZ-X-e-]c-¸fhpw bqWnäv \of-hp-apÅ Hcp Nme-
I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm-[-amWv sdkn-Ìn-hn-än. \nÝnX Xm]- = Ω1m = Ω −1
m −1
\n-eb- n-epÅ Hcp ]ZmÀY-¯nsâ sdkn-Ìn-hnän Ønc-amWv.
hy-X-ykvX ]ZmÀY-§Ä¡v hyX-ykvX sdkn-Ìn-hnänbmbn-
cn¡pw.
sdkn-Ìn-hn-än-bpsS bqWnäv =
\>9OUDN<k OTž CR8O W × U0;9F>DtGIOTž
CR8O W

=PGkOTž
CR8O W

Ω×m
=
2
= Ωm
m
sdkn-Ìn-hn-än-bpsS bqWnäv Ω m BIp-¶p.

117
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

sshZyp-Xn-bp-ambn _Ôs¸« Nne D]-I-c-W-§Ä (Tools ) ]cn-N-b-s¸Smw

[mcmfw sshZypX D]-I-c-W-§Ä \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-

¶p-­tÃm. C¯cw D]-Ic- W- §
- Ä sshZyp-Xs- se-\p-ambn LSn-¸n-¡p-¶X- n\pw
Ah-bpsS Aä-Ip-ä-¸Wn \S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw hyXykvX D]I-c-W§-Ä Bh-
iy-ambnhcm-dp-­-tÃm. Ah GsX-Ãm-sa¶v ]«n-I-bn sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
kv{Iqss{UhÀ kv{Iq Dd-¸n-¡m\pw Agn-s¨-Sp-¡m\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p. ]e
hep-¸-¯n-epÅ kv{Iqss{Uh-dp-Ifp­v.
-, +, * F¶o BIr-Xn-I-fn-epÅ A{K-t¯mSp IqSnbh hnhn[
Xcw kv{Iq LSn-¸n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

sshZypX sSÌÀ hoSp-I-fnepw aäp-apÅ D]-I-c-W-§-fntem tkm¡-äntem Idâ v

F¯p-¶pt­m F¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ch-
bn NneXv kv{Iqss{Uh-dmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. Idânsâ
km¶n-[y-ap-s­-¦n sSÌdn-\p-Ånse _Ä_v {]Im-in-¡p-¶p.
hbÀ kv{Sn¸À C³kp-te-j\pÅ Ce-Iv{SnIvhb-dp-IÄ Iq«ntbmPn-¸n-t¡­n
hcp-t¼mgpw Ch D]-I-c-W-§-fn LSn-¸n-t¡­n hcpt¼mgpw
hb-dpI-fpsS C³kp-te-j³ \o¡w sN¿m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p.
s¹bÀ hb-dp-IÄ Iq«n-¸n-cn-¡p-I, apdn¡p-I, Dd-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ `mK-§Ä
Cf-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-I F¶n-h-bv¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. ]e BIr-Xn-
bn-epw hep-¸-¯n-epapÅ s¹b-dp-IÄ e`y-amWv.

¥ukv (ssIbp-d) sshZyp-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä sN¿p-t¼mÄ

tjmt¡Â¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ ap³I-cp-Xs- e¶ \ne-bn ssIbn-
en-Sp-¶p.

aÄ«n-ao-äÀ skÀ¡o-«nse Idâ v, thmÄt«Pv, {]Xn-tcm[w F¶nh Af-

¡m\pw skÀ¡o«v Xpd-¶-XmtWm AS-ª-XmtWm skÀ¡o-
«nse Fs´-¦nepw IW-£³ hn«p-t]m-bn-«pt­m F¶p a\-
Ên-em-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. IqSmsX Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
skÀ¡o-«nse hnhn[ LS-I-§Ä icn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶pt­m F¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡m\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

118
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

¢m¼v A½o-äÀ skÀ¡o-«nse hb-dp-amtbm D]-I-c-W-hp-amtbm _Ôn-

¸n¡msX skÀ¡o-«n-eq-sS-bpÅ Idâ v Af-¡m³ klm-
bn-¡p-¶p.

C³kp-te-j³ tS¸v hb-dp-IÄ X½n _Ôn¸n¡pt¼mtgm D]-I-c-W-hp-ambn

LSn-¸n--¡p-t¼mtgm C³kp-te-j³ \jvSs¸-Sp¶ `mK¯v
C³kp-te-j³ \ÂIm³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

kv]m\À \«pw t_mÄ«pw Dd-¸n-¡m\pw Agn-s¨-Sp-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p-¶p. hnhn[ hep¸-¯n-epÅ kv]m\-dp-Ifp­v.

tkmÄU-dnMv Ab¬ skÀ¡o-«nse Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv LS-I§

- Ä hnf-¡n-t¨À¡m³
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

lmaÀ BWnbSn-¡m\pw Ducn-sb-Sp-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.

{Un sajo³ Dd-¸p-Iq-Snb {]Xe--§-fn Zzmc-§-fnS-m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

kv{Iq LSn¸n-¡m\pw Agn-¡m\pw Ch D]-tbm-Kn¡m-dp-
­v.

119
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
hne-bn-cp-¯mw
1. DNnXamb coXn-bn ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
LSIw Af-¡p¶ D]-I-cWw bqWnäv

s]m«³jy-Â PqÄ/Iqtfmw
hyXymkw

A½o-äÀ B¼n-bÀ
2. skÀ¡o-«n A½o-äÀ, thmÄ«v aoäÀ F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xnsâ
tcJm-Nn-{X-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CXn icn-bmb skÀ¡o-«p-
IÄ GsX-Ãm-amWv?

3. ]«nI ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-I. NmeIw \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Htc ]ZmÀYw-

sIm-­m-Wv.
Nme-I¯
- nsâ \ofw Nme-I¯
- nsâ tOZ-Xe Nme-I¯
- nsâ {]Xn-tcm[w
hnkvXoÀWw
1 cm 2 cm2 10 Ω
2 cm ...... 20 Ω
1 cm 4 cm2 .....

120
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
.
4 Hcp sshZypX skÀ¡o-«nse A F¶ _nµp-hn \n¶p 10 Iqtfmw
sshZyp-X-NmÀPvv B F¶ _nµp-hn-se-¯n-¡m³ 100 PqÄ {]hr¯n
sNbvXp-sh-¦n A, B F¶o _nµp-¡Ä¡n-S-bnse s]m«³jy³
hyXym-kw F{X?
.
5 9 V s]m«³jy³ hyXym-k-¯n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Hcp Ce-IvtSm-
Wn¡v D]-I-c-W-¯n 6 sshZypX skÃp-IÄ t{iWn-bn-emWv
LSn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F¦n Hcp skÃnsâ emf F{X?
6 Hcp sshZypX skÀ¡o-«n _Ôn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ A½o-ä-dn 2 A
doUnMv ImWn-¡p-¶p. F¦n A½o-äd- n-eqsS 10 sk¡â v sIm­v
F{X-NmÀPv HgpIpw?
.
7 Hcp NmeIw hen¨p\o«n-b-t¸mÄ AXnsâ \ofw Cc-«n-bmbn
amdn. F¦n Nme-I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm-[w F{X- a-S-§mbn amdpw?
.
8

Y Y

V V
↑ ↑
X X
O I O I
↑
↑

(a) (b)
X¶n-cn-¡p¶ {Km^p-Ifn Hmw \nb-a-¯nsâ {Km^v GXmWv?
\n§-fpsS D¯-cw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I.
9. 5 Ω {]Xn-tcm-[-apÅ Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ \ofw 2 m Dw tOZ-Xe
]c-¸-fhv 2 m Dw BWv. F¦n CXv \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-
2

¯nsâ sdknÌnhnän IW-¡m¡p-I.

10. 6 tSmÀ¨v skÃp-Isf 9 V k^e thmÄ«X e-`n-¡p¶ hn[w Hcp
_Ä_pw kzn¨pambn _Ôn- ¸ n- ¡ p¶ skÀ¡o«v Ub{Kw
hc-bv¡pI.
XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
1 . Hcp 3 V tSmÀ¨v_Ä_v 3 V skÃp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡q. XpSÀ¶v
skÃv skÀ¡o-«n hn]-coXZni-bn sshZypXn HgpIpwhn[w
_Ôn-¸n-¡p-I. c­p kµÀ`-§-fn-ep-apÅ \nco-£Ww kb-³kv
Ub-dn-bn FgpXp-I. XpSÀ¶v tSmÀ¨v _Ä_n\p ]I-c-ambn Hcp
LED _Ôn- ¸ n¨v ]co- £ Ww BhÀ¯n¨v \nco- £ W^ew
FgpXpI.

121
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

2. Hcp 12 V sk tSmÀ¨v _Ä_p-ambn dntbm-Ìm-äv, A½o-äÀ, thmÄ«vao-

äÀ XpS-§n-bh- bp-ambn Hcp kzn¨v apJm-´cw _Ôn-¸n-¡p-I. hyXykvX
thmÄ«-X-bn A½o-äÀ doUnMv tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n Hcp ]«nI cq]o-I-cn-
¡p-I. XpSÀ¶v Idâ v X A£-¯nepw thmÄ«X Y A£-¯nepw
tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n {Km^v hc-bv¡p-I.
3. 1 m, 2 m F¶n§s\ \of-apÅ \nt{Imw I¼nI-fpsS {]Xn-tcm[w
Hcp UnPn- ä  aÄ«n- a o- ä À D]- t bm- K n¨v Is­¯p- I . XpSÀ¶v
\of-hpw {]Xn-tcm-[-hpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-I.
4. 10 cm \of-apÅ Hcp Nme-I-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm[w 12 Ω BIp-¶p.
CXns\ Xpey-\ofw hc-¯-¡-hn[w c­mbn aS¡n skÀ¡o-«nÂ
DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bm CXv krjvSn-¡p¶ {]Xn-tcm[w F{X?

122
IfnhÅap­m¡n Ipf-¯n-en« Ip«n AXns\ AI-te¡p \o¡m-\mbn shÅ-
¯n Hmf-§Ä D­m-¡n-s¡m-­n-cn¡p-¶p. apI-fn-te¡pw Xmtg¡pw Nen-
¡p¶XÃmsX Ifn-hÅw AI-te¡p \o§p-¶n-Ã. F´m-bn-
cn¡pw Imc-Ww?
\nÝ-e-amb Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯n Hcp IÃn-Sp-t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Hmf-
§Ä \n§Ä I­n-«p-­m-hpw. IÃn-Sp-t¼m-gp-­m-Ip¶ hnt£m`w
F§-s\-bmWv aäp `mK-§-fn-te¡p hym]n-¡p-¶Xv? Ch Htc tI{µ-
¯nÂ\n¶v hnI-kn¨phcp¶ he-b§ - fmbn-«m-WtÃm hym]\w sN¿p-
¶-Xv. Cu Pe-X-cw-K-§-fn PeIWn-I-I-fpsS Ne\w F{]-Im-c-am-
sW¶p t\m¡mw.
Hcp {S^n ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Pe-sa-Sp¯v AXnÂ
Ipd¨v sXÀtamtImÄ t_mfp-IÄ CSp-I.
Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯n hncÂsIm­v Hmf-§-fp-­m-
¡p-I.
F´p \nco-£n-¡p-¶p?
hnt£m`w AXnsâ DÛ-h-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶p aäp
`mK-§-fn-te¡p hym]n-¨Xv I­-tÃm. CXmWv
Xcw-K-N-e-\w. Nn{Xw 7.1
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
$ sXÀtam-tImÄ t_mfp-IÄ¡v Øm\m-´cNe\w D­mtbm?
$ Pe-¯nse Hmtcm I-Wn-Ibv¡pap-­mb Ne\w F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn¡pw?
Pe-I-Wn-IIÄ AX-Xnsâ Øm\-¯p-\n¶v taÂt¸m«pw Iogvt¸m«pw Nen-
¡p-¶-XÃmsX Xcw-K-¯nsâ Ne-\-Zn-i-bn Ahbv¡v Øm\m-´cw D­m-
Ip-¶n-Ã. am[y-a-¯nsâ Hcp `mK¯v \ÂIp¶ DuÀPw asämcp `mK-t¯¡v
F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀK-§-fn H¶m-WtÃm XcwK-N-e-\w. Xcw-K-N-e-\-
¯n am[y-a¯ - nse Hcp IWn-Ibv¡v e`n-¡p¶ DuÀPw sXm«-Sp-¯X
- n-te¡pw
AhnsS-\n¶p XpSÀ¶pw ssIamdn-s¡m­v FÃmbnS-t¯¡pw hym]n-¡p-¶p.
Xcw-K-N-e\w (Wave motion)
IWnI-IfpsS I¼\waqew am[y-a-¯nsâ Hcp `mK-¯p-­m-Ip¶ hnt£m`w
aäp `mK-§-fn-te¡p hym]n-¡p-¶-XmWv Xcw-K-N-e\w.
\n§Ä¡v ]cn-N-b-apÅ Xcw-K-§Ä¡v DZm-l-cW§Ä FgpXnt\m¡q.
$ Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯n cq]wsImÅp¶ XcwKw
$ tdUn-tbm-X-cwKw
$ {]Im-i-X-cwKw
$ i_vZ-X-cwKw
Cu Xcw-K-§Äs¡Ãmw k©-cn-¡m³ am[yaw Bh-iy-ap-t­m? \ap¡v ]«n-
I-s¸-Sp-¯mw.
k©-cn-¡m³ am[yaw k©-cn-¡m³ am[yaw
Bh-iy-ap-Åh Bh-iy-anÃm-¯h
$ Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯n cq]w $ tdUntbmXcwKw
sImÅp¶ XcwKw
$ $
]«nI 7.1

{]k-c-W-¯n\v am[yaw Bh-iy-amb Xcw-K-§-fmWv bm{´nIXcw-K-§Ä.

bm{´n-I-X-cw-K-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-XÂ a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
bm{´n-I-X-cw-K-§Ä {][m\-ambpw c­p hn[-ap-­v.
(1) A\p-{]-Ø-X-cwKw
(2) A\p-ssZÀLy-X-cwKw.

A\p-{]-Ø-X-cwKw (Transverse wave)

\ap-s¡mcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXpt\m¡mw.

124
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

Nn{Xw 7.2
Ib-dnsâ Hc{Kw P\¡¼n-bn sI«nbpd¸n-¡p-I. Ib-dn Hcp dn_tWm
t]¸tdm hyà-ambn ImW-¯-¡-hn[w Npän Dd-¸n-¡p-I. Ib-dnsâ kzX{´
A{K¯n ]nSn¨v apI-fn-te¡pw Xmtg¡pw Nen-¸n-¡p-I. cq]-s¸-Sp¶ XcwK
Ne\w \nco-£n-¡pI.

$ Npänb dn_-¬/t]¸ÀIjW¯nsâ Ne\w F{]-Im-c-amWv?

$ Xcw-K-¯nsâ Ne-\-Zn-itbm?

Ib-dn Xcw-Ka
- p-­m-bt
- ¸mÄ dn_¬ Db-cp-Ibpw Xmgp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶X
- Ã
- msX
Ib-dnÂ\n¶p dn_-Wnsâ Øm\w amdp-¶n-Ã. Xcw-K-¯nsâ t{]j-W-Zn-ibv¡v
ew_-ambn dn_¬ I¼\wsN¿p-¶p. AXm-bXv Ib-dnse Hmtcm IWn-Ibpw
Xcw-K-¯nsâ Ne-\-Zn-ibv¡v ew_-ambn Nen-¡p-¶p.

am[y-a-¯nse IWn-I-IÄ Xcw-K-¯nsâ t{]j-W-Zn-ibv¡v ew_-ambn

I¼\wsN¿p¶ Xcw-K-§-fmWv A\p-{]-Ø-X-cw-K-§Ä.
Ptem]cnX-e-¯n-ep-­mb hnt£m-`-¯n\v Ifn-h-©nsb AI-te¡v F¯n-
¡m³ Ign-bm-¯Xv F´p-sIm-­m-sW¶v C\n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m-atÃm.

Xcw-K-§fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
BbXn (Amplitude )

Xpe\Øm\¯p\n¶v Hcp IWn-Ibv¡v D­m-Ip¶ Gähpw IqSnb Øm\m-

´-c-amWv Bb-Xn. CXv a F¶ A£cwsIm­mWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
XcwKssZÀLyw (Wavelength)

am[y-a-¯nse IWnI Hcp I¼\w ]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨ kabwsIm­v XcwKw k©-

cn-¡p¶ Zqc-amWv Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw. CXv kam\ I¼-\m-h-Ø-bn-epÅ ASp-
¯- S p¯ c­p IWn- I - I Ä X½n- e pÅ AI- e - ¯ n\p Xpey- a m- W v .
XcwKssZÀLys¯ kqNn-¸n-¡m³ λ (emwU) F¶ {Ko¡v A£cw D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ bqWnäv aoäÀ (m) BIp-¶p.

125
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
]ncn-bUv (Period)

Xcw-Kw k©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ am[y-a-¯nse Hcp IWnI Hcp I¼\w ]qÀ¯n-

bm-¡m³ FSp-¡p¶ ka-b-amWv Xcw-K-¯nsâ ]ncn-b-Uv. CXv T F¶
A£cwsIm­mWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]ncn-b-Unsâ bqWnäv sk¡â v (s)
BIp-¶p.
Bhr¯n (Frequency)

Hcp sk¡ân-ep-­m-Ip¶ I¼-\-§-fpsS F®-amWv Bhr-¯n.

( ) *x = cGQT4
'jX
n
Bhr¯n ( f ) = *x =c€
%iN*No
'4Qk
LBCX (t )
Bhr¯nbpw ]ncn-bUpw ]c-kv]cw _Ôs¸-Sp-¯n-bmÂ
f = Fs¶-gpXmw.
1
T
Bhr-¯n-bpsS bqWnäv slSvkv (Hz) BIp-¶p.
Xcw-K-thKw (Speed of wave)
Hcp sk¡â vsIm­v XcwKw k©-cn-¡p¶ Zqc-amWv Xcw-K-th-Kw.
thKw IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ka-hmIyw FgpXnt\m¡q.
thKw = ............
............
$ Hcp ]ncn-bUv (T) kabwsIm­v XcwKw k©-cn-¡p¶ Zqc-am-WtÃm
Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw (λ).
λ
F¦nÂ, Xcw-K-thKw = T

v=
1
×λ
T
AXm-b-Xv, v = fλ
thK¯nsâ bqWnäv m/s BIp-¶p.
$ A\p-{]-Ø-X-cw-K-¯nsâ Hcp {]tXyI ka-b¯pÅ {Km^nIv Nn{Xo-
I-cWw sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv \nco-£n-¡p-I.
A E I M
λ
→
Øm\m-´cw

B D F H J L
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Zqcw14(m)

λ
C G K
Nn{Xw 7.3
126
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Nn{X-¯n Xpe-\-Øm-\¯p\n¶v DbÀ¶p\n¡p¶ `mK-§-fmWv
irwK§Ä, Xmgv¶p \n¡p¶ `mK-§-fmWv KÀ¯-§Ä.
$ Nn{X-¯n IqSnb Øm\m-´-c-¯n-epÅ (BbXnbnepÅ) _nµp-
¡Ä GsXm-s¡-bmWv?
A, C, ---- , ----, ----, ----
$ Nn{X-¯n F{X irwK-§fpw KÀ¯-§fpap­v?
$ Xcw-KN- e- \- ¯ - n GsX-¦n-ep-samcp {]tXyI ka-b¯v FÃm IWn-
I-Ifpw Htc I¼-\m-h-Ø-bn-emtWm?
$ A F¶ IWn-I-bp-ambn kam\ I¼-\m-h-Ø-bn-epÅ IWn-I-IÄ
GsXÃmw?
$ C bv¡v kam-\-am-b-htbm?
$ Nn{X-¯n X¶n-cn-¡p¶ Xcw-K-¯nsâ XcwKssZÀLyw F{X?
am[y-a-¯nse IWn-I-I-fpsS I¼\waqe-am-WtÃm XcwKw cq]-s¸-Sp-
¶Xv. Nn{X-¯n A F¶ IWnI 5 sk¡âp-sIm­v 100 I¼-\-§Ä
]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p¶p F¦n Xcw-K-¯nsâ Bhr¯n F{X?
................................................................................................

\nÝnX CS-th-f-I-fn-ep-­mb Htc Bb-Xn-bn-epÅ c­p Xcw-K-§-

fpsS {Km^nIv Nn{Xo-I-cWw Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
λ
→
cm
Øm\m-´cw

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Zqcw14(m)

Nn{Xw 7.4 (a)

λ
→
cm
Øm\m-´cw

Zqcw (m)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Nn{Xw 7.4 (b)

$ H¶m-as¯ Xcw-K-¯nsâ Xcw-K-ssZÀLy-sa{X? c­m-at¯Xn-
sâ-tbm?
$ GXp Xcw-K-¯n-\mWv Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw IqSp-XÂ?

127
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
$ 0.25 s sIm­mWv Xcw-K-§Ä C{Xbpw Zqcw (12 m) k©-cn-¨-sX-
¦n Hmtcm Xcw-K-¯n-sâbpw Bhr¯n IW-¡m-¡p-I.
$ Bhr¯n IqSp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Xcw-K-ssZÀLy-¯n\v F´p amä-am-
Wp­mhp-¶Xv? IqSp¶p/Ipd-bp-¶p.
CXnÂ\n¶v Ønc-th-K-¯n-epÅ Xcw-K-¯nsâ Bhr¯n IqSp-t¼mÄ
Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw Ipd-bp-¶p-sh¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. AXm-bXv Bhr-¯n
Xcw-K-ssZÀLy¯n\v hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡pw.
Xmsg sImSp-¯ Xcw-K-N-e-\-¯nsâ {Km^nIv Nn{Xo-I-cWw {i²n-¡q.

2
(cm) →

1 Zqcw (m)
A
Øm\m-´cw

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Nn{Xw 7.5
(a) Xcw-K-¯nsâ BbXn F{XbmWv?
(b) Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw F{X-bmWv?
(c) 0.2 s sIm­mWv XcwKw A bn F¯nbsX-¦n Xcw-K-¯nsâ
Bhr¯n IW-¡m-¡p-I.
(d) XcwKthKw IW-¡m-¡pI.
A\p- { ]- Ø - c q- ] - ¯ n- e - à msX atä- s X- ¦ nepw cq]- ¯ n Xcw- K - § Ä
t{]jWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶pt­m? \ap¡p ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
A\p-ssZÀLy-X-cwKw (Longitudinal wave)
\ap¡v Én¦n D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp {]hÀ¯\w sN¿mw.
Én¦n-bpsS Hcäw Npa-cn Dd-¸n-¡p-I. Npcp-fp-I-fn Xpey AI-e-§-fn-
embn GXm\pw t]¸ÀIjW§Ä Xq¡n-bn-Sp-I. ssIbn ]nSn¨ kzX-
{´m-{K-¯nse GXm\pw Npcp-fp-IÄ AaÀ¯nhn«pt\m¡q.
F´p \nco-£n-¡p¶p?

C R C R C
Nn{Xw 7.6
$ hmbp-hn-eqsS C¯cw Xcw-K-§Ä IS¶pt]mIp-t¼mÄ hmbpX·m-
{X-IÄ ASp¯pw AI¶pambn I¼\w sN¿ntÃ?
128
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
hmbpX·m-{X-IÄ ASp¯p\n¡p¶ `mK¯v D¶XaÀZw A\p-`-
h-s¸Spw. C¯cw aÀZ-ta-J-e-Isf D¨-aÀZ-ta-J-e-IÄ (Compression-
C) F¶p ]d- b pw. At¸mÄ X·m- { X- I Ä AI¶p\n¡p¶
`mKt¯m?
aÀZw Ipdª taJ-e-Isf \oN-aÀZtaJ-e-IÄ (Rarefactions - R) F¶p
]d-bp-¶p.
am[y-a-¯nse IWn-I-IÄ Xcw-K-¯nsâ k©m-c-Zn-ibv¡v kam- IT @ School
´c-ambn I¼\w sN¿p¶bn\w Xcw-K§ - f- mWv A\p-ssZÀLyXcw- Edubuntu hnÂ
K-§Ä. Ch am[y-a-¯n D¨aÀZta-J-e-Ifpw \oN-aÀZtaJ-e-Ifpw PhET se Sound &
cq]s-¸-Sp¯n k©-cn-¡p-¶p. Waves ImWp-I.
Hcp t{kmX-ÊnÂ\n¶pÅ i_vZw \ap¡v tIÄ¡m³
Ignbp-¶-sX-§-s\-bmWv? t\m¡mw.
Dt¯- P n- ¸ n¨ Hcp SyqWnMv t ^mÀ¡nÂ\n¶pÅ
i_vZw {ihn-¡q. i_vZ-X-cw-K-§Ä \½psS sNhn-I-
fn-se-¯n-t¨-cp-¶-sX-§-s\-bmWvv F¶p hyà-am-
¡p¶ Nn{Xw 7.8 {i²n-¡q.
SyqWn-Mv-t^mÀ¡n-ep-­m-Ip¶ I¼\w AXn-t\mSv
tNÀ¶p\n¡p¶ hmbp-hns\ I¼\w sN¿n¡p-
atÃm. Nn{Xw 7.7
Én¦n-bn-ep-­mb Xcw-Khpw Hcp SyqWnMvt^mÀ¡v
hmbp-hn-ep-­m-¡nb A\p-ssZÀLy-X-cw-Khpw Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-I.

Nn{Xw 7.8

$ Nn{X-¯n ImWp¶ A\p-ssZÀLy-X-cw-K-¯n F{X D¨-aÀZ-

ta-J-e-I-fp­v?
$ A\p-{]-Ø-X-cw-K-§fpw A\p-ssZÀLy-X-cw-K-§fpw X½n-epÅ
hyXym-k-§Ä Is­¯n ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.

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 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

A\p-{]-Ø-X-cw-K-§Ä A\p-ssZÀLy-X-cw-K-§Ä
1. 1.

2. IWn-I-IÄ Xcw-K-¯nsâ 2. IWn-I-IÄ Xcw-K-¯nsâ

t{]j- W - Z n- i bv ¡ v ew_- a mbn t{]j-W-Zn-ibv¡v kam-´-c-

I¼\wsN¿p-¶p. ambn I¼\wsN¿p-¶p.

3. ................................................ 3. D¨-aÀZtaJ-e-Ifpw \oN

aÀZtaJ-eI
- fpw D­m-Ip-¶p.

]«nI 7.2
i_vZw (Sound)
i_vZt{]j-W-¯n\v am[yaw Bh-iy-am-sW¶v ]Tn-¨n-«p-­-tÃm. Hcp am[y-
a-¯n-eqsS i_vZw t{]jWw sN¿p-¶Xv F{]-Im-c-am-sW¶v t\m¡mw.
Hcp t{kmX-ÊnÂ\n¶p ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ i_vZw am[y-a-¯n XpSÀ¨-bmbn
D­m-¡p¶ aÀZhyXn-bm-\{Km^nsâ Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww {i²n-¡q.
aÀZ-hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä $ Nn{Xw -7.9 (a)  C, R F¶nh F´ns\ kqNn-
¸n-¡p¶p?
$ N{Xw 7. 9 (b) Â\n¶p Xcw- K - s sZÀLyw
Is­¯n Fgp-XpI.
Nn{Xw 7.9 (a) $ Cu Xcw-K-¯nsâ Bhr¯n 92 Hz BsW-¦nÂ
thKw F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?
aÀZ-hy-Xn-bm-\w

1 2 3 4 5 6
i_vZ-thKw (Speed of sound)
Zqcw (m) \n§-fpsS kplr-¯n-t\mSv UkvIn XpSÀ¨-bmbn
sIm«m³ ]dbp-I.
Nn{Xw 7.9 (b)
i_vZw {ihn-¡p-¶pt­m?
A\p-ssZÀLyXcwK¯nsâ GXp am[y-a-¯n-eqsS k©-cn-¨mWv i_vZw \n§-
XcwKssZÀLyw fpsS sNhn-bn-se-¯n-bXv?
ASp-¯-Sp¯ c­p aÀZw IqSnb taJ- C\n \n§-fpsS sNhn UkvIn tNÀ¯ph¨v
e-IÄ X½ntem aÀZw Ipdª taJ-e- {]hÀ¯\w BhÀ¯n-¡q.
IÄ X½ntem DÅ AI-e-amWv A\p-
ssZ-ÀLy-X-cw-K¯nsâ XcwK-ssZÀ-
Ly-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.
130
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
i_vZw \n§-fpsS sNhn-bn-se-¯n-bXv GsXms¡ am[yaw i_vZ- thKw (m/s)
am[y-a-§-fn-eqsS t{]jWw sNbvXmWv? (20°C Â)

i_vZw hmbp-hn-eq-sSbpw UkvIn-eq-sSbpw (XSn) k©- Aep-an-\nbw 6420

hmXIw {ZmhIw Jcw

cn-¡p-sa¶v \n§Ä a\Ên-em¡nb-tÃm. Ìo 5941
$ FÃm am[y-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Htc thK-¯n-emtWm ip²-Pew 1482
i_vZw k©-cn-¡p-¶Xv?
]«nI 7.3 hni-I-e\w sNbvXpt\m¡q. ISÂPew 1522

$ ]ZmÀYw GXv Ah-Ø-bn-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv hmbp 343

AXn-eq-sS-bpÅ i_vZ-thKw IqSp-XÂ? Ipdthm?
hyXykvX am[y-a-§-fn i_vZ-thKw hyXy-kvX-am- loenbw 965
sW¶v a\-Ên-em-b-tÃm. ]«nI 7.3
Xm]-\n-ebpw i_vZ-th-Khpw
am[y-a-§-fpsS Xm]-\ne hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ Ah-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ
i_vZt- h-K¯
- n\pw hyXymkw D­m-Ip-¶p. GsXmcp am[y-a¯ - nepw
Xm]-\ne hÀ[n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn-eq-sS-bpÅ i_vZ-th-Khpw hÀ[n-
¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 0oC Â DÅ hmbp-hn-eqsS i_vZw k©-
cn-¡p-¶Xv 331 m/s thK-¯nemWv. F¶m hmbp-hnsâ Xm]-
\ne 20oC BIp-t¼mÄ i_vZ-thKw 343 m/s Dw 25o C BIp-t¼mÄ
346 m/s Bbpw Db-cp-¶p.
i_vZ-X-cw-K-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-tÃm. Nne
i_vZ{]Xn-`m-k-§sf Ipdn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
i_vZ-¯nsâ {]Xn-]-X\w (Reflection of sound)
an\p-k-apÅ {]X-e-¯n X«p-t¼mÄ {]Im-i-X-cw-K-§Ä {]Xn-]-Xn-¡p-
¶p-sh¶v \n§Ä ]Tn-¨n-«p-­tÃm. i_vZ-X-cw-K-§fpw CXp-t]mse
hkvXp-¡-fn X«n {]Xn-]-Xn-¡ptam? \ap¡p t\m¡mw.
c­v ]n.hn.kn. ss]¸p-IÄ, ¥mkvt¹äv, Hcp tÌm¸v t¢m¡v F¶nh
Nn{X-¯n ImWp¶ coXn-bn kÖo-I-cn-¡p-I.
¥mkv t¹äv
$ t¢m¡nÂ\n¶pÅ i_vZw B F¶ ss]¸n-eqsS
tIÄ¡m-\pÅ Imc-W-sa-´m-bn-cn¡pw?
i_vZw ¥mkvt¹än X«n {]Xn-]-Xn-¡p-¶-Xm-WtÃm
CXn\p Imc-Ww. an\p-k-apÅ {]X-e-§-fn X«n A B
i_vZw \¶mbn {]Xn-]Xn-¡pw.

Nn{Xw 7.10

131
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
i_vZ-¯nsâ BhÀ¯\{]Xn-]-X\w
(Multiple reflection of sound)
AS-ªn-cn-¡p¶ apdnbntem lmfntem Hcp t{kmX-Ên \n¶p­m-Ip¶
i_vZw Hcp t{imXm-hn-te¡v, AYhm kzoI-c-Wn-bn-te¡v F¯p¶ hn[-
amWv Nn{Xw 7.11 Â sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
$ t{kmX-ÊnÂ\n¶pÅ i_vZw t\cn«v am{X-amtWm t{imXm-hn-te-
s¡-¯p-¶Xv?
$ {]Xn-]-Xn¨p hcp¶ i_vZ-X-cw-K-§Ä ho­pw {]Xn-]-Xn-¡m³ km[y-
X-bpt­m?

Nn{Xw 7.11
$ C{]-Imcw {]Xn-]-Xn-s¨-¯p¶ i_vZw Dfhm-¡p¶ {ih-Wm-\p-`hw
F´m-bn-cn¡pw?
i_vZw hyXykvX hkvXp-¡-fn X«n XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]Xn-]-Xn-¡p-
¶-XmWv i_vZ-¯nsâ BhÀ¯\{]Xn-]-X\w.
BhÀ¯\{]Xn-]-X\w {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶
kµÀ`-§Ä
$ saKm-t^m¬, tlmWp-IÄ, kwKoX D]-I-c-W-§-fmb
{Sw_-ävkv, \mZ-kzcw XpS-§n-b-h- \nÀan¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ah-
bnÂ\n¶p ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ i_vZw aäp Øe-§-fn-te¡p
hym]n-¡msX Hcp \nÝnX Zni-bn am{Xw k©-cn-¡-
¯-¡-co-Xn-bn-emWv. C¯cw D]-I-c-W-§-fn tImWn-
¡Â BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ Xpd-¶ -`mKw i_vZ-¯nsâ
BhÀ¯\{]Xn-]-X\ ^e-am-bpÅ Xcw-K-§sf Hcp
\nÝnX Znib- nt- e¡p \bn¨v DbÀ¶ Af-hn tIÄ¡m³
klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
$ sÌXkvtIm¸v
a\pjyico-c¯ - ns- e anSn¸- p-IÄ, {]tXy-In¨pw lrZ-ba- nSn¸v
Adnbm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
$ lmfp-I-fpsS koen-§p-IÄ hf¨p \nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
132
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Hcp t{kmX-ÊnÂ\n¶p-­m-hp¶ i_vZw BhÀ¯\ {]Xn-
]-X-\-¯nsâ ^e-ambn lmfnsâ FÃm `mK-t¯¡pw
hym]n-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
$ ku­v t_mÀUp-IÄ
tÌPn\p ]n¶n Øm]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ hfª ku­v
t_mÀUp-IÄ BhÀ¯\{]Xn-]-X-\-¯n-eqsS i_vZs¯
lmfnsâ FÃm `mK-§-fn-te¡pw hym]n-¸n-¡p-¶p. KnämÀ,
hb-en³ XpS-§nb kwKotXm]-I-c-W-§-fpsS t_mÀUp-
Ifpw ku­v t_mÀUp-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡pw.
A\p-c-W\w (Reverberation)
Hgnª Hcp apdn-bnÂ\n¶p i_vZ-ap-­m-¡n-bm apg¡w A\p-
`-h-s¸-Smdp­-tÃm. F´m-bn-cn¡pw CXn\p ImcWw?
$ apdn-bnÂ\n¶p-­m-Ip¶ i_vZw Fhn-sS-sbms¡ X«n Nn{Xw 7.12
{]Xn-]-Xn¡mw? Nn{Xw 7.13 \nco-£n-¡q.
$ C§s\ {]Xn-]-Xn¨p hcp¶ i_vZ-§Ä FÃmw Htc
ka-b-¯m-bn-cn-¡ptam \½psS sNhn-bn ]Xn-¡p- (Persistence of audibility)
{ih-W-Øn-cX

¶Xv? Hcp i_vZw sNhn-bn-ep­m¡p¶

1 s
{ih-Wm-\p-`hw 10 = 0.1 sk¡â v
ka- b - t ¯¡v sNhn- b n X§n-
\n¡pw. sNhn-bpsS Cu {]tXy-I-
X-bmWv {ih-WØ - . 0.1 s ka-b-
- n-cX
¯n-\p-Ån asämcp i_vZw sNhn-
bn ]Xn- ¨ m Ah Hcpan¨p
tIÄ¡p¶ {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wp-­m-hp-I.

Nn{Xw 7.13
$ {ih-W-Øn-cX F¶ {]Xn-`mkw ImcWw Cu {]Xn-]-
X\i_vZ-§Ä FÃmw hyàambn tIÄ¡m³ km[n-
¡ptam? Ah FÃmw tNÀ¶pÅ Hcp apg-¡-atà \mw
tIÄ¡p-¶-Xv?
C¯-c-¯n D­m-Ip¶ apg-¡amWv A\p-c-W\w.
BhÀ¯\{]Xn-]-X-\-¯nsâ ^e-ambn XpSÀ¨-bmbn
D­m-Ip¶ apg-¡-amWv A\p-c-W-\w.
BZy-i_vZw {]Xn-]-X-\-¯n-\p-tijw ho­pw hyà-ambn
tIÄ¡-W-sa-¦n {]Xn-]-X-\-Xew t{imXm-hnÂ\n¶p Npcp-
§n-bXv F{X AI-e-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶p t\m¡mw.

133
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
{]Xn--[z\n ( Echo)
BZy-i_vZw {ihn¨v F{X- k-abw Ignª- m-emWv {]Xn]- X- \- i- _vZw hyà-
ambn tIÄ¡m³ Ign-bpI?
Cu kabwsIm­v i_vZw F{X Zqcw k©-cn¡pw? i_vZ-¯nsâ hmbp-
hnse thKw Bbn- ]-cn-K-Wn-¨m {]Xn-[z\n tIÄ¡-W-sa-¦nÂ
{]Xn-]-X-\-Xew Npcp-§n-bXv F{X AI-e-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww?
340 m/s

{]Xn-]-X-\-Xew  IqSp-X-em-sW-
¦n AtX i_vZw ho­pw tIÄ¡m³
17 m

km[n-¡p-sa¶v a\-Ên-em-btÃm. Cu {]Xn-

`mkw {]Xn-[z\n F¶-dn-b-s¸-
Sp¶p.
(Echo)

BZy-i_vZw {ihn-¨-Xn-\p-tijw AtX

i_vZw {]Xn-]-Xn¨v ho­pw tIÄ¡p-
¶-XmWv {]Xn-[z-\n.
{]Xn-[z\n A\p-`-h-s¸Sp¶ kµÀ`-§Ä
Nn{Xw 7.14 Fgp-Xq.
$ Hcp IXn\- s- hSn s]m«p¶Xnsâ {]Xn[- z\n \p-tijw AXv s]m«n¨
BÄ tIÄ¡p-¶p. hmbp-hn i_vZ-¯nsâ thKw Bbn -]-
1s

cn-K-Wn-¨m {]Xn-[z\n tIÄ¡p¶ BfnÂ-\n¶p {]Xn-]-X-\-Xew

340 m/s

F{X AI-e-¯n-em-bn-cn¡pw?
{]Xn-]-X\Xe-¯n-te-¡pÅ AIew F¶n-cn-¡-s«. F¦n i_vZw
k©-cn-¡p¶ BsI Zqcw Bbn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm.
d
2d

i_vZ-¯nsâ thKw LeDOd
#T*
;RDX

=
LBCX
2d
v =
t
v×t 340 × 1
d = = = 170 m

$ Pe-¯n-\p-Ån h¨v {]Xn-[z\n tIÄ¡-W-sa-¦n t{kmXÊpw {]Xn-

2 2

]-X\Xehpw X½n Npcp-§n-bXv F{X AIew D­m-bn-cn-¡-Ww?

(Pe-¯n i_vZ-thKw ).
1482 m/s
sI«n-S-§-fpsS i_vZ-imkv{Xw

(Acoustics of buildings)
kn\namXntb-ä-dp-IÄ t]mepÅ henb lmfp-I-fpsS Npa-cp-IÄ {i²n-¨n-
«pt­m? Npa-cp-IÄ ]cp¡-\m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F´n-\mWv?
134
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
$ Npa-cp-IÄ X½nepÅ AIew 17 m  IqSp-XÂ
Bbm i_vZ-{]-Xn-]-X-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v D­m-
aÀactKm]pcw
Im-hp¶ hnj-a-X-IÄ Fs´ÃmamWv? e­-\nse skâ v t]mÄkv I¯o-
$ i_vZ{]Xn-]-X\w aqeapÅ {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡m- {U-en-epÅ aÀactKm]pcw i_vZ-
\pÅ amÀK-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cn¡pw? {]-Xn]X-\-¯nsâ aIp-tSm-Zml-c-
W-amWv. Hcp Ipw`tKm]p-c-¯n\p
$ lmfp-I-fnepw HmUn-täm-dn-b-§-fnepw i_vZw hyà-
Xmsg hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Npa-cp-
ambn {ihn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ap¡v Fs´Ãmw sN¿m³ I-fpsS ]mÀiz-`m-K¯v Hcp sNdnb
Ignbpw? i_v Z - a p- ­ m- ¡ p- I - b m- s W- ¦ nÂ
$ Xd ]cp-¡-\m-¡pI. t]mepw Kme-dn-¡Iw apgp-h³ B
$ i_vZw BhÀ¯n¨p tIÄ¡mw.
sI«nS§Ä¡p-Ån hyà-ambn i_vZw {ihn-¡-¯¡ i_vZ-X-cw-K-§Ä hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-
hn[-¯n AXns\ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {i²n-t¡­ Imcy- epÅ Npa-cp-I-fn BhÀ¯-\-{]-
Xn-]-X-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶-Xm-
§- s f- ¡ p- d n¨v {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ¡ p¶ imkv { X- i m- J - b mWv
Wn- X n\p Imc- W w. IÀWmSI
A¡-pÌnIvkv Hm^v _nÂUnMvkv. bnse _oPm- ¸ q- c n- e pÅ tKmÄ
Kpw_kv CXn\v asämcpZml-c-W-
am-Wv.
FÃm Bhr-¯n-bnepw DÅ i_vZw \ap¡v tIÄ¡m³ Ign-
bptam?
icn-bmb tIÄhn-i-àn-bpÅ a\p-jysâ {ih-W] -- -cn[n
F{X-bmWv? {ih-W-]-cn-[n-tb-¡mÄ IqSnb Bhr-¯n-bpÅ
i_vZX- c
- w-K¯
- n\v ]d-bp¶ t]cv F´mWv? Ipd-ªX
- nt\m?
kb³kv Ub-dn-bn Fgp-Xq.
AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv i_vZw (Ultrasonic Sound)
\ap¡p tIÄ¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Xcw-K]
- c
- n-[n¡p ]pd-¯,v 20000Hz
\p apI-fn Bhr-¯n-bpÅ i_vZ-s¯ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv
i_vZw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§ÄsIm­pÅ D]-tbm-
K-§Ä
$ kÀ¸n-fm-Ir-Xn-bpÅ Ipg-ep-IÄ (Spiral tube), \nb-X-amb
BIr-Xn-bn-Ãm¯ b{´-`m-K-§Ä, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv LS-
I-§Ä XpS-§n-bh hr¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v AÄ{Sm-tkm-
WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. hr¯n-bm-t¡­
hkvXp-hns\ Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw emb-\n-bn (Cleaning
solution) ap¡nhbv¡p-¶p. Cu emb-\n-bn-te¡v AÄ{Sm-
tkm-WnIv Xcw-K§ - Ä IS¯nhnSp¶p. AÄ{Smtkm-WnIv kvss]d Syq_v
Xcw-K-§-fpsS DbÀ¶ Bhr-¯n-bn-epÅ I¼-\w aqew Nn{Xw 7.15
s]mSn- ] - S - e - § fpw {Kokv t]mepÅ ]ZmÀY- § fpw
hkvXphnÂ\n¶v thÀs]«p t]mIp-¶p.

135
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
$ henb teml-`m-K-§Ä¡p-Ånse s]m«-ep-Ifpw hnÅ-ep-Ifpw Is­-
¯m³ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
teml-¯n-\p-Ånse hnÅÂ

Ä nIv

UnäI- vSd- pIÄ

- W
§
Xcw-tKkm-
AÄ{Sm-
henb teml`mKw
Nn{Xw 7.16
teml-`m-K-¯n-\p-Ån-te¡p IS-¯n-hn-Sp¶ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä
teml-`m-K-¯n-\p-Ån-eqsS IS¶v Unä-IvS-dp-I-fn F¯p-¶p. teml-¯n-
\p-Ån hfsc sNdnb s]m«-ep-Itfm hnÅ-ep-Itfm Ds­-¦n AÄ{Sm-
tkm-WnIv XcwKw B `mK-¯p-h¨v {]Xn-]-Xn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\m Unä-IvS-
dn F¯p-¶n-Ã. {ih-W-km-[y-amb i_vZ-X-cw-K-§Ä¡v Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw
IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m Ah s]m«-ep-I-fp-sSbpw hnÅ-ep-I-fp-sSbpw aqe-I-fn-
eqsS hfªv k©-cn¨v Unä-IvS-dp-I-fn F¯p-¶-Xn-\m Ah C¯cw
kµÀ`-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
$ Ft¡m ImÀUn-tbm-{Km^n
AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v lrZ-b-¯nsâ Nn{Xw FSp-
¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p. CXv Ft¡m ImÀUn-tbm-{Km^n F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
$ AÄ{Sm-tkm-tWm-{Km^n
hr¡, IcÄ, ]n¯-k©n, KÀ`-]m{Xw XpS-§n-b B´-cn-Im-h-b-h-§-fpsS
Nn{XsaSp-¡m\pw Ah-bnse XI-cm-dp-IÄ Is­-¯m\pw AÄ{Sm-tkm-
WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
ico-c-I-e-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-¡p¶ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä ico-c
-I-e-I-fnse km{µ-Xm-hy-Xn-bm-\-apÅ `mK-§-fn X«n {]Xn-]Xn-¡p-¶p.
Cu Xcw-K-§sf sshZypX knKv\-ep-I-fm¡n amän Ah-b-h-¯nsâ Nn{Xw
cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Cu kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bmWv AÄ{Sm-tkm-tWm-{Km-^n.
$ hr¡-bnse sNdnb IÃp-IÄ s]mSn¨pIf-bm³ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv
XcwKw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
tkmWmÀ (SONAR - Sound Navigation And Ranging)
AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v Pe-¯n-\-Sn-bn-epÅ hkvXp-
¡-fn-te-¡pÅ AI-ew, Ah-bpsS Zni, thK-w F¶nh Is­-¯m-\p
-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ D]-I-c-W-amWv tkmWmÀ.

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 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
Hcp I¸-en LSn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ tkmWmdnÂ\n¶v I¸Â
DÛ-hn-¨v, IS-ensâ ASn-¯-«n-epÅ Hcp hkvXp-
hn X«n {]Xn-]-Xn¨p hcp¶ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv
Xcw-K-§-fpsS Nn{Xo-I-cWw (Nn{Xw 7.17) \nco- Ptem-]c- nX- ew
£n¡q. Un äI- vSaÀ- nä- À
{Sm³kv
$ tkmWm-dn AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-
§sf D¸m-Zn-¸n¨v t{]jWw sN¿p¶ hkvXp
`mKw GXv? IS-
ASne¯
- nsâ«v
$ ASn-¯-«n-epÅ hkvXp-hn sN¶p X«p¶
AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä¡v F´p Nn{Xw 7.17
kw`-hn-¡p¶p?
hkvXp-hn X«n {]Xn-]-Xn¨p hcp¶ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-§Ä
tkmWm-dnse Unä-IvS-dn F¯p-I-bpw Unä-IvSÀ Ahsb sshZypX
knKv\-ep-I-fm¡n amäp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
$ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv Xcw-K-¯nsâ ISÂPe-¯nse thKhpw XcwKw
hkvXp-hn X«n Xncn-s¨-¯m-\pÅ ka-bhpw Adn-bm-sa-¦nÂ
XcwKw k©-cn¨ Zqcw Is­-¯m-atÃm. Fgp-Xn-t\m-¡q.
$ Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯n-epÅ Hcp I¸-ense tkmW-mdn \n¶v ]pd-s¸-
Sp¶ AÄ{Smtkm-WnIv XcwKw IS-ensâ ASn-¯-«n-epÅ ]md-
s¡-«n X«n 0.5 sk¡â v ka-b-¯n-\p-tijw Xncn-s¨-¯p-
¶psh¦n I¸-enÂ\n¶v ]md-s¡-«n-te-¡pÅ AIew F{X?
AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv i_vZ-X-cwK-§-fpsS ISÂP-e-
¯nse i_vZ-thKw 1522 m/s Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-
¡pI.
$ AÄ{Sm-tkm-WnIv i_vZw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¯n
Cc-]n-Sn-¡p¶ Pohn-bm-WtÃm hÆmÂ. Nn{Xw
(7.18) \nco-£n¨v hÆm Cc-]n-Sn-¡p-¶Xv F§-
s\-sb¶v kb³kv Ub-dn-bn Fgp-X-q. Nn{Xw 7.18
kokvanIv Xcw-K-§fpw
kp\manbpw (Seismic Waves
and Tsunami)
{]IrXnbnep­mIp¶ kokv a nIv
XcwK§fmWv Nn{X¯n (Nn{Xw 7.19)
ImWp¶ Cu Zpc´¯n\v ImcWw.
temIs¯ hnhn[bnS§fn h³
Zpc´§Ä¡v ImcWamIp¶ H¶mWv
`qI¼§Ä. `qI¼w, h³kv t ^mS- t\¸mÄ Zpc-´¯
- nsâ Zriyw
\§Ä, Aán]ÀhXkv t ^mS\w Nn{Xw 7.19
137
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
F¶nhbpsS ^eambn `q]mfnIfneqsS k©cn¡p¶ XcwKamWv
kokvanIv XcwK§Ä. `qI¼¯nsâ {]`htI{µ¯nÂ\n¶mWv kokvanIv
XcwK§Ä ]pds¸Sp¶Xv. kokvanIv XcwK§sf¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\amWv
kokv t amfPn. Chsb¡pdn¨v ]T\w \S¯p¶ imkv { XÚsc
kokv t amfPnÌpIÄ F¶phnfn¡p¶p. `qI¼§fpsS Xo{hX
\nÀWbn¡p¶Xv dnÎÀkvsIbnenem-sW¶-dnbmatÃm.
kv{]nMvv
Xm§nsâ hnPm-Kncn Xncn-bp¶ {Uw
Ne\w
Xq¡n-bn-«n-cn-
¡p¶ amkv
Dd-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Xd

kvXc-ine ew_-amb Ne\w `qI¼ap­mIpt¼mÄ `qI¼am]n\n

tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ XcwK§Ä
Hcp kokvtam{Km^v D]IcWw
Nn{Xw 7.20 `qI¼¯nsâ ^eambp­mIp¶ kokvanIv XcwK§sf aq¶mbn Xcw
Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. {]mYanIXcwK§Ä (Primary waves AYhm P
XcwK§Ä), ZznXobXcwK§Ä ( Secondary waves AYhm S
XcwK§Ä), D]cnXeXcwK§Ä. Chbn {]mYanIXcwK§Ä
Gähpw thKtadnbhbmWv. ZznXobXcwK-§Ä¡v
D¨-aÀZtaJe
{]mYanIXcwK§sf At]-£n¨v thKw IpdhmWv.
Hcp `qI¼am]n\nbn {]mYanI XcwKhpw, ZznXob
XcwKhpw F¯p¶XnepÅ kab hyXymkw
D]tbmKn¨v `qI¼¯nsâ {]`htI{µ¯nte¡pÅ
Zqcw GItZiw \nÀWbn¡mhp¶XmWv. `qI¼-
\oN-aÀZtaJe

¯nsâ Afhv \nÀWbn¡p¶Xv kokvtam-{Km^nse

BbXnbpsS Afhns\ ASnØm\am¡nbmWv.
`qXe¯n am{Xw k©cn¡p¶ dmse XcwK§Ä
BbXn
Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw (Rayleigh waves), ehv XcwK§Ä (Love waves) F¶o
c­p Xc¯nepÅ D]cnXeXcwK§ÄIqSn `qI¼w
Nn{Xw 7.21 aqew D­mImdp­v. D]cnXeXcwK§fpsS thKw
ZznXob XcwK§tf¡mÄ IpdhmsW¦nepw ChbpsS
k©cWamWv `qI¼w aqeapff \mi\ã§Ä¡v
{][m\ ImcWw.
tIcf¯n Xo{h `qI¼§Ä¡v km[yX IpdhmWv.
138
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX
F¶m ZqctZi§fnep­mIp¶ `qI¼§Ä Nnet¸mÄ kp\man-
¯ncIÄ¡p ImcWamImw. tIcf¯n\v ssZÀLytadnb IS¯oc-
apÅXpsIm­v kp\man \½sfbpw _m[n¡mw. 2004 Unkw_À 26 \v
Iqä³ kp\man¯ncIÄ \½psS IS¯oc¯v BªSn¨ hnhcw
\n§Ä¡dnbmtam? ISensebpw aäpw Pe¯n\v h³tXmXn Øm\
Ne\w kw`hn¡pt¼mÄ DSseSp¡p¶ `oamImcamb XncIsfbmWv
kp\man F¶p hnfn¡p¶Xv. ISen¶Sn¯«n D­mIp¶ h³`qI¼w,
Aán]ÀhXkvt^mS\w, D¡IfpsS ]X\w XpS§nbhbmWv kp\man¡v
ImcWw. Pm¸\okv `mjbnÂ\n¶mWv kp\man F¶ t]cv e`n¨Xv. "kp'
F¶m XpdapJw F¶pw "\man' F¶m \o­ Xncame F¶pw AÀYw.
DÄ¡Sen kp\manbpsS thKw aWn¡qdn 600 apX 800 IntemaoäÀ
hscbpw XcwKssZÀLyw 10 apX 1000 IntemaoäÀ hscbpamWv.
DÄ¡Sen BbXn IpdhmbXn\m I¸enepw aäpw k©cn¡p¶hÀ¡v
kp\manbp­mbXmbn A\p`hs¸SmdnÃ. XncameIÄ IS¯oct¯mSv
ASp¡pt¼mÄ XncamebpsS KÀ¯w Icbn Dckp¶Xnsâ ^eambn
thKhpw XcwKssZÀLyhpw s]s«¶v IpdbpIbpw BbXn hÀ[n¡pIbpw
Xoc{]tZiw shůn\Sn-bnemIpIbpw sN¿p¶p.
kp\manbpsS Dbcw Xoc{]tZi¯nsâ `q{]IrXn, IS¯«nsâ Bgw
F¶nhsb B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶p. Bg¡SenÂ\n¶p Xoct¯¡v F¯p¶
kp\manIÄ¡v Icbnse¯pt¼mÄ Imcyamb DuÀP\ãw D­mIp¶nÃ.
AXn\m B{IaW¯nsâ iàn hfsc hepXm-bncn¡pw. XcwK¯nsâ
irwKamWv BZyw Icbnse¯p-¶sX¦n XncIÄ DbÀ¶ps]m§p¶
AhØbnepw XcwK¯nsâ KÀ¯amWv BZyw F¯p¶sX¦n ISÂ
DÄhenbp¶ AhØbnepw Bbncn¡pw. kp\man ap¶dnbn¸p
kwhn[m\amWv UmÀ«v (Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami).
kp\manbnÂ\n¶v c£tXSm³ Fs´ms¡ amÀK§Ä kzoIcn¡mw?
NÀ¨sN¿q.
$ ISÂ Akzm-`m-hn-I-ambn ]nt¶m«p henbp¶Xv ImWpI-bmsW¦nÂ
kp\man ap¶dnbn¸mbn¡cpXn DbÀ¶ Øet¯¡p amtd­XmWv.
$ A]ISL«w XcWwsNbv X p F¶p kzbw Xocpam\n¡msX
HutZymKnI Adnbn¸n\mbn Im¯ncn¡pI.
$ c£s¸Sm\pÅ Xnc¡n\nSbn hkvXphIIÄ FSp¡m\mbn kabw
]mgm¡mXncn¡pI. Poh\mWv Gähpw hepsX¶v Xncn¨dnbWw.
$ kp\manbn s]«pt]mbm shůn s]m§n¡nS¡p¶
GsX¦nepw hkvXphn ]nSnapdp¡n c£s¸Sm³ {ian¡pI.
$

139
 DuÀP-X{´w ÌmtâÀUv - IX

hne-bn-cp¯mw
1. {Km^v \nco-£n-¡p-I.
1.5

(m) →
Øm\m-´cw0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Zqcw14(m)

$ Xcw-K-¯nsâ BbXn F{X-sb¶v Is­-¯pI.

$ XcwKw c­p sk¡ân 800 m k©-cn-¡p¶p. F¦n Xcw-K-¯nsâ
thKw F{X?
$ Xcw-K-¯nsâ Bhr¯n F{X?
2 . A¡qÌnIvkv Hm^v _nÂUnMvkv F¶XpsIm­v F´mWv AÀYam¡p¶Xv?
HmUntämdnb§Ä \nÀan¡pt¼mÄ AXn\I¯v i_v Z ¯nsâ
BhÀ¯\{]Xn]X\w krjvSn¡p¶ {]iv\§Ä Hgnhm¡p¶Xn\mbn
Ahew_n¡mhp¶ GsX¦nepw \mep amÀK§Ä \nÀtZin¡pI.
3 . Ptem-]-cn-X-e-¯n-epÅ Hcp I¸-enÂ\n¶pÅ i_vZ-kn-Kv\Â Pe-¯n-\-Sn-
bn-epÅ ]md-ta X«n 4 sk¡ân-\p-tijw I¸en-te¡p Xncn-s¨-¯p-¶p.
F¦n D]-cn-X-e-¯nÂ\n¶p ]mdbnte-¡pÅ AIew IW-¡m-¡pI.
ISÂPe-¯n i_vZ-thKw 1500 m/s Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
4. 339 m/s thK-¯n k©-cn-¡p¶ Hcp Xcw-K-¯nsâ Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw 1.5
km BWv. Cu Xcw-K-¯nsâ Bhr¯n F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?
5. 2 kHz Bhr¯n-bpÅ Hcp i_vZ-X-cw-K-¯nsâ Xcw-K-ssZÀLyw 35 cm BWv.
Cu XcwKw 1500 aoäÀ Zqcw k©-cn-¡m-s\Sp-¡p¶ kabw F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?
6. a\p-jysâ {ih-W-]-cn[n 20 Hz apXÂ 20,000 Hz hsc-bm-W-tÃm. F¦nÂ
a\p-jy\v tIÄ¡m³ Ign-bp¶ i_vZ-X-cw-K-§-fpsS Xcw-K-ssZÀLy-¯nsâ
]cn[n F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw? i_vZ-thKw 340 m/s Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-I.
XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯\§Ä
1 . ASp-¯pÅ Hcp kn\nam Xntb-äÀ kµÀin¨v A¡q-ÌnIvkv Hm^v
_nÂUnMvkpambn _Ôs¸« Fs´Ãmw Hcp-¡-§Ä sNbvXn-«p­v F¶p
Is­¯n Ipdn-¸v Xbm-dm-¡q.
2. 2004 Unkw_À 26 \v Iqä³ kp\man¯ncIÄ \½psS tIcf Xoc¯v
D­m¡nb \mi\ã§sf¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdn¸v Xbmdm¡pI.

140
 Du¿P-X{¥w Ãmt‚¿Uv - IX

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

141
 Du¿P-X{¥w Ãmt‚¿Uv - IX

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

142
 Du¿P-X{¥w Ãmt‚¿Uv - IX

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

143
 sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ...
\ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp Ahn-`m-Py LS-I-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv sshZypXn.
sshZ-yp-Xn-bpsS D]-tbmKw h¿[n-®-tXmsS AXp-aq-e-ap≈ A]-I-S-ßfpw h¿[n-®p-h-cp-∂p. `mc-
X-Øn¬ samØ-ap-≠m-Ip∂ sshZ-ypXnb]-I-S-ß-fn¬ ]Øp iX-am-\-tØmfhpw kw`-hn-°p-
∂Xv \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-ØmWv. A-Xn-\m¬ kpc£nXambn sshZypXn D]tbmKn-t°-≠-Xns‚
{]m[m-\yw {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m.

kpc£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {][m\ \n¿tZ-i-߃

$ \\™ ssIhn-c¬ D]-tbm-Kn®p kzn-®p-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

$ tS_nƒ ^m≥ D]-tbm-Kn®v Xe-apSn DW-°-cp-Xv.
$ tI_nƒ Sn.hn-bpsS AUm-]v‰-dns‚ Dƒh-iØv kv]¿in-°-cp-Xv. AUm-]v‰-dn\v sshZypXn
{]h-ln-°mØ AS∏v Ds≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.
$ s]m´n-°n-S-°p∂ sshZ-ypXn°ºn-bn¬ kv]¿in-°-cp-Xv.
$ sshZ-yp-Xn-sse-\p-Iƒ°v kao]w ]´w ]dØcp-Xv.
$ sshZ-ypXnsse\p-Iƒ°p kao]w teml°pg-ep-Itfm CcpºptXm´n-Itfm A{i-≤tbmsS
D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv.
$ Ce-Iv{SnIv t]mÃntem tà hb-dntem Nmcn\n¬°-cp-Xv. AXn¬ I∂p-Im-en-Isf sI´-
cp-Xv, sNSnIfpw h≈n-Ifpw ]S-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.
$ Ce-Iv{SnIv D]-I-c-W-Øntem kao-]tØm Xo∏n-Sn-Ø-ap-≠m-bm¬ sabn≥-kzn®v Hm^m-
°m≥ {i≤n-°p-I.
$ Xob-W-bv°m\mbn sshZ-ypXnsse\p-I-fntem D]-I-c-W-ß-fntem sh≈w tImcn Hgn-°-
cp-Xv. DW-ßnb aÆv, ss{U]u-U¿ t]mep≈ A·n-i-a\ hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
$ sF.Fkv.-sF. ap{Z-bp≈ sshZ-ypXn D]-I-c-W-߃ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.
$ Xm¬°m-enI hb-dnßp-Iƒ°mbn πmÃnIv hb-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-cpXv (Ãm¿, Zo]m-e-
¶mc߃ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v).
$ tjm°p-aqew A]-ISw ]‰nb hy-‡nsb sshZ-ypXn _‘w hnt—-Zn-®t-- ijw am{Xta
kv]¿in-°m-hq.
$ sshZ-yp-Xm-Lm-X-ta‰ hy-‡nsb DW-ßnb XSn-°-jWw sImt≠m sshZyp-Xn-hm-ln-b-
√m-ØXpw Cu¿∏-c-ln-X-hp-amb hkvXp D]-tbm-Knt®m sshZypXn _‘-Øn¬\n∂p
th¿s]-Sp-Øp-I.
$ B¿s°-¶nepw tjmt°¬°p-∂-Xmbn {i≤-bn¬s∏-´m¬ DS≥ sabn≥ kzn®v Hm^v
sNøpI.

sshZypXn kwc-£n-°p-∂Xv sshZypXn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-amWv !