TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC TRA VINH, 96 30, THANG 6 NAM 2018 DANH GIA HIEU NANG CUA PHUONG PHAP PHAN TCH _____ THANH PHAN CHINH PCA TRONG | NHAN DANG KHUON MAT CO BIEN DOI VE SAC THAI Dugng Ngoc Van Khanh', Nguyén Bio An? AN EVALUATION ON PERFORMANCE OF PCA IN FACE RECOGNITION WITH EXPRESSION VARIATIONS Duong Ngoc Van Khanh', Nguyen Bao An? ‘Tém tt - Cac phuong phdp nhan dang mét nguéi dua trén vé ngodi thetdng gdp cdc khd khiin Khi khudn mat duge nhén dang cb se thay aéi vé sde thdi nhut khdc, cwdi, hd migng,,.. Trong inding hyp nay, cdc phiong phdp nhdn dang todn phén cd higu ndng tt hon. Bai bdo nay trink bay mét sé dénh gid dua trén phiong phdp nhén dang todn phin trén mat ngudi cé bién a6 vé sde thdi, sit dung phuong phdp rit gon sb chiéu PCA va ede thugt toda phin Idp. Ké qud the nghiém cho thdy dp chink xic phdin Idp 15 nhdt khi sit dung rds (t eigenvectors va thuft todn NN (khi k=1) cho két qua tét hon SVM. Tit khéa: nhdn dang khuén mat cé bién d6i sde thdi, phan tich think phda chink, thut todn KNN Abstract Appearance-based recognition methods often encounter difficulties when the input images contain facial expression variations such as laughing, crying or wide mouth open- ing. In these cases, holistic methods give bet- ter performance than appearance-based methods. This paper presents some evaluation on face recognition under variation of facial expression T3B9 mon Céng aghé Théng tin, Khoa Ki thudt va Cong nghé, ‘Truting Dai hoc Tra Vinh Negly nbn bai: 21/12/2017; Nedy nhfn két qué binh duygt: 22/02/2018; Ngdy chip nban ding: 30/7/2018 Email: vankhanh@tvu.edu.vn ™4§chool of Information Technology, School of Engincer- ing and Technology, Tra Vinh University Received date: 21* December 2017; Revised date: 22"4 February 2018; Accepted «late: 30° July 2018 61 using the combination of PCA and classification algorithms. The experimental results showed that the best accuracy can be obtained with very few eigenvectors and KNN algorithm (with k=1) performs better than SVM in most test cases. Keywords: face recognition under expression variations, principle component analysis, KNN algorithm L GIGI THRU Nhan dang khuén mit (facial recognition) li mbt bai toan tigu bidu cila hoc may (machine learning) va nhan dang miu (pattern recognition). ‘Thao tic nhan dang thuting dugc cai dit bing m6t thugt toan phan Idp (classification) dudi m6 hinh hoc cé gidm sat (supervised learning). Mg céch téng quat, anh diu vao Juén chiu anh hung bdi mot hoe nhiéu sy bién déi so vdi Anh duge luu trong ¢¢ 83 dit Liu, Mét s6 bién déi cb thé ké dén 1a div kign 4nh séng {illumination variation — trong 46 bao gém buéng va cudng 49 cia ngudn sang), géc chyp (pose variation), trang diém (make-up), tudi téc (aging), biés cim cia khu6n mit (facial expression),... Céc nghiéa cifu nhgn dang mit ngudi déu ob ging thich ngbi yOi nhiéu su bién d6i mht cé thé. Bai béo niy trinh bay két qui vigc itng dung phuiong phip phén tich thanh phin chinh Principal Componest Analysis (PCA) trong rit gon s6 chidu di ligu 6é nhan dang khuén mit ngudi cd bién déi vé ske théi véi nhidy thudt todn phan Iép khéc nhau. Két qué cho thy khi xii li nit gon 96 chidu bing PCA. thnét toan phan 1ép K-nearest neighbors (KNN)‘TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG Dal HOC TRA VINH, $6 30, THANG 6 NAM 2018 (v6i k=1) cho két qua trong tip dit ligu kiém thor t6t hon so véi thuat todn Support Vector Machine (SVM) trong hau hét thi nghigm, I. TONG QUAN NGHIEN CUU A. Cde ki thudt nhdn dang Khuén mt Céc 1d thndt nhgn dang Khuén mit 6 thé chia thanh ba nhém chinh: nhin dang tt anh tinh, nbn dang ti chudi anh d6ng (video) vA nhin dang theo mé hinh ba chiéu (véi anh cla déi tugng duge ghi nh§n bdi mét camera hong ngoai 3D). Pham vi bai béo nay chi trinh bay chi tiét phucng phép nhin dang anh tinh. Céc Ki thudt nbn dang khudn mit t¥ anh doh c6 thé chia ra hai ahém: nban dang dua vio dic wung (titng phdn — feature based recognition) va nhin dang toin phin (holistic), 1) Caic Ki thugt nhéin dang dya vao djic tring (tamre based): Trong céc ki thuat nay, ngudi ta thudng c& gAng trich ra nhiing dac tung trén kbuén mit nhu mii, mit, miéng, chan may va tinh méi Jin hé vé binh hoc giita cdc diém nay, sau d6 rit gon anh diu vio bing mét vector biéu thi dic tung hinh hoc cia khuén mit. Tiép theo, ching ta sit dung cdc vector nay dé so khdp trong bG nhan dang. Céch rit trich dic tring khuén mit sit dung trong nhiéu phitung phép khic nhau dice biéu dién trong ede Hinh 1 va 2, Nim 1993, Brunelli va Poggio [1] x4y ding mét m6 hinh nhan dang gdm 35 dic tring hinh hoc cia khuén mit tit m6t cd sd dé ligu khu6n mat cila 47 ngudi. ‘M6 hinh nay cho tin sb nhin dang khoing 90%. Nam 1996, Cox va cOng sy [4] xay ding mét m6 hin phiéc tap hon Ia sit dung mét vector 30 chiéu trich xudt ti! mé hinh 35 dic tung va cho tin s6 nhgn dang dén 95%. M6t céch tiép cn khéc 12 st dung db thj co gifin (clastic bunch graph) dé bidu thi djc trung cita khudn m3t [2], mét s6 diém chudn trén khuén mat duge chon, cdc canh néi céc diém chudin nay sé tao thinh mét 43 thi dang 1uéi bao tram hét khudn mit, khi cS mét kbuén mat méi cAn nb§n dang, dé thi cho khuén mit mdi 38 dufde inh thinh bing thuit tan Elastic Bunch Graph Matching. Phuong php nay cho 46 chinh x4c ién dén 98%. Nbung cach tiép can dé hon da duigc dé xudt bdi Liposcak va Loncaric [3] véi vector 21 de tring sit dung phuong phép KHOA HOC CONG NGHE - MOLTRUONG Hinh 1: a) Céc dic tng hinh hoc - (Nguén: Theo R. Brunelli va T. Poggio [1]) b) MG hinh 35 dic tring - (Ngudn: Theo I. J. Cox va cOng sy [4]) ©) Luéi céc dic trung - (Ngudn: Theo L. Wiskott 2) d) M6 hinh 12 diém dic tumg - (Ngudn: Theo Z, Liposcak [3}) e) Mé hinh 21 vector dic tung — (Ngudn: Theo Z. Liposcak [3}) Ipc subspace filtering va cho d chinh xc khodng 90%. Céc phuong phép nhan dang dita wén dic trung, do chi trich xuAt cdc dic tring ting phin cia khudn mit, c6 wu diém 1 manh mé véi su thay déi cda vi tri khuén mit trong anh, kich tude cia anh cfing nhu hu6ng va diéu kign anh sang va tc d6 so khép khi nhin dang nhanh. Tuy nhién, khé khin cba ce phudng phép nay IA sy phifc tap trong céc thao téc xit If Anh 48 trich xuat cae die trung va xéc djnh mite 46 quan trong cia ting dic tring. 2) Cae ii thuft nhan dang toan phd (holistic): Ki thn4t nbn dang toan phdn ding todn bé khudn mit dé lam dit ligu diu vao. Dé nhfn dang, ngudi ta thing ding cdc thugt todn méy hoc nhu SVM (Support Vector Machine) [5], mang Neuron, KNN (K nearest neighbors — K lang giéng gin nha... Thong thudng, ching ta phdi ding mét him do d6 tuong ty gifta hai d6i tugng di ligu, phd bién nhét JA khong céch Euclidean Euclidean distance). Tuy nhién, do anh cé sé‘TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG BAT HOC TRA VINH, 86 30, THANG 6 NAM 2018, chiéu Jdn (trén duéi 100x100) nén cdn c6 mét phiong phap rit gon sé chidu aé uta dit liéu vé mét kh8ng gian cé sé chiéu nhd hon so véi khong gian géc va tién hanh c4c thao téc nhan dang tén di ligu mdi niy ma kh6ng anh huding én két qué phan 1dp (tham chi mang Iai hiéu qui cao hon khi tién hanh trén khdng gian g6c). Hai phutdng phap rit gon s6 chiéa thuting duge sit dung 1a PCA (Principle Component Analysis) [6], [7] va LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) (3). ‘Uu diém cia phudng phép nhan dang toan phin la ldy toan b6 di ligu cda khuén mit lam dg ligu nhan dang, trénh mét mét théng tin. Thy ohién, diéu nay cling han ché khi mt s6 phuténg phdp xem ring tit cA pixel trong anh dau c6 45 quan trong nh nhau. Hon nila, d6 phitc tap tinh todn khi tinh 46 nfdng quan gitfa toan bé cdc anh cfing rit cao efing nhut hign nang cla nhan dang khi digu kign anh sing, géc chyp thay déi cing Khong tit. ‘Véi dit Hign mat ngudi c6 sy bién déi vé sac thai, chiing t6i cho ring sy sai biét gia phan cia Khuén mat tao nén céc sie théi khdc nhau, vi dy nhy miéng va mat cia mot ngudi khi cudi sé rat khdc biét so vai khi khéc. Do d6, ching ta sé rht khé tim dtide sy tudng quan khi sit dung phifong phép nbn dang dya tren dic tring. Ngwtgc lei, khi sit dung phuong phép nhan dang toan phan, cdc bién 481 vé sic thai nay duge Ki vong khong nh hudng nghiém trong dén d6 do sy trong ny giita céc anh. Néu chién lén khong gian toa 4, ta @ vong ring céc dah cha cing mt ngudi voi bién di sic théi khdc nhau vin nam gin nhav. Dé Ba If do ching t6i chon PCA dé mt If truding hop Anh khuén mit cé bién d6i sic thai, vi PCA Ja phudng php nit gon sé chidu ning vin duy tl sy phan bé cia dif ligu rit t6t. Bai bao nay nhim d4nh gid higu ning cia phiténg phép PCA. va so sénh giifa thugt tofn KNN va SVM trong phan lép dif ligu mat agudi c6 bién déi séc thai trong mét sé kich ban khéc nhau. B. Phuong phdp PCA (Principle Component Analysis) Phan tich thanh phan chinh (Priciple Compo- nent Analysis — PCA) duge dé xuat lan dau tién bdi Karl Pearson vao nim 1901 [8] va duge ung 63 KHOA HOC CONG NGHY - frur LXuUN™ dung trong cdc linh vyc kbée nhau dv6i nhiéy 4én goi khdc nban. ‘Trong phan tich dit ligu, PCA duige sit dung rong rai dé khdm phé dif tiéu (data exploring), rit gon dit ligu (data reduction), nén dif 1igu (data compression) d6i véi dit liéu 06 sf chidu 16n, khé truc quan héa va tinh todn. ‘Mu dich chinh cia PCA 1a gidm s6 chidu di ligu véi céc muc tiéu: i) tim mt khéng gian méi v6i sé chigu it hdn so véi khong gian g6c nhuog van gilt dugc kha ning biéu din phan b6 cba di lign tong dung hodc tt hda trong khéng gian cli, tite Ia dim bdo dé bién thién (variability) cia di liéu trén s6 chiéu mdi; ii) cdc truc toa 46 trong khéng gian mdi phii tryc giao véi nhau vA duge tinh toan dya vao dif ligu quan sat duge & khéng gian ci; ii) Id vong dit ra voi khong gian mdi Ja tinh tugng quan olla dif liéu duge thé hién tit hon trong khéng gian gc. Nhu vay, ta phai tim cdc vector tnfe giao w sao cho khi ta chiéu dit Tigu Jén cdc vector may thi phutong sai ciia dit ligu dude t6i da héa. ‘Véi X Ja ma tran di Liéu g&c ta muén thi da héa Var(w X), véi rang bude Ikvll=1, bai toén t6i da héa trén c6 ham muc tiéu J(w)=Varu™ X) a ‘Theo cng thite cia phutdng sai, ta od thé thé vao (1), voi 2 1A trung binh cia X Iw) = EWw?X — wp)? = EBQotX- Tp) XT pr) = WT E(X—p)\(X—p)Pw = wD v6i D= EX) (Xp)? 1a ma ten higp phuong al. ‘Véi muc tiéu 1a cule dai héa Jw) theo bién w, voi w duide chuin héa sao cho théa rang buéc ull=1, diéu nay 06 thé duge giai quyét bai thao tée t8i wu héa Lagrangian véi cic ring buge di neu: L(w,4)= w7 ow-w? wl). Tyo phutong trinh L’ (w,)=0 voi L! (wd) le dgo ham ciia L(w,A) theo bién w, ta ob: st 8L(w, A) aLlw Lic nay, myc tiéu cila bai todn 1rd vé tim bién w théa min Zu — dw, Difa vio dinh ghia cia eigenvector va eigenvalue, ta thay, muc tiéu [a fim cdc eigenvector w va eigenvalue ciia ma tn higp phusng sai D. V6i dit lig 06 n chiéu, ta cé thé i dude n eigenvector va n eigenvalue. Tuy nhiéa, = 25w — 2hw = 04+ Dw = dw‘TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG DATHOQC TRA VINH, SO 30, THANG 6 NAM 2018 ta khéng can sit dung hit tit c& cdc eigenvector ma chi cén chon mét s6 eigenvector sao cho tai 6 eigenvalue dat mét gid trj tidng d6i cao. Digu nay o6 thé thic hién bing cach sip xép lai cdc eigenvector theo thi ty gidm din cia eigenvalue tong ting, sau 46 chon ra n eigenvectors dé dai dién cho khéng gian mdi, véi n rit nhd so sé chigu cla khéng gian géc. Ta goi cdc eigenvector difdc chon 1a FeatureVector, vay: PeatureVector = (cig, eigzeigs. ..€i9n) C. Thi thudt Gram Matrix Gif si ta 06 b§ dit ign inh voi kich thude 200x200 (40.000 chiéu), vay kich thitéc cla ma tran higp phuong sai 2 — E(X — 4)(X — w)? 1 40000*. Trong thyc 18, ta khOng thé khdi tao amt ma tran cé s6 chiéu cyte 16n nhut vay khi 14p tinh. Hon nia, vdi tip di Hu cd N mau (N rat hd so véi s6 chiéu cia dit liéu), ching ta chi cin tii da N-1 eigenvectors. Dé gidi quyét vin & nay, ta sit dung thi thugt Gram Matrix. bai ton fim v va A sao cho: E v= A v 49 XXT vA Ve nia of hal v8 cho 27 ta 26: XT XT vod ve Dat of = XT v, ta duge: XTXv! = dw, Vay, bai ton dude dua vé tim eigenvector v’, Ma tran XT X duge goi 14 ma tran Gram. Kich thuéc cia n6 Khong phy thade vio s6 chidu ciia dif ligu hing phy thuge vao sé mau dif liga trong b6 dit Tigu dao tao. $6 chiéu cia n6 bing NxN, vdi N 2a 86 déi tugng df ligu trong tip dif ligu. Vay, thay vi tim céc eigenvectors v cho mot ma tran higp phudng sai khéng 16, ta chi clin tim céc eigenvector v’ cho ma tin Gram cé s6 chién NxN. Nhu vay, ta chi cdn tim t6i da N-1 eigenvector Aé bigu dién khong gian méi, Vin dé bn lai 14 lam sao phuc héi lai dude v tit v" Ta co: XXTu=d (1) of = XT (2) ‘Thé (2) vao (1) ta duge Xv'=r v, vay v=Xv' (ta Khong quan tim dén hing s6 vén kéo di v ra An, vi lived) KHOA HOC CONG NGHE - MOLTRUONG WW. CAIDAT THUC NGHIEM ‘Thit nghiém dude cai égt bing Matlab. Dit ligu thit nghiém duge ly ti bd dif ligu Pace Expression Database (CMU AMP Lab) [9] bao gdm anh gong mit cia 13 ngudi kde hav voi nhiéu nét biéu cam Kkhac ohau, méi ngudi c6 74 4h véi kich thude 64x64 pixels (Hinh 2). Thi nghiém dude tién hanh ohe sau: Bude 1: Chon 5 anh dau tién cia mdi ngudi Tim dif lidu dio tgo, vay tap dit lign Diraining cé 13xS = 65 anh. Bude 2: Thyfe hién PCA wén tap Diraining dé tim cdc eigenvector va eigenvalue, ta cd tht c& 65- I= 64 eigenvectors va eigenvalues, anh cla céc eigenvector dau tién thé hign trong Hinh 3. Hin 2: Mét s6 anh trong 66 di liga tht nghiém (Nguén: Electrical & Computer engineering [9]) Butéc 3: LAy 3 eigenvector quan trong nhit (6 eigenvalue 16n nhit) biéu dién khong gian mdi. Vay, dit ign duge rit gon tit 64x64=4096 chidu xuéng edn 3 chiéu. Bude 4: Chiéu tip dif ligu dao tgo én khong gian ba chiéu via hinh thanh, ta dude 65 mau dit ign ba chidu. Hinh 4 thé hién phan bé cia céc miu dif ligu dao tao ba 1ép 1, 2, va 3 trong Akh6ng gian ba chidu. Dé thfy, trong khong gian di nit gon, phan bé cia cae déi tugng tudng d6i tach biét gitta cdc 16p. Budc 5: Ding tip 13x69 anh odn lam tip dit 1igu kiém thit, ta ciing rit gon bé dif ligu nay bing céch chiéu lén Khéng gian ba chidu da chon, Phan bé cila toan b§ 3x75 Anh céia ba 1ép dau tién khi chiéu 1én khong gian ba chiéu dude biéu dién 3 Hinh 4. Ta c6 thé thy anh cia ba dp phan bd 6 ba cym phan biét rét ro rang. Diéu nay ching 18 khdng gian méi, di chi ba chiéu, thé hién sy bién thién cia dif ligu rift tit va cé thé lam tang higu qua phan lép.‘TAP CHil KHOA HOC TRUONG Dal HOC TRA VINE, $6 30, THANG 6 NAM 2018 Hanh 3: Anh tring binh va anh cila céc eigenvector. (Ngudn: Két qud tht nghiém) Hinh 4: a) Hinh chiéu trong kh6ng gian ba chiéu cia di ligu dio tg0 ba Idp 1, 2 va 3 +b) Phan bé cia tit c& cdc doh thudc ba Ip 1, 2 va3 (Nguén: Két qud thi nghigm) Buéc cu6i cing 1a sit dung thugt toin KNN 42 phan lép: dya vio kho’ng céch Euclidean trong KbOng gian ba chin, ta o6 thé gin nhan cho mot nh dang xét dia vao nhin chiém da s6 trong k lang gigng gin nh&t cha n6, Do s6 Idp ttdng di 16n, khi sit dyng k>1 sé gay tinh trang canh tranh gita céc nbn dit ligu duge gan, do dé ching t6i chon k=1 trong tat cA thi nghiém. Iv. KET QUA THUC NGHIEM VA ‘THAO LUAN A. Lia chon sé eigen vector t6i wu cho PCA é chon sé eigen vector t5i wu cho PCA, ching t6i thi nghiém thay déi s6 eigen vectors tir 2 dén 30 va sit dyng hai thugt toan KNN va SVM dé phan lép va duc két qua nhu trong Hinh 5. Thifc nghiém cho thay PCA kh6ng cin qué nhiéu eigen 65 KHOA HOC CONG NGHE- MUrTRUUNG vectors dé tdi tao dit ligu nhung van dim bio tinh chinh xdc cia phép phan Idp. Trong tit cd 64 eigenvector c6 duige tit bé dit ligu dao tgo, vii thuat toén KNN, ta chi cn sit dung 4 vectors:dé c6 dude két qua t6t nhit, tuy nhién véi thuat toan SVM khi ting sé eigenvector Jén trén 10 vectors, higu ning phén lép sé gidm din. 23 0 em Hinh 5: Dé chinh x4 phan 1ép khi sit dung sé eigenvector khéc nhau. (Nguén: Két qué thi nghiém) B. Céc ddnh gid higu ning trén tap ait lige khing ddy di é danh gid higu ning cla PCA trén cdc bb i ligu kbudn mit khOng hoan chinh va vdi céc thuat tofn phan lép khée nhau, ching ti to cac bO di ligu khuén mit mdi dya vio tap di ligu AMP. Trong 46, tit cd céc anh sé dude che mét phn bing mau den hogc thém ohiéu ngu nhién theo cf bai hudng diing va ogang, tén va vi dy cée b§ dit ign dugc thé bien trong Hinh 6 (con sé trong tén b6 dif ligu thé hién 36 cOt/ding bi che). Sau Khi tao bS dé Lign Kkhdng hodn chinb, ching t6i thyc hign theo quy trinh dA mé 1 3 trén va phan Iép theo bang ca hai thuat toan KNN (k=1) va SVM. BO chinh xéc ciia céc thao téc thé hign 6 Hinh 6, D4i véi anh bj che theo chidu ngang, trong cd hai tniting hgp khi bi che khong 30% phia trén, ci hai thudt toan déu cho két qu trén 90%. Khi ting phan khudn mit bi che lén dén 50%, d9 chinh xéc cia b6 anh bi che bing nhiéu ngfu nhién gidm di ding ké, dic bit‘TAF CIT KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC TRA VINE, 86 30, THANG 6 NAM 2018 a Hinh 6: a) Anh khuén mat che bing nhiéu ngiu ahién; so sénh 43 chinh xdc phan 1ép véi dit liéo Khuén mt bj che ngang bing mau den (a), che bing nhiéu ngdu nhién (b) va che bén trai nhigu ngdu nhién (c) (Ngudn: Kés qué thi nghiém) 1B véi thugt todn SVM. Cdn d6i véi b} anh bi che theo chiéu doc bén tréi, khi phan bj che lén dén 25%, thudt ton KNN van cho d6 chinh xdc trén 90%, trong khi SVM chi cho 46 chinh xéc Khodng 80%. Nhin chung, két qué thyfe nghigm cho thay thnat to4n KNN cho higu nang phan lép khuén mit 16t nhdt khi k=1 va trong phin 1én trudng hyp KNN déu cho két qua t6t hon SVM. Béi véi céc bd dif ligu khuén mit khéng hoin chinh, dé thy tru@ng hdp khu6n mit bj che theo chiéu doc anh hudng 16n dén kh nding phan lép hon ung hgp ving khuén mit bi che theo chiéu ngang va ving bj che bing nhiéu ngiu nhién sé anh hudng Kén higu ning phan 1ép 1én hon so vi bj che bing mau den. v. KATLUAN Bai béo nay trinh bay m6t phutong php hiu higu d@ nhin dang khuén mat 06 d6 chinh xdc déng ké hi thyc thi tén b6 dif ligu khudn mat cé bién d8i vé séc théi. Thue nghiém chitng t& Khi sit dung PCA 4é nit gon s6 chiéu vi dua di Tigu géc vé mét khOng gian it chiéu hon, phan bd cia d@ ligu van dim béo tinh bién thién nhu Ki vong, Dic biét vi bo dif ligu anh cé bién Adi vé sic thai Khoén mit, dit Higu duge rat gon thudc 66 KHOA HOC CONG NGHE - MOL TRUGING céc lép khdc nhau phin bé 8 cdc cum rit r6 rang va tich biét trong khéng gian méi, diéu nay giip ng higu qua phan ép so véi trong khong gian géc. Khi tién banh phan 1ép véi hai thudt todn KNN va SVM, thuat toin KNN vdi k =1 cho két qua tét trong hau hét tng hop. Sau khi thuc hién PCA, 46 phifc tap tinh todn gidm di ding Xé (vdi b dit liéu thit nghiém, c6 thé gidm ty 4096 chién vé ba chidu), nhi dé oé thé dé dang oi dit 6 cdc thiét bj cé higu ming tinh todn thip va cin thii gian d4p tng nhanh. Tuy higu nang phan Idp 4 cae trutng hyp dif ligu khong hoan chinh van chia cao nhuing su két hop giita PCA va KNN vin 1 mt céch tiép cn rit ding quan tam nghién ctu nhy mot mé binh tham chiéu trong céc nghién city nh’n dang mit ngudi. TAI LIGU THAM KHAO Brunelli R, Poggio T. Face recognition: features versus templates. JERE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine intelligence. 1993;15:1042-1052. Wiskott L, Fellous 1M, Krilger N, von der Malsburg C. Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching. In: L C Jain, U Halici, { Hayashi, $ B Lee, , Jac-Ho, editors, Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition. CRC Press: 1999. p. 355-396, Liposcak Z, Loncaric S. A scale-space approach to face recognition from profiles. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patierns. London, UK: Spsinger- Verlag: 1999. p, 243-250, Cox IJ Ghosn J, Yianilos PN. Festure- based face recognition using mixture-distance. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition; 1996. p. 209-216. Cortes C, Vapnik V. Support-vector networks. Machine Learning. 1995;20(3):273-297, Jain A K, Dubes R C. Algorithms for Clustering Data. vol. 152. New Jersey: Prentice Hell; 1988. Fukunaga K, Introduction to Statistical Panter Recog- nition, 2nd ed, NIA: Academic Press: 1990. Pearson K. On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to ‘Systems of Points in Space. Philosophical Magazine. 1901;p. 1042-1052. Hlectrical & Computer Engineering. Face Au- thentication Project ; 2018. Tray cfp tit: hutp:chenlab.ece.comnell.eduiprojects ‘Face Authentication/download hum! [Ngly tray cfp: 142017). tl) Bi 4) (51 (6 18} ol