ddy ra kite) fooke thay GO wet ws ede cen (It drew OP Kaka SHE Cm f n8y Kine 2 u 6 tht van koe fom sk i i cho a ng ca down via 1 ng. et a tinh thé vi ti biéu cam hon. trong 3a bio toda cdc thing tn se kgm ~ 24 Dic& tz do (hay dich thodt 3): phuog phip Gch baine Gn me Gch thay chE van bin nenda bing mot vin bin dich ox neuée Duz wen sti dinh ring née tc oi3 van bin sendin VE bang ngit dich thi sé vidi abu dich oi8 dang dich piuame pisip dich iy chia mach dm wih sing t2o rong hi dich. Vi vis, cc vam bim doc dich theo phos phép ny thins & oS tong tee vé Hoh chic vi vin bin newdn, thim chi dic Ep tong doi wéi wa bin ngnén vé mat binh thie. Céich Gch oy thetme deuce sit dmag mbidn wong dich van boc. Dati day & vida vé mét doam vin Gc Gich Kha ty do: 2) There is mp sonse in being anything bat practice! throws, he chowghe. I wish 1 ad some sol. And | do not know whesher dhe sum will ren or airy what is left. so I had bemer ext & all efiewgit I am not hungry. The fish is oste end steady Ei eat alll end I mill be reaty. > Lio lai malt: 6 thse moi vue datge doo, chin daze mify mains abe mity i adi. Ohi rit 1a thang c6 dee it made. Kindeg biti Scanned with CamScannerphoi néng thé nay may lat cé dy né c6 kh khong hay won ra nhi? ‘Hay la khéng doi, minh citng cit chén cho ky hét. Con cd lon nay khéng thdy dé qué gi cd. Minh sé chén hét, cho chdc bung ma cé sitc ligie viée chit. (Hemingway: 78) » Trong doan van dich trén, hau nhu tat ca cdc cau 6 ngit dich chi duge dich theo y cla cau ngi nguén cdn hinh thitc rat khac biét (vé sé lugng cau, cau tric ct phdp, tir ngit...), mac db vay no van chuyén tai duge ca thong tin su! kién lan cdc gid bao khac cha doan van ngudn. i thong 2.5: Phong. dich: la.céchidich ty do nhat, theo dé dich gia chi dua.yao ndi. dung chinh (chi dé,-nhan, vat, su kien...) cla,van ban nguén dé,tao rayyan, ban dichtheo, cach riéng cha minh, vdi su thay déi khong chi vé hinh thitc biéu hien ma ca vé ndi dung theo huéng lam cho phi hop’ hon’ véi boi’canh ngon'ngtt, van hod xa héi cia ngit dich (vi ‘du thay-dé? tén nhan vat) tén dia danh, su Day ‘gan nhw la cdch'dya:vao Van ban figuén’ dé tao'ra"mot' tac! phambcd:c6t ‘triyén hay: ndi dung'tuong tu & van’ ban dich cht khong phai'la dich: iol Trén day 14 mot sé phuong phip dich thuat chi, yéu dugc ding trong, dich yan, ban: Trén thuc té, bén canh nhing, van ban 6 thé chi dugce dich theo mot phuong phap nhat dinh, ciing cé nhimg yan ban duge dich bang cach phéi hop nhiéu phuong phdép kha, nhau. ray thuge iyo ndi sume oa trang | thé loai cla van 3, Cac thi phap dich cau... © )Néu nu phutong phdp'dich thuat'la-cdch.thite xir ly va xdc lap tuong duong 6 cap do van ban, thi thi phdp dich'thuat 1a cdc 31 Scanned with CamScannerchién luge xir ly va xdc lap tuong duong & ca P dO cau va lich thuat dugj val céc thi Phap dich cu, cd got thi 4c tha phép dich tir translation). Trude 1Gt cdc loai don vi di . it, chting toi phan ch; thuat than hai log: a) céc thi pha dich den ich dic! phap dich cui php (syntactic translation), b) ngif con goi 18 thi phap dich tir vung (lexi i hét, ching toi xem xét cc thi phap dich oa: Khic véi cac tha ( phép dich tir ngit by on nham xdc lap cdc tu ngit duoc thuc hién chit yéu : ong duong 6 cap do tir v Ac thi ph dich cau duge thuc hién trén don vi "Heh that sibs ere cau hay’ phat gon. Dé xir ly va xdc lap cdc ‘tuong duong dich thuat 6 cap d6 cau, ngudi’ dich c6 thé van dung nhiéu thi phép dich thuat khéc nhau, trong d6'¢6'6 tha phap'chi yéu dudi day. 3.1: Dich. titng tit: 1a cdch xdc.]ap tuong duong ci php don gidn nhat, theo:d6. mét cau cia ngit nguén dugc chuyén tai sang ng dich bang cach dich timg tir m6t theo trat tu hinh tuyén (ti tréi sang phai). Tha phap dich nay thuéng.ding dé dich nhimg cau don gidn cia ngit nguén co ¥ nghia tir-vung va dac diém ngit phap tring voi ngit dich; vi du: : 3) a.1 came here yesterday > Toi dén day him qua. b. He has ah hai chiéc xe. Poi khi thd phap nay duge ding hay déi trat ty tir) dé tao,ra house and two cars > Anh dy cé mét ngoi nha va voi mot vai thay déi nhd ( nhiing cau hoac doan dich (thém tir, t A i én van. Vi du: “ ae Raoul run: He run ame On, ‘ot through the Opera House 10 down ‘stairs 4) When. the lights ¢ A and long passages, the stage Scanned with CamScanner> Khi cdc ngon dén bét sang tré lai, Raoul chay di. Chang chay xuéng cdu thang réi doc theo cdc I6i hanh lang, bang qua nha hdt Nhac Kich dén phia sau san khdu. GJ. Basett, 70) Trén day 14 mot doan dich gén nhu tuong tng timg tir giita ngi nguén (iéng Anh) va ngit dich (tiéng Viét) twong duong hoan toan vé ngit phdp va ¥ nghia nhung cting kha tu nhién vé hinh thitc.Tuy nhién, nhiing trudng hop nhu vay khong nhiéu. Do su khdc bigt vé ¥ nghia cia cdc tir ngit va dac diém ngit phdp gitfa ngit nguén va ngit dich nén phan Ién cdc cau dich timg tir thudng V6 nghia’ hoic ngs nghe (vi'da: Good morning > * Tét budi séng, What is your name> *Givlayctta anh tén). Vi vay, trong thuc té thi, ph4p dich nay thudng chi dugc ding dé tim higu nghia tir vung cia timg, tir hoac déi-chiéu dac diém ngit phap cia ngit nguén. 3.2 Thay déi trdt tw tie. Thi phap chuyén déi trat ty tir duoc ding khi chuyén dich mot cau cia ngit nguén sang ngit dich vi nhiéu muc dich khéc nhau: Ngoai nhing thay’ déi trat tu tir duong nhién do'su khdc biét vé mat ngit php cla ngit nguén va ngit dich (chang han, Who is he? >* Ai la anh dy > Anh dy la ai?; He is my friend > *Anh dy Id ctia t6i ban > Anh dy la ban ctia ti) & nhiéu trudng hgp, n6 duoc ding nhu mot tha phaép dung hoc dé lam tang tinh ty nhién, tinh biéu cam! sulien két hoc nhan mamh théng tin cla cau. Cé¢ thi phap thay déi trat ty thudng gap 1a: 3.2.1 Thay déi trat ne cia chi ngit: 5) Here comes John! > * Dén day réi John! > John dén day réi! 6) Dow came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 33, Scanned with CamScannerA HaY eon mia Ld ging en nlting Chie 6, = Commie dal viding vd ning chee 0 yiiany [on (Dan theo Nauyén Th) Quynh How 2004; 144) SAS Nay dal iene bol nit “) Paty avo dollaey anda half Who ca we borrow that from? UNE had dala radi, (2) Bidt vay al dn dy ylo? PREM A had dd la ruci Mén dy blet vay al bay glo? + That’y any, Lean alvayy borrow Ovo dollars and a half. > Dé thai bde a (2) Chau vay al eding duge hat do ta ruét, > De thal baie (eG elk hai do ta recat thi chau vay ai efing duge, ' ' 1 (Hemingway: 21) QI Thay do marty era rang NER 19 : 8) Whar did you do yesterday? >) Anh lane gi hdm qua? > Hom qua anh tam gi? 2) Anyone can be a fishmanin May, > (2) Ad cing cd thé'di danh ed vao\thdng nam duge. S Vao thing nam i ciing 66 the di ddnh'cé dite. ( Hemingway: 72) 33 Them hode bot cae te ngit: 1A thi, phap md rong hode rit gon edit tric bing eich them cite tit ngi khi dich;mot cau tir ngit ngudn sang ngit dich, Thi phip ndy duge ding dé xit ly nhing hign trong bit tuong xtmg gitta cite ngon ngit lién quan, dén suv 6 mat bit bude hay tuy chon eta cic thanh t6 trong cau dudi dp lye eta este quy ngtt phiip, ngit nghia ‘hoae dung hoc. Chang han, khi dich ti tigng Anh sang Vigt thutdng 6 thé thém hoic bat MOt sd UY Ngit sau day: iC Scanned with CamScanner3.3.1 Thém cdc tit ngit biéu hién § nghia tinh thdi ctia cau 10)"You have other qualities", said Oliver Barrett ndi... > Con con cé nhiing ndng luc khdc nita chit, - Oliver Barrett ndi... (E.Segal: 59) 11) I must thank him. ah Bac phdi cam on 6ng ta moi duge. (Hemingway: 24) 3.3.2 Thém tit xung hé trong cde cdu cau khién lich su: 12) Don't call her’she’.I said > Cha dimg goi nha con bing "co dy" (E. Segal: 284) 13).Let'Pedrico chop it.up (...) «> Chdu bdo chit Pedrico chat vun né ra (...) (Hemingway, 168) 3.3.3 Bot.cdc tit hdi chi khong can yéu 6 ngit dich: 4) She put her head into her,hands sheet vi (T. Vicary: 16) > * C6 guc ddu cé vao déi tay cé > C6 gucddu vao déi tay. 15) He:picked:up.a piece and.put it in his mouth and chewed it slowly. > * Lao.xdc'mét miéng cd bé né vao mém ldo, réi cham rai nhai nd. > Ldo xéc mét miéng cd bd vao mém chdm rai nhai. (Hemingway: 76) 3.4. Tach hodc nhép cdu tric: Theo thi’ phap dich nay, mot cau cia ngit nguén cé thé duge dich thanh nhiéu cau cau 6 ngit dich (tach cau) hoc nhiéu cau 6 ngit dich cé thé duge dich thanh 35 Scanned with CamScannermot cau 6 ngit ngudn (hop nhat), tuy theo yeu cab kimyen tal y nghia hoac phong cach. Vi du: : 3.4.1. Tach mot cau 6 ngit ngudn thank nhiéu cdu & ngit dich: 16) The boy had given him bvo fresh small tunas, or albacores, which hang on the two deepest lines like plummets and, on the others, he had a big blue runner and a yellow jack that had been used before, but they were in good condition still and had the excellent sardines to give them scent and attractiveness. > Thang bé cé cho Ido gia hai con cd thu nhé thuéng goi la ca be. Lao méc hai con vao'hai sgi ddy cau thd sdu nhdt va ching iu nang nlue nhitng cuc chi. GO hai sgi kia lao moc mét con cd song to mau xanh'\va mét con cé dao mau vang la nhing con méi'tuy da ding mét lugt réi nhitng ciing van con tot chan. (Hemingway: 54) 3.4.2. Hop nhdt nhiéu cau dngit nguén thanh mot cau Gngit dich: 17) Can that be the time of the day? Or is it some sign of weather that I do, not know. > Khong hiéu cé phdiila.cdi thi cdi budind nluc thé, hay 1a tai tré-troi ma minh khéng biét? (Hemingway: 51) 3.5. Hodn chuyén cdu tric: Dé cé dugce nhing cau dich tr nhién & ngit dich, trong nhiéu trudng hop phai sit dung cdc thi phdp chuyén déi cu tric, tic 1a thay thé bing mot cau tric khac 6 ngit dich. Dudi day 14 mot sé vi du chuyén déi cau tric khi dich tir tiéng Anh sang tiéng Viet: Scanned with CamScanner3.5.1. Chuyén déi danh tidngit thanh déng tidngit: 18) Do you want a drink of any kind? (Hemingway: 16) > May cé mudn udng gi khong? 3.5.2. Chuyén déi danh tidngit thanh gidi ngit: 19) When Anna left Inspector Aziz, she was much happier. > Khi ba Anna rdi khdi ché thank tra Aziz, ba cdm thdy yui fron nhiéu, ha Wid He Panbb ay S57 (T.Vicary, 62) 3.5.3.) ‘Chuyén déi vi ngit don thanh vi ngit phitc: 20) The sevant bowed out of the room. > Nguéi gitip viée citi chao va ra khéi phong. 3.5.4. Chuyén déi cdu bi déng thanh cau chit déng: 21) Could I just be informed as to who performs the ceremony? > Ching may cé thé cho tao biét ai sé lam 18 duoc khong? A anh) (E.'Sagal: 158) 3.5.5. Chuyén déi céu don thanh cau ghép: 22) It hit the floor and broke up, flighting bits everywhere. > N6 roi-xudng nén nha vé.tan, manh vun vang ra khép noi. 3.5.6... Chuyén déi cdu khang dinh thanh cau phi dinh: 23) Please stay out of the close-in area? > Dé nghi khéng vao (= trénh xa) khu vutc cd do: 3.5.7. Chuyén déi céu héi cé gid tri cdu khién thanh cau tuong thudt cdu khién: 24) May I explain, Phil? E. Segal: 158) 37 Scanned with CamScanner> Bac Phin a, chéu xin gidi thich, 3.5.8. Chuyén déi cau cdu khién thanh cau héi: 25) Tell me about the baseball. (Hemingway: 26 > Thé con tran bong thé nao? ° 3.6 Dich thanh ngit tinh: La tha php chuyén mot cau cia neit ngudn thanh mét cau thinh ngit hodc cé tinh thinh neit (dic ngif) 6 ngit dich. Thi phap nay truéc hét duge ding dé dich cée cau thanh ngif cia ngit nguén cé thanh ngit tuong duong 6 ngit dich. Vi du, thay vidich theo nghia nguyén van, cdc cau thanh ngit duéi day ciia tiéng Anh duoc dich bang céc thinh ngit tuong tng cia tiéng Viet: 26) First the bitter then the sweet > * Truéc dang sau ngot > Mat long truéc, dugc long sau 27) January commits the fault and May bears the blame. > * Thang giéng mac Idi, thang ndm mang tigng. > Quyt lam, cam chiu. Tuy nhién thi phdp nay khong phai chi dé dich céc thinh ngit hay cdc cau cé tinh thanh ngit cla ngi ngudén ma ca nhiing cau khong cé tinh thanh ngif, nhu vi du duéi day: 28) There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball have ever seen. . > That la nhitng cit cd mot khong hai. Chau cing chia bao gid thd’y ai ném béng xa dén nlut anh ta. Anh "There was nothing like vi du trén, cau tiéng i 7 it Ace nait hay cé tinh thanh m2 them" khong phai la mot cau thinh Scanned with CamScannernhung dugc chuyén dich sang tiéng Viet thanh mot cau dic ngit (‘That la nhing ct cé mét khong hai”), lam dam thém chat khdu ngif va chat van hoc ciia cau dich. 4. Cac thi php dich tir ngit Céc thi phdp dich tir ngif 1a céch thitc xir ly va xc lap tuong duong cho cdc don vi tir vung (tir hodc ngif) cla van ban nguén, vi vay cing cé thé goi day'la cdc thi phdp dich tir vung. Xét theo tinh chat tuong duong gitta céc don vi tir vung cia ngit nguén va ngit dich va cdc kha nang lua chon dé xéc lap tuong duong tir Vung trong qué trinh dich thuat, chting’toi phan biét 10 tha phap dich tiv ngit khéc nhau dudi day: 4.1 Truc dich: La tha phap chuyén dich nguyén van cdc tir ngit cia ngit nguén sang ngi dich bang mot don vi tir vung. tuong img. Day 1a thd phdp dich don gian nhat, truéc hét 4p dung cho cdc tir ngit cha ngit nguén'cé tutong duong phi ngit canh 6 ngit dich, vi du: céc tén riéng (France > Phdp, Russian > Nga, India > An Dé...), cdc thuat ngit Khoa hoc (phoneme! > dm vi, television > truyén hinh, mathematic > todn hoc, tuberculosis > bénh lao...), hoac cdc tir ngit chi cé m6t nghia duy nhat 6 ca hai ng6n ngit (Pole star > sao Bac cut, salmon > cé héi) mango > xodi..:). D6i v6i.cdc tit ngit nay, thi phap truc dich khd don gian, dich gia c6 thé tra cttu hoac héi nghia cla tir ma khong can ngit canh., Tuy nhién, can luu y rang cdc tuong duong tir vung phi ngit cdnh (1-1) gitta ngit nguén va ngif dich khong phdi 1A mot - ci gi bat bién ma cé thé thay déi theo thdi gian. Ching han, di c6 mot thdi phé bién cach dich Russian > Nga-ta-lut, France > Phii -l@ng -sa, United Nation > Héi Quéc Lién, Jdogic > ludn Jy... nhung hién nay nhig tuong duong dé khong con duge sit 39 Scanned with CamScannerdung nita. Ngoai cc tuong duong phi — canh, thi Dp in dich cfing c6 thé dp dung cho cdc tuong luong nei cin gig, hinh ciia cdc tir ngit c6 nhiéu tvong duong O BE dich, duge x40 lap theo nghia g6c cia tir (wi du: book - sch, person ra water - mééc, go - di, red - do. )tuy nbién, dé dich chinh x nhing trudng hop nay, tot nhat van la 4p dung tha phép ce tich ngit canh. 4.2 Phan tich nghia cua tit theo ngit canh: Thi phip ray dugc sit dung dé dich cdc tir ngit cha ngit nguén cé6 nhiéu tuong duong ngit canh 6 ngit dich. Nguyén tac chinh cia thi phip may 1a ding phuong phép phan tich nghia cia tir theo su két hop cia chting dé xdc dinh cdc tuong duong 6 ngit dich. Hay xét céch dich dong tit to run cha tiéng Anh trong doan van duéi day sang tiéng Viet (ching toi dich nguyén van dé d6i chiéu, cdn nhing ché dé trong ngoac 1a dich thoang): i " 29) The motor of his car stopped running. The man didn't know what todo, He.was near a brook which was running under the road through a, culvert. He, thought about using, some < ye \, water to cool the engine. But he decided he would run back to town and see. if he might, run into someone who could ws help him. 5 ane Bal : ‘(Din theo Larson 1984: 148) > Dong co’ chiée xe'ctia dng ta da ngiing hoat dong (Chiée ® ctta dng ta chét may). Ngudi dan ong kliong biét phdi lam Ong ta dang & gén mét con sudi nhé chdy qua mgt cai coi gdm didi dueng. Ong ta d& nght dé viec diing nude aé a" "eudi may. Ning rdi ong lai quyét dink chay (44) thainh ph dé tim xem tigu c6 ai dé giip duce minh khO"8 40 Scanned with CamScannerTrong doan van tiéng Anh trén, dong tir to run dugc ding v6i b6n nghia tuong tmg voi bén ngit canh khdc nhau va vi vay 6 bén tuong duong khac nhau khi dich sang tiéng Viét: 6 ngit canh thit nhat, két hop véi mot chi ngit qua thé 1a dong co (the motor), né cé:nghia 1a “hoat dong”; 6 ngit canh tht hai, két hop véi mot chi ngit qué thé 1a con sudi (a brook), n6é cé nghia 1a “chay"s 6 ngit canh thtt ba, két hop véi mot chi ngit hanh thé 1a ong dy (he), nécé nghia 1a “chay”, va & ngit canh cudi cing, két hop véi mét bé ngit déi thé 14 ai dé (someone), n6é c6 nghia 1a “tim kiém’. Néu chting ta khong dua vao ng canh ciia déng tir run, tic 1a su két hop cha’ né vdi'cdc tit xung quanh, chting ta khong thé hiéu va dich ding nghia ciia tir nay. 4.3 Ding cdc tit ngit cé nghia hep hon: Thi phap nay truéc hét duge sir dung dé dich cdc trudng hop ngit dich khéng cé cdc tir ngit tuong img cé nghia khéi quét nhu ngit nguén. Chang han, dé chi cay Ita va céc.san vat tir lia, tiéng Anh chi ding mot tir cé ¥ nghia khai quat 1a “tice”, trong khi tiéng Viét lai.cé hang loat cdc tir cy thé biéu hién cdc cdch phan loai kh4c nhau (ma, lua, théc, gao,.com, chdo...) ma kh6ng.c6 mét tir chung cho céc khdi niém/d6: Vi vay, khi dich tir “rice” tintiéng Anh sang tiéng Viet, phai ty theo timg tinh hudng giao ti€p, doi tuong dugc quy chiéu cu thé va cd ngit canh két hgp cia chting, ma lya chon mot trong cdc tir c6.¥ nghia hep hon 6 trén dé dich. Dé ciing 1a cdch dich nhiéu tir ngit khai quét khéc cia tiéng Anh khong’c6 tuong ting trong tiéng Viét (vi du: hair > t6c, léng; to break > bé, ditt, dap, phd. , tim, g6i, rita...; 10 wear >mdac, di, deo, khodc, di...) hoac tit it nptt tiéng Viét khong c6 tuong ting khdi quat trong tiéng Anh (do > coat, jacket, shirt, tunic..., ta’ lay > hand, arm; ). 41 Scanned with CamScannery ~, rong hon: Khic véi thy »., 4.4 Ding céc tic ngit 06 paeeid teh CCL ie ding céc tir ngit 6 nghia pe ting & ng dich, thit php sie cha ngitngudn Hone nat cu thé cla ngit nguén ihing duge ding oé i ainy aa ; ai vi du.vé tt “tice” tren aa tuong ine ing tigng Anh khong c6 cacti ngit tuong ting a ching A nghia cu thé cia tiéng Viet nhu ma, hia, gao, com, So. 189 néu dich ede tirngtt nay clia tiéng Viet sang tény ‘Anh, bit bude phai sit dung tir rice, MOt UW CO nghia rong hoy nhiéu, ngoai trit ching ta muén 4p dung cdc tha phdp dich khie hut ding cach m6,ta (tuong duong mo ta) hoc vay muon (phign chuyén). Ciing tuong ty nhit vay neu ta dich cae tr cu thé khéc cita tiéng Viet ra tiéng Anh (cdm, mang, vac, xdch...> to carry; Inde, doi, déo| khodc...> to' wear; téc, l6ng > hair...), hoac cée w cu thé sau cia 'tiéng “Anh ‘ra 'tiéng Viet -(fake, false, forged, Bogus’> gid; high, tall'>‘cao...). Tuy nhién, cling cé trutng hop figit 'nguén co tir cu thé tuong'tmg 6'ngit dich nhung ching ‘ta van phai chon tir ngit co nghia-khéi quat dé dich bdi vind phi hop véi Idi néi cha ngudi ban ngit.Chang -han}-cac tir hand vi arm ¢ia ting Anh tuong tthgvéi cdc tir cu thé trong ting Vidt Ia ban tay va cdnh tay (viidusiShe cupped her hands to collect water from the spring + Co dy chum hai ban tay lai: dé vite mide trong sudi; He squeezed her. arm = Anh xiét chat cdnh tay 6 a) nhung doi khiiné duoc dich sang tigng -Viét bing mot tit oJ nghia khdi quat (tay) Jai td ra thich hgp hon. Vi du: 30) They were walking hand in handlarm in arm” > Ho dang cling nhait di dao*ban tay trong ban tayl*ednh lay trong cénh tay > Ho dang cin ig nhau di da te (Hoge: Ho da do tay trong tay ng datikhodc tay nhau di dao) Scanned with CamScanner45 Tuong duong dung hoc la thi phap dimg cc tir ding nghia biéu hién nhung khac nghia dung hoc dé thay thé cho cdc tir chi tuong duong vé nghia biéu hién. Tha php nay duge ap dung cho céc trugng hop mot ti ngit nguén cé nhiéu tuong duong dung hoc 6 ngit dich, vi du: J >: tdi, anh, chi, dng, ba, em dy, ong dy, hdn, g@ y...; she> c6 dy, chi dy, ba dy, d...; women > phu nit, dan ba; chidren > tré con, thiéu nhi, to kiss > hdn, thom; to give >. cho, tdng,-biéu, dang... Khidich ti tiéng Anh sang tiéng Viét, ngudi dich phai tuy theo cdc tinh hudng ma Iva chon mot tit déng nghia thich hgp hon vé mat dung hoc dé dich. Chang han véi cau “J don’t know”, phai tiy theo gidi tinh, tudi tac, vi thé cla ngudi ndi ma cé thé dich 1a “Téi khong biét”, “Minh khéng bié?”, “Anh khong biét”, “Chi'khong biét”, “Em khong biét”, v.v. Tuong’tu'nhu vay, tit women trong Women’s Liberation Movement dich la. phu\nit (Phong. trao Gidi phéng Phu nit) thi thich hgp hon 1a dan ba, nguge lai 6 trong trong cau sau day dich la dan bd lai hay hon phu nit: = he> anh 31) “Women upset” — said Willson to the tall man. > “Chuyén dan ba” - Willson néi véi anh chang cao lén. yeh ay bs» (Hemingway II: 23) 4.6 Tuwong dwtong van hod: Trong bat ky ngén ngit nao ciifig cé t6n taiinhimg-tir ngir khong-c6 tuong tng trong ngon ngit khdc; hode ¢6' tuong'mg'nhung lai mang nhimg ham nghia van hod khac nhau. D6i'v6i nhing tirngif nay, trong nhiéu trudng hop.dé lam cho ban dich phi. hgp véi van hoa cia ngit dich, dich gid'cé thé:ding céc tir ngit van hod cia ngit dich dé thay thé cho cc tir ngit, van' hod cla ngit nguén.. Chang han, ngudi Anh.quen sit dung cdc don vi do ludng hé Anh 1a pound (dé do trong luong); inch (do d dai), yard (do khoang cach). cdn ngudi Viet lai quen 43 Scanned with CamScanneré kilogam (can, ky), mét, kilomét Anh sang tiéng Viét, thay vi a é ta (xem cAc muc dudi), dé n dan’ a) oe a Viet, céc don vi do luéng hé Anh phd hop vorim | anh cdc don yj do Luong ma ngudi Viet nén duge © “og du: It weighs 4 pounds > No nang 4 pao> sng 1 fn 8; He is about 6 Jee" tall > NO cao Khoag 6 phit imét 8). Dac biet doi voi cdc tir ngit 18 an dy, hodn du, hodc so sanh.. ‘thi tham chi 06 ton ing a vung trong nga dich nhung khong tuong duong vé ham nghiia an héa; ‘cling cn phai dugc dich bang céc tuong'duong van hoa. Vi du: _ 32) NO nghéo rot ming toi. > He is as poor as @ church mouse. ymmer. dc t 33) A swallow does not make a. ‘Sui (* Mot con én khéng lam nén mita he). > Mét con én khéng lam nén mita xudn. 34) Ch ché méo Idm léng. tke The pot calls the kettle black. (*Cai néi ché cdi dm den) bafta tase mina mung ta8 Ta mots daca BENE ve dich n6é ching ia re aN “ MEE. one tiéng Anh iu ea de ahung tuong duong vé ie ang mot tit khac nghiia biéu hes nghéo la chuét nha thé. (a i ahlgrvin hes ide AT (33) va (34), mac di cac tir . wel aes Con trong cfc vi i vung tong ng dich nh gi dug in dam déu 06 twong ie “ham nghia van hod: ngudi Rees is i khong tong done Ee inda he, thi ngudi Viet lai coi sen chim én 1a bigu tuong ol . 6 1a biéu tuong cia mia xu 44 Scanned with CamScanner6.va méo lam dn du cdc quan hé hiem Khich va ngudi Viet lay ch ase oe thudn a nhiing vat cling loai, thi ngudi Aah nbin thay ¥ nghia d6 qua cdc dn du cai am va cai ndéi. Vi vay, dé chuyén tai duge y nghia cila cdc cau thanh ngif, thay vi str dyng ofe tuong ing tir vung, cdc dn du giau tinh van hod nay duge dich bang Ae tir ngit tuong duong vé ham nghia van hod cia ngit on (summer> mia xudn; ché > pot-ndi, méo > kettle-dm, lam léng > black-den). 4.7 Tuong duong chitc nang 1a thi phdp chuyén dich cdc tir ngit cla ngi nguén khong cé cdc tuong ting tr vung dong chiic nang 6 ngit dich hoac,cé tuong ting tir vung nhung khong dong chtic nang. Chang han, dé biéu hién quan hé dinh vi (khong gian va thdi gian), tiéng Viét ciing nhu,.tiéng Anh sit dung nhiéu gidi tir dinh vi khéc nhau: d, tai, trong, ngodi, trén, dudi, truoc, sau...; at, on. in, outside, on, under, in front of, behind... Thudng thi.cé su tuong tng gitta cdc giditir tiéng.Anh va tiéng Viet (He is at home >’ Anh dy &nha-She isin the room > C6 ay 6 trong phong. The ‘book is ‘on the table’> Quyén'sdchid trén ban.), nhung ciing cé khé nhiéu trudng hop khong tuong tg’ (We sat imthe shadow od a tree >\Chiing toi ngdi-duéil*trong bong cay. Klooked:at him\> Toi nhin vao/*é anh ta: Ho turn their'back on me'> Ho quay lung lai voi/*trén 161). Tham chi, cing mot gidi tir ding trong mét cau, nhung tu theo tinh hudng giao tiép va vi tri cia ngudi ndi, cé thé dich nhiéu céch khdcinhau bing)nhing'gisi tir khéc nhau: ‘ 35) He isin the garden. a. Ong dy 6 trong vuin. (Ngudi ni & ngoai san) b: Ong dy 6 ngoai Viton. (Ngwi n6i 6 trong'nha)' © 8c Ong dy'd dudi won: (Ngudi néi 6 vi tri cao hon vudn) cod wy d. Ong dy 6 wen vudn, (Ngudi n6i & vi tri thap hon,vudn). 45 Scanned with CamScanner. : nay, mac dit xét tit g6c dg ty Trong nh one tuong ting véi cfc tir ligne 8 cac thr ota ti a a 36 thé sit dUNE aé dich pe Vi trong cig ae cei twang duong yé mat chitc nang. canh dan; «5 td: la thi phap chuyén dich nhing ty 5. cara eo dh th khong cé ia cita ti d6. Vi du: decatlon - cudc thi dau diéy kink thich y Ba noi hop, decathlete - van dong vien dién kinh thj diy hea rai pht hop. inch - don-vi chiéu dai theo hé Anhy, bang 245 cm, pound - don yi do trong. lugng nee ae ‘Anh -M5, hang 0,454 kg. Tha phap nay cé han ché la cdc tir ngtt duge ding dé gidi thich thuéng dai dong, fit c6 kha nang tré thanh céc dy vi tir vung tuong ting & ngit dich, ‘vi vay trong khi dich, n6 op véi thi: phap phién chuyén. Dei thudng duge ding két he 4.9 Sao phéng: con goi 1a thi phap can. ke (calques), 1a cach dich cdc tir ghép hoac két hop tir (collocations) cha ngit.nguén bang cach truc dich nghia cha.timg thanh t6, qua dé tao ra mot don vi tuong duong 6 ngit dich, vi du: United Nations > Lién Hiép Quoc, World Bank > Ngan hang thé gidi, microbiologic >vi sinh, polysystem'> da hé. thong, cross-\cultural > xuyén vat héa, inter-linguistic > lién ngit, anti-government > chong chink phi... 6 ngit dich néu cdc thanh t6 duge ding dé dich la Han Vit thi trat ty thudng disge gitt nguyéni (United Nation > Lién Hiép Quéc, human rights > nhan quyén, air force > khong Ine, supermarket > siéu thi, ...), con néu cdc thanh t6 1a thuin Vit a Aiba Hin vi hén hop thi vj ti cia ching s@ a ie thanh, live okines Ml {enews man ~ ngudl uy i, holy ie mi hhuman rights > nhac séng, machine translation > dia nd quyén con ngudi,...). V6i cc két hop col 46 Scanned with CamScannerthanh 6 Han Viet tré Lén thi xu huéng chung hién nay 1a sip xép theo trat ty cit phiip ting Viét, vi du: World Bank — Ngdn hang thé gidi (*ThE gidi Ngdn hang), market economy — kinh té thi truéng (“thi wudng kinh té), sociolinguistics — ngon ngit hoc x@ hoi (* xd hoi ngén ngit hoc)... Tuy nhién, voi cac tir ngit da cé cic trong dutong 6 sin trong ngit dich thi khong nén sit dung thi: php dich nay vi no cé thé tao ra nhiing két hgp tir vo nghia hoac sai nghia, vi du: rest room > * phong nghi (nha vé sinh), housewife >*vg nha (ndi,trg), shortcut > *ca ngdn (l6i tat)...), body language > *ngon ngit ca thé (ngon ngit cit chi)... 4.10 Phién chuyén: 1d tha phip chuyén dich cac tir ngir khong c6 tutong img trong ngit dich bing cdch vay mugn ching tir ngit ngudn thong qua cdc hinh thc phién’am (in-to-net, com-piu-to, ma-két-t -ting, dé-la, Oa-sinh-ton, Mat-xco- va, Séch-xpia,Ton- Xt6i), chuyén , tu (Moskva, Tolstoj) . hoac dé nguyén. dang (internet, computer, marketing, dollar, Washington, dy Tha phap dich thuat nay thuong mo dudng cho viéc chuyén cac-tir ngif cua ngit nguén thanh cdc tir ngit vay mugn ¢ ngif dich va qua dé lam phong phti thém cho vén tir vung cla ngif dich. Déi véi nhiing tir ngit lin dau tién duge dich bang thi phap phién chuyén, dé ngudi doc hiéu duge nghia cia ching, céin ph6i hop sit dung’ véi tha phdp mo 1a, giai thich 6 trén. Mac dit céc thi: phdp dich tir vung’ ciing ‘quan‘ trong nhung chting ta can luu y rang y nghia cia tir thudng do ngit canh quyét dinh, vi vay, trong khi dich ching ta khong duge tach roi te khéi cau va van ban. 47 Scanned with CamScanneret luan: 7 ct Két « mot hoat dong phtic tap, trong dg gg i pap cde wong duong GOL noi phi iF hang ogy cg ya xdc at hinh thife va y nghia cla cae don vi dich thus ig, pan he a rg ngai lien quan dén sy Khéc biét gitta at tig biet fe yeh Dé gidi quyét duge nhiém vu nay, ngoaj Vie” vif ad nett ngudn va ngit dich va c6 nhiing tri thie Pits i ey sho hoat dong dich thuat, dich gid cling phij ning" nike phuong phdp va tha phap dich thuat co bin, NG hes phuong phép dich thuat cht yeu a quan Vide XIE ng quan hé gitfa hinh thitc va y nghia aie ngit nguén va gi dich caip do van ban, thi céc thi phap dich ey i Chi yeu hug dén viec xit ly cc méi quan he gitta hinh thitc va ¥ nghia cia cj, ie ri dich thuat & cép do dudi van ban [a tir va cau. Xét tirgi do ly thuyét, viéc phan biét cdc thd phép dich thuat nhw tréng can thiét dé nhan thie va m6 ta. Tuy nhién, trong thyc té, doi duoc mot ban dich thudng phai van dung ddng théi cdc phuong php va tha phap dich thuat chit khong thé tach biét hoic déiliy ching vi nhau. TALLIEU THAM KHAO CHINH A. TAILIEU THAM KHAO, i 1. Bell, R.. Translation and Translating Theory au fe Longman, London, 1987. 0: 2. Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Transtatio™ University, Oxford, 1965. : ye Scanned with CamScanner3. Hodng Van Van. Nghién cttu dich thuat, Nxb KHXH, Ha NGi, 2005. 4. Hatim, B., Mason, I. Discourse and the Translator, Longman, UK, 1990, 5. Hitu Ngoc. S6 tay ngudi dich tiéng Anh, Nxb Gido duc, Ha Noi 1996. 6. Larson, M.L. Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross- Language Equivalence,’ University Press of American, Lanham 1994. 7. Lé Hing Tién. Mot s6.dac diém cha ngonngit van.ban phaép luat, Ludn dn TS; DHQG Ha Noi, 1999. 8. Lé Quang Thiém. Nghién ctu déi chiéu cdc ng6n ngit, Nxb DH&THCN, Ha Néi, 1989. 9. Newmark, P.A. A Textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall, London,1988. 10. Nida, E.A., Taber, C. The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden 1969. 11. Nguyén Héng Cén. Vé van dé tuong duong trong dich thuat, Tic Ngon ngit, so 11/2001 12. Nguyén Thj Quynh Hoa, Khao sat cdu tric ngit nghia cia hién tugng dao ngéf trong tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh, Ludn dn TS, Ha N6i 2004. 13. Nguyén Tuyét Hanh, Vin dé dich tho Dudng 6 Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1996. 14. Nhi Ca. Chiéc cau néi lién cdc dan tc, trong “ Dich va hoc va Van hoc dich”, Thuy Toan (ed.), Nxb Van hoc 1996, 44-70. 15. Thuy Toan (ed.). Dich van hoc va van hoc dich, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi 1996. 49 Scanned with CamScannerpe TAL LIBU TRICH pAN LAM NGU LIEU ‘ d, the Sea (Ong gia iF Hemingway, E. The old man. an ak ite Ng gid va pz cA), Sach song ngit, Nxb Thé gidi, Ha N6i, 2001. a bid 2, Hemingway. (I). The short happy. life of Fran jh song ngit, Nxb Ngoai van, Ha Néi, isa Macomber, Sde 3,. Segal, E. Love Story (Chuyén, Tinh), Nxb Thanh nién 2099, 4,, Vicary, T White Death (C4i chét tring), Séch song ngiz, Np Kim Dong 1999. 5) Bassett J. The: Phantom of the Opera: (Béng ma Nha hat Nhzc Kich), Sdch song ngity Nxb'\Kim'Dong, 1999. . 1 flo 50 Scanned with CamScanner