NUMBER

SYSTEM
Natural Numbers

❑ 1,2,3,4,5……. are counting or

natural numbers.
❑ 1 is the first natural number
and there is no last natural
number.
❑ The collection of all natural
numbers is denoted by ‘N’.
Even Numbers:
2,4,6,8,10,12…..

Odd Numbers:
1,3,5,7,9,11.…..
 Whole Numbers
❑ Natural numbers along with 0.
❑ 0,1,2,3,4,5……… are whole
numbers.
❑ Denoted by W.
 Integers

❑ …..-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,…….. are called

integers.

❑ Denoted by Z.
NUMBER LINE
Integers

Whole numbers

Natural numbers

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ORIGIN
NEGATIVE NUMBERS POSITIVE NUMBERS
Prime Numbers: Numbers that have only 2 factors; 1 and
themselves. Eg: 2,3,5,7,11,13,…..
Composite Numbers : Numbers having more than 2
factors. Eg: 4,6,8,9,10,12,14……
Co-prime Numbers

❑ Pairs of numbers that do not have any common factor

other than 1.
❑ Eg: 2&3, 4&7, 5&8, 8&9……
Rational Numbers(Q)
Rational numbers are any numbers that can
𝑝
be expressed in the form , where 𝑝 and 𝑞
𝑞
are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.

1 3 −2005
Eg: , ,
2 4 2006
❑ The rational numbers do not have a unique
𝑝
representation in the form , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are
𝑞
integers and q ≠ 0.

1 2 10 25 47
❑ For example, = = = = , and so on. These are
2 4 20 50 94
equivalent rational numbers (or fractions).
 𝑝
❑ However, when we say that is a rational number, or when
𝑞
𝑝
we represent on the number line, we assume that q ≠ 0 and
𝑞
that p and q have no common factors other than 1 (that is, p
and q are co-prime).

❑ So, on the number line, among the infinitely many fractions

1 1
equivalent to , we will choose to represent all of them.
2 2
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

Any number that cannot be

𝒑
expressed in the form , where 𝒑
𝒒
and 𝒒 are both integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.
Eg. 2, 3, 5, 7, 𝜋……etc are
irrational.
Rational Numbers

Integers
Irrational
Whole Numbers Numbers

Natural
Numbers
 Integers
….,-3 ,-2 ,-1 ,
0,1,2,3,
....
 Real
Numbers
1. Are -29 and 0 rational numbers?
Rationals Between
Rationals
2. Find 5 rational numbers between 1 and 2.
3. Find 5 rational numbers between 3 and 4.
 𝟑 𝟒
4. Find 5 rational numbers between and .
𝟓 𝟓
There are infinitely many rational
numbers between any two given
rational numbers.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

Any number that cannot be expressed in

𝒑
the form , where 𝒑 and 𝒒 are both
𝒒
integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.
Any number that cannot be expressed in
𝒑
the form , where 𝒑 and 𝒒 are both
𝒒
integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.

2, 3, 5, 7, 𝜋……etc are irrational.

1. State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your
answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m, where m is a
natural number.
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.
2. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not,
give an example of the square root of a number that is a rational
number.
 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒?

Every whole number Every integer is a

A: is a natural number. B: rational number.

Every rational Every integer is a

C: number is an integer. D: whole number.
 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒?

Every whole number Every integer is a

A: is a natural number. B: rational number.

Every rational Every integer is a

C: number is an integer. D: whole number.
Plotting Irrational Numbers on Number Line
Plotting Irrational Numbers on Number Line

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

“In a right-angled triangle, the

square of the hypotenuse side is
equal to the sum of squares of
the other two sides“.

PYTHAGORAS
1. Locate 2 on the number line.
1. Locate 2 on the number line.
2. Locate 3 on the number line.
2. Locate 3 on the number line.
3. Locate 5 on the number line.
3. Locate 5 on the number line.
Every real number is
represented by a unique point
on the number line. Also, every
point on the number line
represents a unique real
number.
REAL NUMBERS
AND THEIR
DECIMAL EXPANSION
1. Find the decimal expansions of:
10
A)
3
7
B)
8

1
C)
7
1. Find the decimal expansions of:
10
A)
3
1. Find the decimal expansions of:
𝟑. 𝟑 𝟑
10
A)
3 𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝟗

𝟏 𝟎
𝟗
Remainders : 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...
1 𝟎
Divisor : 3
𝟗

1
1. Find the decimal expansions of:
7
B)
8
1. Find the decimal expansions of:
7 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟕 𝟓
B)
8 𝟖 𝟕0
64

𝟔𝟎
56
4𝟎
40
Remainders : 6, 4, 0 0
Divisor : 8
1. Find the decimal expansions of:
1
C)
7
1. Find the decimal expansions of: 𝟎 . 𝟏𝟒 𝟐 8 𝟓 7
𝟕 𝟏0
1 7
C)
7 𝟑𝟎
28
2𝟎
Remainders : 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1 14
Divisor : 7 60
56
4𝟎
35
5𝟎
49
𝟏
❑ The remainders either become 0 after a
certain stage, or start repeating
themselves.
❑ The number of entries in the repeating
string of remainders is less than the
divisor.
❑ If the remainders repeat, then we get a
repeating block of digits in the quotient.
The decimal expansion of a Rational
number is either terminating or non-
terminating recurring. Moreover, a
number whose decimal expansion is
terminating or non-terminating
recurring is Rational.
Terminating Decimal Expansion
𝟎. 𝟖 𝟕 𝟓
7
❑ = 0.875
8 𝟖 𝟕0
64
1 𝟔𝟎 The remainder
❑ = 0.5
2 56 becomes zero
4𝟎
40
−17
❑ = -2.125 0
8
 −17
Find the decimal expansions of:
8
 16
Find the decimal expansions of:
5
 2𝟏𝟓𝟕
Find the decimal expansions of:
625
 Non-Terminating Recurring (Repeating)
𝟑. 𝟑 𝟑
10 ഥ
❑ = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 … = 𝟑. 𝟑 𝟏𝟎
3 𝟑
𝟗
1
The remainder
❑ = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕 … 𝟏𝟎
7 𝟗
never
becomes zero
1𝟎
𝟗
1
 𝟐
Find the decimal expansions of:
11
 −𝟏𝟔
Find the decimal expansions of:
45
 𝟐𝟐
Find the decimal expansions of:
7
The decimal expansion of an Irrational
number is non-terminating non-
recurring. Moreover, a number whose
decimal expansion is non-terminating
non-recurring is Irrational.
 Non-Terminating Non-Recurring

❑ 2 = 1.4142135623730950488016887242096...

❑ π = 3.14159265358979323846264338327950...
 Integers
….,-3 ,-2 ,-1 ,
0,1,2,3,
....
 Real
Numbers
1. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:

a. 7.478478…….
b. 0.3796
c. 1.101001000100001...
d. 225
e. 23
2. Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of
decimal expansion each has:

1
✓
11

1
✓ 4
8

36
✓
100
3) Show that 3.142678 is a rational number. In other words, express
p
3.142678 in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
 p
4. Show that 0.33333…. can be expressed in the form , where
q
p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
5. Which one of the following is irrational?
a) 0.13
b) 0.1315
c) 0.1315
d) 0.301323100523……
 𝑝
6. Express each of the following decimals in the form
𝑞
a) 0.1ത
b) 0.2ത
c) 0.6ത
7. Show that 1.272727... = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕can be expressed in the form
p
, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
8. Show that 0.2353535... = 𝐎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 can be expressed in the
p
form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
 𝑝
Qn: Express the following in the form , where p and q are
𝑞
integers and q ≠ 0.

i. 0.001
ii. 0.47ത
iii. 0. 35
iv. 4.32ത
v. 23.43
vi. 0.00352
vii. 7.010
viii.15.712
Write 3 numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating
non-recurring.
 1 2
Qn: Find an irrational number between &
7 7
 5 9
Qn: Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers & .
7 11
Qn: Find two rational numbers between the irrational numbers
0.23233233323333….. & 0.25255255525555…...
Qn: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given, and a
corresponding statement of Reason is given just below it. Of the statements
given below, mark the correct answer as:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.

Assertion: 𝜋 is an irrational number.

Reason: Euler’s constant 𝑒 is an irrational number.
Operations on Real
Numbers
❑ The sum or difference of a rational
number and an irrational number is
irrational.

❑ The product or quotient of a non-zero

rational number with an irrational
number is irrational.

❑ If we add, subtract, multiply or divide

two irrationals, the result may be rational
or irrational.
Let a and b be positive real numbers. Then:

❑ 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒂 × 𝒃

𝒂 𝒂
❑ =
𝒃 𝒃

❑ 𝒂+ 𝒃 𝒂− 𝒃 =𝒂−𝒃

❑ 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃

❑ 𝒂+ 𝒃 𝒄 + 𝒅 = 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅

𝟐
❑ 𝒂+ 𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃
1. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:

i. 3 + 23 − 23

2 7
ii. 7 7

1
iii. 2

iv. 2π

v. 2 − 5
vi) 7 5

7
vii)
5

viii) π − 2
2. Add 2 2 + 5 3 & 2−3 3
3. Multiply 6 5 𝑏𝑦 2 5
4. Divide 8 15 𝑏𝑦 2 3
5. Simplify the following expressions:

I. 5+ 7 2+ 5
ii) 5 + 5 5 − 5
 2
iii) 3+ 7
iv) 11 − 7 11 + 7
v) 3 + 3 3 − 3
6. Rationalise the denominator of:

1
i)
2
6. Rationalise the denominator of:
1
ii)
2+ 3
6. Rationalise the denominator of:
5
iii)
3− 5
6. Rationalise the denominator of:
1
iv)
7+3 2
6. Rationalise the denominator of:
1
v)
5+ 2
6. Rationalise the denominator of:
1
vi)
7−2
6. Rationalise the denominator of:
1
vii)
7− 6
Laws of
Exponents for
Real Numbers
Exponents for Real Numbers
❑ If a is real number and n is a positive integer, then 𝒂 × 𝒂 ×
𝒂 × 𝒂 … … .× 𝒂 𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 is written as 𝒂𝒏 .
❑ Here, 𝒂 is called the base and 𝒏 is called the exponent or
index.
❑ The number 𝒂𝒏 is read as ‘a raised to the power of n’ or
simply as ‘nth power of a’.
❑ The notation 𝒂𝒏 is called the exponential notation or
power notation.
If a, b are positive real numbers and m , n are rational
numbers, then

❑ 𝒂𝒎 × 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏

❑ 𝒂𝒎 ÷ 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎−𝒏

❑ 𝒂𝒎 𝒏
= 𝒂𝒎𝒏

❑ 𝒂𝒎 × 𝒃𝒎 = 𝒂𝒃 𝒎
 𝒂𝒎 𝒂 𝒎
❑ =
𝒃𝒎 𝒃

❑ 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏

−𝒎 𝟏
❑𝒂 =
𝒂𝒎

𝒎 𝟏
❑𝒂 =
𝒂−𝒎
❑ Let a > 0 be a real number and n a positive
integer. Then 𝑎 = 𝑏, if 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 and b > 0.
𝑛

𝟏
𝒏
❑ 𝒂=𝒂 𝒏

𝒎 𝟏
𝒎 𝒏
❑𝒂 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎

𝒎 𝟏 𝒎
𝒏 𝒎
❑𝒂 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒏 = 𝒂
1. Simplify:
𝟐 𝟏
i) 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
 𝟏 𝟒
ii) 𝟑 𝟓
 1
75
iii) 1
73
 1 1
iv) 13 ⋅ 17
5 5
 1
v) 64 2
 1
vi) 125 3
 3
vii) 9 2
 3
viii) 16
4
 −𝟏
ix) 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟑
 1 7
x)
33
 1
112
xi) 1
114
THANK YOU