Tenses - Thì
When did you last spend Christmas with your family?
→ How long is it since you last spent Christmas with your family?
When did you start learning English?
→ How long have you been learning English?
→ How long have you learned English?
The Browns last painted the living room two years ago.
→ The Browns have painted the living room for two years
The last time I saw my uncle was in 1990.
→ I haven’t seen my uncle since 1990
He hasn’t been back to his hometown for over 20 years now.
→ It is over 20 years since he last went back to his hometown
Mary hasn’t seen her parents since she left for the USA.
→ Mary last saw her parents when she left for the USA
I’ve never tasted pleasant before.
→ This is the first time I’ve tasted pleasant
When did you last meet Iglesias?
→ How long is it since you last met Iglesias?
I haven’t been to the cinema for two months.
→ The last time I went to the cinema was two months ago.
Julia has been working for this company for six years.
→ Julia started to work for this company six years ago.
We last wrote to each other a year ago.
→ We have not written to each other for a year.
Passive voice - Bị động
About thirty million people are watching this program.
→ This program is being watched by about thirty million people
Why wasn’t the car either locked or put into the garage?
→ Why didn’t you either lock or put the car into the garage?
Mary never used to win this tournament.
→ This tournament never used to be won by Mary.
People built the school in 1990.
→ The school was built in 1990
Nobody has maintained the ancient houses for at least sixty years.
→ The ancient houses hasn’t been maintained for at least sixty years
The book was interesting to most children.
→ Most children were interested in the book
They are servicing my car tomorrow.
→ I am having my car serviced by tomorrow
They will build a new bridge in this neighbourhood next year.
→ A new bridge will be built in this neighbourhood next year
No one knows anything about his background, do they?
→ Nothing about his background is known, isn’t it?
He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month.
→ The bills have to be paid before the fifth of the month.
She has to finish all the reports before 5 pm today.
→ All the reports have to be finished before 5 pm today.
 Reported speech - Câu tường thuật Loại từ - Noun, Verb, Adj, Adv
Don't forget to do your assignment, Jack." said Jack’s mother. My father teaches Math well.
→ Jack’s mother asked him to do his assignment → My father is a good Math teacher
She said to Tom: “Why don’t you take a bus?” → My father is good at teaching Math
→ She asked Tom to take a bus Mr. Nam plays soccer very wonderfully
→ She asked Tom why he didn’t take a bus → Mr. Nam is a (very) wonderful soccer player.
“Where does your father work now?” The teacher asked me.
→The teacher asked me where my father worked then

“Change the channel to the news program, Tom.”, said Mr. Brown.
→ Mr. Brown asked Tom to change the channel to the news program
Lan said: “Why don’t we use energy – saving appliances.”
→ Lan suggested energy–saving appliances should be used to save electricity
The doctor advised me to rest after a hard-working week.
→ The doctor suggested that I should rest after a hard-working week So/Such
Lan said to them, “Let’s wash our hands before meals to avoid being infected with We have read so many stories that we can’t remember their names.
corona virus.”
→ Lan suggested that their hands should be washed before meals to avoid being → We have read such a lot of stories that we can’t remember their names
infected with corona virus.
“Are you going to apply for the exchange student program in our school next year?” The test I did yesterday was so difficult that I couldn’t finish it in an hour.
said Hoa to Nam.
→ Hoa asked Nam if he was going to apply for the exchange student program in their → Yesterday I did such a difficult test that I couldn’t finish it in an hour
school the following year.
The exercise was so difficult that we couldn’t do it.
→ It was such a difficult exercise that we couldn’t do it
 Condition - Câu điều kiện
You are tired because you often stay up late.
→ If you didn’t stay up late, you wouldn’t be tired
She talks too much in class.
→ I wish she didn’t talk too much in class
The boy feels sick because he eats too many cakes.
→ If the boy didn’t eat too many cakes, he wouldn’t feel sick
Lisa has always been mean with money, so she doesn’t have many friends.
→ If Lisa wasn’t mean with money, she could have many friends.

My sister regrets not buying that book.

→ My sister wishes she bought that book
Buy her a puppy or she will cry all day.
→ If you don’t buy her a puppy, she will cry all day
It’s a pity! This problem seems difficult for me.

→ I wish this problem didn’t seem difficult for me

Save electricity, or else you will pay much per month.

→You won’t pay much per month if you save electricity

I can’t phone her because I don’t know her phone number.

→ If I knew her phone number, I could phone her
Mary asked me “Can you tell me why you are so sad?”
→ Mary asked me if I could tell her why I was so sad
He is sorry he is not able to speak English well.
→ He wishes he was able to speak English well
What a pity! It rains here every day.
→ I wish it didn’t rain here every day
Tom often falls asleep while the teacher is explaining the lesson.
→ Tom’s teacher wishes he didn’t often fall asleep while she's explaining the lesson.
→ Tom's teacher wishes he wouldn’t often fall asleep while she is explaining the lesson.
 Relative clause - Mệnh đề quan hệ
A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
→ The building, which has now been rebuilt, was destroyed in the fire.
We must be grateful to all the teachers. They have helped us a lot in our lives.
→ We must be grateful to all the teachers who have helped us a lot in our lives.
That newspaper is mine. I bought it yesterday.
→ That newspaper, which I bought yesterday, is mine.
Robert Pattinson is a British actor. He plays Edward Cullen in the Twilight saga.
→ Robert Pattinson, who plays Edward Cullen in Twilight saga, is a British actor.
My friend Tom can compose songs. He sings Western folk songs very well.
→ My friend Tom, who sings Western folk songs very well, can compose songs

My nephew broke the plate. I received the plate as a present.

→ My nephew broke the plate which I received as a present
The wallet belongs to John. Lucy found the wallet in the garden.

→ The wallet, which is found by Lucy in the garden, belongs to John

I know that girl’s family very well. She is a good person.

→ The girl whose family I know very well is a good person

The film “Titanic” is on Red Cinema. Have you seen it?

→ Have you seen the film “Titanic” which is on Red Cinema?
Do you know the man who sat next to me at the birthday party last night?
→ You know the man who sat next to me at the birthday party last night, don’t you?
ning the lesson.
 Conjunction - Liên từ
Because of their good performance, they won that match.
→ Because they perform well, the won the match
Since he was careless, Tim lost his job.
→ Because of his carelessness, Tim lost his job.
→ Because of being carelessness, Tim lost his job
Although she is an accountant, she never seems to have any money.
→ In spite of being an accountant, she never seems to have any money.
Though the performance is good, she lost the match.
→ Despite her good performance, she lost the match
Although he is intelligent, he doesn’t do well at school.
→ In spite of being intelligent, he doesn’t do well at school
I’m fond of Johnny although he behaves terribly.
→ In spite of his terrible behavior, I’m fond of Johny

Having nowhere else to go, I tried to sleep in the station waiting room.

→ As I had nowhere else to go, I tried to sleep in the station waiting room

→ As I didn’t have anywhere else to go, I tried to sleep in the station waiting room

David is tired; therefore, he can’t score any goal.

→ Because David is tired, he can’t score any goal
It is raining hard, but they still want to go to school.
→ They still want to go to school although it is raining hard
 Others
We couldn’t go to school because of COVID-19.
→ COVID-19 prevented us from going to school.
→ COVID-19 stopped us from going to school.
Having made all the arrangements, they decided to go anyway.
→ After they had made all the arrangements, they decided to go anyway.
I am excited about the coming festival
→ I am looking forward to the coming festival.
I’ve never read such an interesting book before.
→ It’s the first time I have read such an interesting book.
Please don’t play your music so loudly?
→ Would you mind not playing your music so loudly?

I had better go to school now.

→ It is high time I went to school now

The children are excited about going to the circus.

→ The children are looking forward to going to the circus

The children usually find the animal shows interesting

→ The children usually feel interested in the animal shows

They spent 45 minutes doing their test.
→ It took them 45 minutes to do their test
I’m asking you this question for the third time.
→ This is the third time I have asked you this question.
Those outdoor activities are suitable for young children.
→ Young children should take up/ part in those outdoor activities
I don’t find it difficult to get up early in the morning.
→ I am used to getting up early in the morning.
 Comparitive - So sánh hơn
Lan is the best student in my class.
→ Nobody in my class studies as well as Lan
→ Nobody in my class studies better than Lan does
→ Alan speaks French better than I do

I don’t play the piano as well as he does.

→He plays piano better than I do
I had better go to school now.
My sister can speak English better than me.
→ I can’t speak English better than my sister does
No one else in his class studies as well as Peter does.
→ Peter is the best student in his class
He understands the speech more quickly than she does.
→ She doesn’t understand the speech as quick as he does

You’re the worst guitarist in the world.

→ No one in the world plays the guitar as badly as you (do).

 Tenses - Thì
When did you last spend Christmas with your family?
→ How long is it ….............................................................
When did you start learning English?
→ How long ….............................................................
→ How long ….............................................................
The Browns last painted the living room two years ago.
→ The Browns have ….............................................................
The last time I saw my uncle was in 1990.
→ I haven’t ….............................................................
He hasn’t been back to his hometown for over 20 years now.
→ It is ….............................................................
Mary hasn’t seen her parents since she left for the USA.
→ Mary ….............................................................
I’ve never tasted pleasant before.
→ This is the first time ….............................................................
When did you last meet Iglesias?
→ How long ….............................................................
I haven’t been to the cinema for two months.
→ The last ….............................................................
Julia has been working for this company for six years.
→ Julia started ….............................................................
We last wrote to each other a year ago.
→ We have ….............................................................
Passive voice/Active voice - Bị động/Chủ động
About thirty million people are watching this program.
→ This program….............................................................
Why wasn’t the car either locked or put into the garage?
→ Why didn’t ….............................................................
Mary never used to win this tournament.
→ This tournament ….............................................................
People built the school in 1990.
→ The school ….............................................................
Nobody has maintained the ancient houses for at least sixty years.
→ The ancient houses ….............................................................
The book was interesting to most children.
→ Most children ….............................................................
They are servicing my car tomorrow.
→ I am having ….............................................................
They will build a new bridge in this neighbourhood next year.
→ A new bridge ….............................................................
No one knows anything about his background, do they?
→ Nothing ….............................................................
He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month.
→ The bills ….............................................................
She has to finish all the reports before 5 pm today.
→ All the reports ….............................................................
 Reported speech - Câu tường thuật Loại từ - Noun, Verb, Adj, Adv
Don't forget to do your assignment, Jack." said Jack’s mother. My father teaches Math well.
→ Jack’s mother asked …............................................................. → My father ….............................................................
She said to Tom: “Why don’t you take a bus?” → My father ….............................................................
→ She asked …............................................................. Mr. Nam plays soccer very wonderfully
→ She asked …............................................................. → Mr. Nam is ….............................................................
“Where does your father work now?” The teacher asked me.
→The teacher asked me ….............................................................
“Change the channel to the news program, Tom.”, said Mr. Brown.
→ Mr. Brown asked …............................................................. So/Such
Lan said: “Why don’t we use energy – saving appliances.” We have read so many stories that we can’t remember their names.
→ We have read such ….............................................................
→ Lan suggested energy–saving appliances …....................................................
The doctor advised me to rest after a hard-working week. The test I did yesterday was so difficult that I couldn’t finish it in an hour.
→ The doctor suggested …............................................................. → Yesterday I did such ….............................................................
Lan said to them, “Let’s wash our hands before meals to avoid being infected The exercise was so difficult that we couldn’t do it.
→ Lan suggested that …............................................................. → It was ….............................................................
“Are you going to apply for the exchange student program in our school next year?” said Hoa to Nam.
→ Hoa asked Nam ….............................................................
 Condition - Câu điều kiện
You are tired because you often stay up late.
→ If you ….............................................................
She talks too much in class.
→ I wish ….............................................................
The boy feels sick because he eats too many cakes.
→ If the boy ….............................................................
Lisa has always been mean with money, so she doesn’t have many friends.
→ If Lisa ….............................................................
My sister regrets not buying that book.
→ My sister wishes ….............................................................
Buy her a puppy or she will cry all day.
→ If ….............................................................
It’s a pity! This problem seems difficult for me.
→ I wish ….............................................................
Save electricity, or else you will pay much per month.
→You won’t pay ….............................................................
I can’t phone her because I don’t know her phone number.
→ If ….............................................................
Relative clause - Mệnh đề quan hệ
A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
→ The building, ….............................................................
We must be grateful to all the teachers. They have helped us a lot in our lives.
→ We ….............................................................
That newspaper is mine. I bought it yesterday.
→ That newspaper, which ….............................................................
Robert Pattinson is a British actor. He plays Edward Cullen in the Twilight saga.
→ Robert Pattinson, ….............................................................
My friend Tom can compose songs. He sings Western folk songs very well.
→ My friend Tom, ….............................................................
My nephew broke the plate. I received the plate as a present.
→ My nephew ….............................................................
The wallet belongs to John. Lucy found the wallet in the garden.
→ The wallet, ….............................................................
I know that girl’s family very well. She is a good person.
→ The girl ….............................................................
The film “Titanic” is on Red Cinema. Have you seen it?
→ Have you ….............................................................
Do you know the man who sat next to me at the birthday party last night?
→ You know ….............................................................
 Tenses - Thì
When did you last spend Christmas with your family?
→ How long is it ….............................................................
When did you start learning English?
→ How long ….............................................................
→ How long ….............................................................
The Browns last painted the living room two years ago.
→ The Browns have ….............................................................
The last time I saw my uncle was in 1990.
→ I haven’t ….............................................................
He hasn’t been back to his hometown for over 20 years now.
Mary hasn’t seen her parents since she left for the USA.
→ Mary ….............................................................
I’ve never tasted pleasant before.
→ This is the first time ….............................................................
When did you last meet Iglesias?
→ How long ….............................................................
I haven’t been to the cinema for two months.
→ The last ….............................................................
Julia has been working for this company for six years.
→ Julia started ….............................................................
We last wrote to each other a year ago.
→ We have ….............................................................
Passive voice/Active voice - Bị động/Chủ động
About thirty million people are watching this program.
→ This program….............................................................
Why wasn’t the car either locked or put into the garage?
→ Why didn’t ….............................................................
Mary never used to win this tournament.
→ This tournament ….............................................................
People built the school in 1990.
→ The school ….............................................................
Nobody has maintained the ancient houses for at least sixty years.
→ The ancient houses ….............................................................
The book was interesting to most children.
→ Most children ….............................................................
They are servicing my car tomorrow.
→ I am having ….............................................................
They will build a new bridge in this neighbourhood next year.
→ A new bridge ….............................................................
No one knows anything about his background, do they?
→ Nothing ….............................................................
He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month.
→ The bills ….............................................................
She has to finish all the reports before 5 pm today.
→ All the reports ….............................................................
 Reported speech - Câu tường thuật
Don't forget to do your assignment, Jack." said Jack’s mother.
→ Jack’s mother asked ….............................................................
She said to Tom: “Why don’t you take a bus?”
→ She asked ….............................................................
→ She asked ….............................................................
“Where does your father work now?” The teacher asked me.
→The teacher asked me ….............................................................
“Change the channel to the news program, Tom.”, said Mr. Brown.
→ Mr. Brown asked ….............................................................
Lan said: “Why don’t we use energy – saving appliances.”
→ Lan suggested energy–saving appliances …............................................................. → We have read such ….............................................................
The doctor advised me to rest after a hard-working week.
→ The doctor suggested ….............................................................
Lan said to them, “Let’s wash our hands before meals to avoid being infected with
corona virus.”
→ Lan suggested that ….............................................................
“Are you going to apply for the exchange student program in our school next year?”
said Hoa to Nam.
→ Hoa asked Nam ….............................................................
Loại từ - Noun, Verb, Adj, Adv
My father teaches Math well.
→ My father ….............................................................
→ My father ….............................................................
Mr. Nam plays soccer very wonderfully
→ Mr. Nam is ….............................................................
So/Such
We have read so many stories that we can’t remember their
names.
The test I did yesterday was so difficult that I couldn’t finish it in
an hour.
→ Yesterday I did such ….............................................................
The exercise was so difficult that we couldn’t do it.
→ It was ….............................................................
 Condition - Câu điều kiện
You are tired because you often stay up late.
→ If you ….............................................................
She talks too much in class.
→ I wish ….............................................................
The boy feels sick because he eats too many cakes.
→ If the boy ….............................................................

Lisa has always been mean with money, so she doesn’t have many friends.

→ If Lisa ….............................................................
My sister regrets not buying that book.

→ My sister wishes ….............................................................

Buy her a puppy or she will cry all day.

→ If ….............................................................
It’s a pity! This problem seems difficult for me.

→ I wish ….............................................................
Save electricity, or else you will pay much per month.

→You won’t pay ….............................................................

I can’t phone her because I don’t know her phone number.
→ If ….............................................................
 Relative clause - Mệnh đề quan hệ
A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
→ The building, ….............................................................
We must be grateful to all the teachers. They have helped us a lot in our lives.
→ We ….............................................................
That newspaper is mine. I bought it yesterday.
→ That newspaper, which ….............................................................

Robert Pattinson is a British actor. He plays Edward Cullen in the Twilight saga.

→ Robert Pattinson, ….............................................................

My friend Tom can compose songs. He sings Western folk songs very well.

→ My friend Tom, ….............................................................

My nephew broke the plate. I received the plate as a present.

→ My nephew ….............................................................
The wallet belongs to John. Lucy found the wallet in the garden.

→ The wallet, ….............................................................

I know that girl’s family very well. She is a good person.

→ The girl ….............................................................

The film “Titanic” is on Red Cinema. Have you seen it?
→ Have you ….............................................................
Do you know the man who sat next to me at the birthday party last night?
→ You know ….............................................................
 Conjunction - Liên từ
Because of their good performance, they won that match.
→ Because ….............................................................
Since he was careless, Tim lost his job.
→ Because of ….............................................................
→ Because of ….............................................................
Although she is an accountant, she never seems to have any money.

→ In spite of ….............................................................

Though the performance is good, she lost the match.

→ Despite ….............................................................

Although he is intelligent, he doesn’t do well at school.

→ In spite of….............................................................

I’m fond of Johnny although he behaves terribly.

→ In spite of ….............................................................

Having nowhere else to go, I tried to sleep in the station waiting room.
→ As ….............................................................

→ As ….............................................................
David is tired; therefore, he can’t score any goal.
→ Because ….............................................................
It is raining hard, but they still want to go to school.
→ They still want to go to school although ….............................................................
 Others
We couldn’t go to school because of COVID-19.
→ COVID-19 ….............................................................
→ COVID-19 ….............................................................
Having made all the arrangements, they decided to go anyway.
→ After they ….............................................................
I am excited about the coming festival

→ I am looking ….............................................................

I’ve never read such an interesting book before.

→ It’s ….............................................................

Please don’t play your music so loudly?

→ Would you mind ….............................................................

I had better go to school now.

→ It is high time I ….............................................................

The children are excited about going to the circus.

→ The children are looking ….............................................................

The children usually find the animal shows interesting

→ The children usually feel ….............................................................
They spent 45 minutes doing their test.
→ It took ….............................................................
I’m asking you this question for the third time.
→ This is ….............................................................
Those outdoor activities are suitable for young children.
→ Young children should ….............................................................
I don’t find it difficult to get up early in the morning.